021597   Lu S;Bao Z;Wang X;Hu J;Fang J (NO, Ocean University of China, 5 Rushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266 003, China) : Cloning and characterization of histone H3 and replacement histone H3.3 encoding genes of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum). Indian J Biotechnol 2008, 7(4), 456-64.

A full-length cDNA (rp-h3.3) encoding a replacement histone H3.3 had been identified in Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum). The cDNA consisted of 975 bp, including a ORF 411 bp in length, a 3' untranslated regions 490 bp in length, a poly (A) tail and two polyadenylation signals. In addition, the cDNA encoded a peptide with the S.//.A.IG amino acid motif, which was identical to the replacement histone H3.3 variant. rpg-h3.3 and rp-h3s two sequences were obtained by amplifying the genomic DNA of R. philippinarum. The rpg-h3.3, which was the genomic DNA sequence of rp-h3.3, had one intron and the rp-h3s had no intron. It was predicted that h3s might be the h3l-like gene of R. philippinarum. Histone h3 (rp-h3) was also cloned from R. philippinarum genomic DNA. Therefore, the evolutionary origin between histone h3 and its replacement subtypes was analyzed. The study inclined to the viewpoint that h3l-like was the ancesteral gene of h3 and h3.3, which might be two different offsets from h3l-like. During histone evolution process, one copy of h3l-like genes became h3.3 by introns insertion and S-phase-coupled regulatory mechanisms lose, another copy became h3 by gene-duplication and accumulation of mutations in the S.//.A.IG motif.

021596   Kumar S;Kolte A P;Yadav B R;Sushil Kumar; Arora A L;Singh V K (Animal Biotechnology Section, Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan-304 501) : Genetic variability among sheep breeds by random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR. Indian J Biotechnol 2008, 7(4), 482-6.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) was employed to assess the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationship among six breeds of sheep, viz., Malpura, Kheri, Chokla, Garole and two crossbreds Avikalin and Bharat Merino. Twenty-four individuals from each breed/crossbred were selected randomly. Initially, 40 primers were screened, of which 16 were found polymorphic and utilized for estimation of genetic variability and phylogenetic relationship among the breeds. The genetic distance was found highest between Malpura and Garole (D=0.1428), and the lowest (D=0.0612) between Avikalin and Chokla. However, the genetic identity was observed highest (I = 0.9406) between Avikalin and Chokla and the lowest (I = 0.8669) between Malpura and Garole. The Kheri sheep was found close with Chokla (D=0.0741), followed by Malpura sheep (D=0.0902) based on genetic distance. The phylogenetic tree also showed that Avikalin and Chokla are more close, whereas Malpura and Garole are distant to each other. The present study suggested that RAPD-PCR can be used successfully for analyzing genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship among breeds of sheep.

021595   Khiabani B N;Vedadi C;Rahmani E;Shalmani M A M (School of Agricultural, Medical and Industrial Research, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Mahmood Abad Road, Rajaee Shahr, Karaj, Iran) : Response of some Iranian wheat genotypes to anther culture system. Indian J Biotechnol 2008, 7(4), 531-5.

The response of five Iranian wheat cultivars and four segregating F₃ wheat lines was investigated in anther culture system for haploid plantlet regeneration. Anthers were plated onto P₄ induction medium and cold and gamma irradiation were also applied to study their effect on initiation of calli and regeneration of plantlets. Significant differences were found between genotypes. Most of the segregating lines showed high response to anther culture than cultivars. The high calli and plantlets production in segregating lines may be attributed to heterosis effect. Gamma irradiation in wheat anther culture does not promote anther culture response. The results showed significant difference between genotypes and gamma irradiation. The line of F32005 with 4 Gy dose (without cold pretreatment) produced the highest amount of calli (52%) per 100 anthers inoculated, whereas Red-Bofgi genotype (with cold treatment and 4 Gy dose) produced the lowest percentage of calli (0.25%). The results indicated that both the androgenic response and regeneration ability were greatly genotype dependent. It could be concluded that genotypic response to anther culture is vital.

021594   Khan M H (Botany Dep, M.H.C.M. Sci Coll, Algapur, Hailakandi-788 150, Email: mhkbio@yahoo.co.in) : Induction of oxidative stress and antioxidant metabolism in Calamus tenuis leaves under chromium and zinc toxicity. Indian J Pl Physiol 2007, 12(4), 353-9.

Possible role of Cr (VI) and Zn as catalytic inducers of free radicals and antioxidant metabolism in Calamus tenuis leaves was investigated. Total peroxide and lipid peroxidation measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances showed uniform increase under metal treatment. The activity of the antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase decreased, whereas, catalase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase increased except higher Cr (VI) treatments decreased catalase activity. Non-enzymic antioxidants ascorbate and glutathione content increased uniformly. At higher concentration both Cr (VI) and Zn decreased the dry mass and the uptake of Cr and Zn increased with the increase in the concentrations of the heavy metals.

5 illus, 40 ref

021593   Karami O;Karimi Kordestani G;Mohamadi M (Biotechnology Dep, Faculty of Agric, Bu-Ali Sina Univ, Hamadan, Iran) : Direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in strawberry (Fragaria ananssa). Indian J Pl Physiol 2007, 12(4), 322-4.

Reports optimal culture conditions to induce direct somatic embryogenesis in two strawberry cultivars (Selva and Comarosa). Somatic embryos were directly formed from leaf explants plated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing picloram. Maximum embryogenesis was obtained with 2 mg/l picloram. Globular shape embryos were developed into cotyledonary-shaped embryos when they were transferred to hormone-free media containing different concentrations of sucrose. Increasing sucrose concentrations in culture media enhanced somatic embryos development. Cotyledonary somatic embryos were converted into plantlets when they were transferred on MS medium containing GA₃ Maximum germination was obtained with 1 and 2 mg/l GA₃. Plantlets were also continued to grow under greenhouse condition.

1 illus, 23 ref

021592   Jain R K;Agarwal J (Biotechnology Dep, ITS Paramedical Coll, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad) : Rhizobial isolates with wet colonies are more effective in terms of nodulation efficiency. Prog Res 2007, 2(1-2), 108-10.

Rhizobia are known to produce large amounts of exopolysaccharides in cultures. Ten isolates of R. ciceri studied in relation to their EPS production and nodulation efficiency. Nodulation efficiency is measured in terms of nodule numbers, nodular fresh weight and nodular dry weight per plant. It is observed that the isolates that were more efficient in their nodulation parameters also produced higher amounts of exopolysaccharides. About 60% isolates were found to produce comparatively more amount of EPS as well as higher numbers of nodules after inoculation. Results of study also establish a firm correlation between the ability of Rhizobium ciceri to produce exopolysaccharides and nodulation efficiency. Isolate Rea v 601 is found to produced highest amount of EPS and showed highest nodulation efficiency. A significant correlation is also observed between EPS production and nodulation parameters of these isolates.

1 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

021591   Husaini A M;Abdin M Z (Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Biotechnology Dep, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-10 062) : Overexpression of tobacco osmotin gene leads to salt stress tolerance in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) plants. Indian J Biotechnol 2008, 7(4), 465-71.

Transgenic plants of strawberry tolerant to salt stress were produced using Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer technology. Leaf discs of in vitro grown plantlets of strawberry cv. Chandler were used as explants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV2260 harbouring osmotin gene under the control of CaMV 35S promoter in a binary vector system pBinAR was used in transformation experiments. Transgene integration and copy number were assessed by PCR and Southern hybridization confirming single copy as well as multiple copies of transgene integration in 10 different lines of transgenic strawberry. Expression of osmotin gene was confirmed in transgenic lines T_L3, T_L5, T_L9 using Northern hybridization, while biochemical analysis revealed enhanced levels of proline, total soluble protein and chlorophyll content as compared to the wild plants. Leaf disc assays performed using both wild-type and transgenic plants had shown that these transgenic lines were tolerant to salt stress.

021590   Dudhare M S (Biotechnology Center, Deptt.of Agril.Botany, Dr.PDKV., Akola) : Cartagena protocol of biosafety regulation. Ann Pl Physiol 2007, 21(1), 127-9.

3 ref

021589   Bhure S K;Sharma B (NO, Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring And Aurveillance, IVRI Campus, Hebbal, Bangalore-560 024) : PCR amplification, sequencing and computer-aided analysis of ovine αS1-casein gene promoter. Indian J Biotechnol 2008, 7(4), 478-81.

Reports 5'-flanking sequences of ovine αS1-CSNGP (casein gene promoter) of 2185 bp. It has shown many deletions, substitutions and a 12 bp addition compared to bovine sequence. The comparative study showed 2136 bp of 5›-flanking region and 49 bp exon I sequence. The exon I sequence contained two ribosomal binding sites. The computational analysis showed presence of core promoter elements, viz., TATA box, CAAT box and initiator sequence. However, no typical GC box was found. Of five known mammary gland specific sequences, three sequences, viz., milk box, Groenen structure and Yu Lee 6, were found. The 220 bp Groenen structure contained other milk protein gene specific sequences (MGF, MPBF, Yu Lee 2, 4 and 5, and Oka box C) and hormone responsive elements (PRE, PRL-RE). Other HREs (GRE, CRE, GHRE and IRE) and ubiquitous transcription factor binding sites were also present. These milk protein gene specific regulatory sequences and HREs are responsible for tissue specific and multi-hormone regulation of the ovine αS1-CSNG.

021588   Barwar A;Sangwan M L;Sudhir Kumar;Ahlawat S (Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar-125 004) : Genetic Diversity between Murrah and Bhadawari Breeds of Indian buffalo using RAPD-PCR. Indian J Biotechnol 2008, 7(4), 491-5.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique was used to characterize Murrah and Bhadawari breeds of buffalo. From the 9 random primers, a total of 84 bands were amplified between breeds and 51 of these (about 60.72%) were found to be polymorphic. In Murrah, overall percentage polymorphism of 56.36 was observed, while in Bhadawari it was 57.14. Higher genetic similarity of 0.81 and 0.80 within Murrah and Bhadawari breeds, respectively, was observed as compared to between breed genetic similarity of 0.31. Genetic distance between the breeds was 1.20. MAPD values of 10.72 and 16.10 were observed within Murrah and Bhadawari breeds, respectively, while MAPD of 60.73 was observed between breeds. Six primers (OPU-01, OPU-02, OPU-05, OPU-07, OPU-14 and OPV-14) in Murrah and five primers (OPU-05, OPU-07, OPU-14, OPU-19 and OPV-14) in Bhadawari were found to be specific for these breeds.

021587   Banu N;Muthumary J (Biotechnology Dep, Vel's College of Science, Pallavarm, Chennai-117, Email: banunkl@yahoo.com ) : Screening of commercial feed samples for the presence of multimycotoxins. Indian J Sci Technol 2008, 4(1), (NULL).

Multimycotoxin screening methods for simultaneously testing combinations of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin and T2-toxins have been carried out for 18 different commercial feed samples collected from various local markets of Tamil Nadu. Of these, 14 showed contamination with aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2 and Ochratoxin. But all the 18 samples showed negative results to aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, sterigmatocystin and T2 toxin. Negative correlations were observed for feed samples with moisture content.

2 tables, 7 ref

021586   Augustine A C;Nivas S;D'Souza L (Laboratory of Applied Biology, St Aloysius College, Mangalore-575 003) : Induction of embryos and plantlets from anthers of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.- an endangered medicinal herb. Indian J Biotechnol 2008, 7(4), 536-40.

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. is an endangered medicinal herb belonging to Amaryllidaceae. Anthers cultured in MS liquid medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP or 0.5-1.0 mg/L NAA formed multicellular pollen. However, they did not develop further into embryos. The multicellular pollen cultured with 0.2-1.0 mg/L 2,4-D developed into embryos when transferred to a hormone free medium. Continued culture of embryos on the medium free of growth substances resulted only in root formation. The embryos were, however, converted into plants when they were transferred to a medium with BAP (0.5 mg/L). The matured plants were successfully transferred to the soil.

021585   Asha Kumari;Pandey O P (Directorate of Seed & Farms, T.C.A., , Dholi, Muzaffarpur-843 121, Email: asha_rau@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of waterlogging on metabolic constituents in maize. Indian J Pl Physiol 2007, 12(4), 366-72.

Thirty days old seedlings of four varieties of maize (Zea mays L.), viz. Laxmi, Suwan, Desla Yellow and Desla Brown were subjected to waterlogging treatment for 24 and 72 h with a view to assess, the metabolic modification. Post-hypoxic studies were also made after placing the waterlogged plants to normal condition for 48 and 96 h. The results obtained on different parameters like chlorophyll, carotenoids, free aminoacids, pyruvate, glycolic acid, reducing sugar and inorganic phosphorous contents revealed that Suwan and Desla Brown were more tolerant to waterlogging than Laxmi and Desla Yellow.

6 tables, 21 ref

021584   Anuradha S N;Prakash V (Protein Chemistry and Technology Dep, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020) : Structural stabilization of bovine b-Lactoglobulin in presence of polyhydric alcohols. Indian J Biotechnol 2008, 7(4), 437-47.

β-Lactoglobulin (β-Lg) is the major protein present in bovine milk whey. Addition of hydrogen-bonded cosolvents to proteins is known to modify the thermodynamic properties of proteins. Preferential interaction parameters of β-Lg were determined in various concentrations of cosolvents like sorbitol, glycerol and sucrose using the precision densitymetry. The apparent partial specific volumes determined at 20°C under both isomolal and isopotential conditions in 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.9) were 0.743±0.001 and 0.744±0.001, respectively. From the partial specific volume data with cosolvents the preferential interaction parameter and other thermodynamic parameters were calculated at different cosolvent concentrations. The values increased with solvent concentration up to 40% and reached a maximum of -0.190±0.02 and -0.140±0.02 in sucrose and sorbitol, respectively. In glycerol, the value increased up to -0.213±0.03 in 20% glycerol and then decreased with the increase in the cosolvent concentration. There were no changes in secondary structure of the protein as reflected by far UV-CD spectra. The fluorescence spectra showed changes in the fluorescence intensity due to perturbations in the tryptophan moiety without changes in the emission wavelength. The above data was further supported by the degree of hydrolysis in the presence of cosolvents with the enzyme a-chymotrypsin. The degree of hydrolysis reduced to 12% from the control value of 18% in the presence of sorbitol and glycerol and increased by 3% in the presence of sucrose. All the cosolvents also enhanced thermal stability to various extents.

021583   Anandakumar S;Balamurugan M;Rajadurai M;Vani B (Biotechnology Dep, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Missions Univ, Salem-636 308, Email: yoursanandakumar@yahoo.com) : Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects of red algae Hypnea musciformis in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Biomedicine 2008, 28(1), 34-8.

Study was aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant effect of Hypnea musciformis (red algae) in alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg). After induction of diabetes the rats were treated with aqueous extract of Hypnea musciformis (100 and 200 mg/kg) daily for a period of 21 days. After the treatment period the rats were sacrificed by cervical decapitation and various biochemical estimations were performed. Treatment with Hypnea musciformis to diabetic rats for a period of 21 days significantly decreased the levels of blood glucose and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances with significant increase in the levels of plasma insulin and antioxidants. Results of our study suggests that aqueous extract of Hypnea musciformis possesses antihyperglycaemic and antioxidants activities in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

3 tables, 19 ref

021582   Rai M;Singh S M;Rai A (Animal Science Dep, MJP Rohilkhand Univ, Bareilly-243 006, Email: raja48@gmail.com) : Cloning of fowl adenovirus-4 DNA in a plasmid vector. Indian J Poult Sci 2007, 42(3), 299-301.

DNA was isolated from fowl adenovirus- 4 recovered in India and digested with restriction enzyme PstI and BamHl. The digested viral DNA was analyzed by 0.7% agarose gel elcctrophoresis. Digestion of FAV-4 DNA with Pstl enzyme produced seven fragments of 17.38, 1 1.80, 4.62, 3.79, 3.27, 2.02 and 1.75 kb while digestion with BamHI gave eight fragments of 12.65. 11.22, 7.5 4.48, 3.35, 3.05, 1.92 and 1.75 kb sizes. Some bands were not visible in lower portion. The average size of FAV-4 DNA was 45 kb.The Pstl and BamHI digested DNA fragments were cloned in _pUC 18 cloning vector.

4 illus, 29 ref

020711   Swaroopa G;Nigam n;Maniyam A (Plant Biotechnology Dep, , Rishi foundation, Lalbagh Main road, Bangalore-560 027, Email: rishifoundation@gmail.com) : Germplasm conservation of selected lines of coleus forskohlii (willd.) Briq by nodal segment encapsulation. Phytomorphology 2007, 57(3-4), 221-5.

Encapsulation of in vitro derived nodal segments/shoot tips of coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq in 3.5% sodium alginate for germplasm storage and exchange purposes is reported. Regrowth after encapsulation in sodium alginate matrix was evaluated in Murashige and Skoog's (1962) medium supplemented with varied concentrations of growth regulators. Encapsulated buds regenerated complete plantlets on an optimized medium. The response pattern varied with type and concentration of growth regulator used. The high per cent frequency of regeneration from alginate-coated micropropagules is an encouraging system and this is an easy method of germplasm storage and exchange. Encapsulated buds could be stored for six months at 4°C. Plants retrieved from these beads were acclimatized with 61% success rate. Forskolin content is also stable in plants regenerated from encapsulated buds.

1 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

020710   Singh N P;Datta S;Rohatgi D;Chauhan R (Biotechnology Unit, Crop Improvement Div, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur-208 024, Email: narendrasingh@scientist.com) : In vitro plant regeneration via direct organogenesis in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan]. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 153-8.

Plant regeneration via direct organogenesis from apical shoot meristem of aseptically grown pigeonpea seedlings has been established. The protocol is simple, highly reproducible and shows regeneration frequency as high as 96.4%. This protocol has also been tested to be genotype independent. The efficiency of regeneration was found best for commonly grown genotype Bahar as compared to T-7 and ICPL 151. MS medium supplemented with different growth regulators along with 4% and 3% sucrose was found best for the induction of shoots (82.7%) and elongation of shoots (86.5%). The elongated shoots were efficiently rooted on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA. The best rooting response (100%) was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0.3 mg/l IBA+3% sucrose. Rooted plantlets were successfully established in pots. The maximum survival (73.7%) of plantlets was obtained on a matrix having composition of sand: vermiculite (1:1).

1 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

020709   Sharma S;Dilwari V K;Gpta V K (Entomology Dep, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: smritisharma80@yahoo.com) : Population restructuring in Bemisia tabaci in response to imidacloprid selection pressure. J Insect Sci 2007, 20(2), 229-35.

Selection of Bemisia tabaci with imidacloprid resulted in eleven-fold increase in resistance ratio. During resistance development, population restructuring was studied through data based on RAPD-PCR amplification using UPGMA clustering. Cluster analysis with dendrograms established that imidacloprid selection pressure selects definite genotype in whitefly leading to restructuring at certain stages of selection. The restructuring of whitefly individuals into discrete groups indicated that imidacloprid acts through more than one mechanism, most likely by involving more than one gene in resistance development leading to increased heterogeneity in the population. This increases the chances of development of higher levels of resistance with subsequent selection.

6 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

020708   Shariff N;Sudarshana M S (Studies in Botany Dep, Plant Tissue Lab, Manasgangotri, Mysore-570 006, Email: nayeemshariff@rediffmail.com) : In vitro plant regeneration and flowering of Physalis minima L. : a medicinal plant. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 201-4.

Protocol for in vitro regeneration and flowering was established in Physalis minima L. High frequency and maximum number of multiple shoots were obtained from leaf as well as stem explants on M.S. medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l BAP & 0.5 mg/l NAA. Regenerated shoots rooted on M.S. liquid medium supplemented with 0.1 - 1.0 mg/l IAA and simultaneously flowered in the micro shoots. In vitro flowers set viable seeds. Rooted plants were transferred to polycups containing sterilized soil and vermiculite in the ratio of 1:1 and subsequently transferred to green house after acclimatization with 90% survival. All the flowers were normal and the seeds germinated into normal plantlets. Regenerated plants resemble the parent plants morphologically and cytologically.

^ssc2 tables, 22 ref

020707   Sankara Vadivoo A;Vijayalakshmi A (Biotechnology Dep, Hindusthan College of Arts and Science, Nava India Main Road, Coimbatore-641 028, Email: shankaravadivoo@yahoo.co.in) : Whole plant regeneration from caryopsis and immature inflorescence derived callus of finger millet. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 137-46.

Two explants, immature inflorescence and caryopsis of two varieties of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) viz., CO 9 and CO 13 were cultured in MS medium with different growth regulator combinations to find out the suitable explant and culture media for efficient plant regeneration. The following media were found to be suitable for different stages of culture: For callus induction, MS +2,4-D 2.0 mg/l + Kn 0.25 mg/l; For callus proliferation, MS +2,4D 0.4 mg/l and MS +2,4-D 0.4 mg/l + Kn 0.2 mg/l; For shoot regeneration, MS + 2,4-D 01 mg/l + Kn 0.6 mg/l; For root induction in differentiating shoots, MS + NAA 0.5 mg/l. Among the two explants, caryopsis was found to respond more favourably for in vitro culture compared to immature inflorescence. CO 9 was found to give a better response for callus induction and regeneration than CO 13.

4 tables, 17 ref

020706   Raveendar S;Premkumar A;Sasikumar S; Ignacimuthu S;Agastian P (Plant Biotechnology Unit, Plant Biology and Biotechnology Dep, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai-600 034, Email: eri_lc@hotmail.com) : Transgene and its expression in transgenic plants. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 105-12.

Transgenic plants have the potential to increase crop yield and reduce pesticide use in agricultural systems. However, the benefits of transgenic technology will depend on maintaining and improving the agricultural performance of the modified plants and on the stable and predictable transmission and expression of the transgene in successive generations during seed production and commercial cultivation. Instability of transgene expression in plants is often associated with complex multicopy patterns of transgene integration at the same locus, as well as position effects due to random integration. The variation of transgene expression highly complicates phenotype analyses and the production of commercial crops with stable and predictable transgene performance. Multiple efforts are being directed toward achieving stable expression of transgenes with an expected level of expression. Various factors influence this variation of transgene expression in plants, including inconsistency of transgene copy numbers, the transgene insertion site and RNA silencing in the host plant. Discusses the different factors affecting the transgene expression in genomic level and various approaches that have been used to stabilize its expression.

87 ref

020705   Ranjani R;Nagendra Babu G; (Biochemistry Dep, S V Univ, Trupati-517 502) : Effect of copper on photosynthetic electron transport activities in the cyanobacterium, Spirulina platensis. Vegetos 2007, 20(2), 63-7.

Treatment of Spirulina intact cells with different concentrations (10-100 μM) of CuCl₂ caused inhibition in whole chain electron transport as well as PSII catalysed electron transport (H₂O → _PBQ). The loss observed by 50% in PSII catalysed electron transport at 50 μM could be due to either alterations at the water oxidation complex or changes in light harvesting complex. Unlike PSII, PSI catalysed electron transport (DCPIPH₂→ MV) is less sensitive to Cu treatment. This loss in PSI catalysed electron transport could be due to alterations in the PSI reaction centre. Thus Cu affects both PSII and PSI in preferential manner.

4 tables, 12 ref

020704   Rana T S;Verma S;Narzary D;Srivastava A; Srivastava J;Ranade S A (Conservation Biology and Molecular Taxonomy [T.S.R, S.V, D.N], Plant M, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, Email: shirishranade@yahoo.com) : PCR methods for the distinction of some wild and cultivated species of Bauhinia. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 179-86.

Genus Bauhinia L., is very variable in its habit and includes trees, lianas, and shrubs. These plants are very popular in warm regions for their gorgeous, orchid-like blossoms. The flowers exhibit enormous color variations both within and between the species. In India there are about 38 species, distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical parts of the country. There are a number of distinct species of Bauhinia in India, but there are also a few species with unclear taxonomic position and delimitation since many are commonly grouped together and referred to as "Hong Kong orchid tree". In the study, ten accessions belonging to eight species of the genus Bauhinia L. (viz., B. accuminata L., B. blakeana Dunn., B. hookeri Muell., B. purpurea L., B. racemosa Lam., B. rufescens Lam., B. vahlii Wight & Arn., and B. variegata L. along with an outgroup caesalpinioideae taxon, Caesallpinia bonduc (L.). Roxb., commonly occurring in India, were analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methods such as RAPD and DAMD. A pair wise matrix of distances between genotypes was determined for the cumulative band data form the two methods based on Jaccard's similarity coefficients to establish inter-species affinities and relationships in these taxa. At the inert-species level, both methods resolved the species into discsrete groups. However, the NJ dendrogram for the cumulative data was more informative and separated the taxa more efficiently.

2 illus, 3 tables, 35 ref

020703   Raja Sreelatha V;Prasad P J N;Karuppusamy S; Pullaiah T (Botany Dep, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur-515 003, Email: pullaiaht@yahoo.co.in) : Rapid micropropagation of Cassia siamea. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 173-8.

Deals with rapid micropropagtion of Cassia siamea Lam. belonging to the family Caesalpiniaceae. This protocol was developed for multiplication by using shoot tip, cotyledonary node, and nodal explants derived from seedling grown in vitro. Explants were cultured on MS, B₅ and MS macro salts + B₅ micro salts medium supplemented with various hormones alone and/or in combinations. Maximum response was observed with nodal explant on MS macro salts + B₅ micro salts medium induced with thidiazuron (TDZ) 0.5 mg/I with shoot number of 6.70 and shoot length of 3.95 cm. Maximum number of shoots 20.15 was induced on MS macro salts + B₅ micro salts medium containing kinetin (KN 0.1 mg/l) + TDZ (0.1 mg/l) + 6(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino)-Purine (2-ip 2.0 mg/l). The shoots were sub cultured on medium containing 2-ip (2.0 mg/l) + gibberellic acid GA₃ mg/l) for elongation. High frequency of rooting (70%) was obtained on half strength MS medium, naphthalene -1- acetic acid (NAA 1 mg/l) and indole -3- butric acid (IBA 0.25 mg/l). The plantlets were hardened and 40% of plants were successfully established in natural soil.

1 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

020702   Patel S;Mehta A;Pandey R K (Biotechnology Dep, Ranchi Women's College, Ranchi, Email: shalinirch@rediffmail.com) : Induction of embryogenic callus and development of roots from different explants of Mucuna pruriens bak. Vegetos 2007, 20(2), 13-18.

Callus proliferation occurred on cotyledon, leaf and stem explant cultured on Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) supplemented with 2,4-D, IBA, NAA and BAP separately or in combination. In the beginning off white callus was observed which turned into light brown callus and was followed by formation of milky white callus. Sometimes green callus was also observed. Development of root from callus was also observed in 1/2 MS as well as in 1/2 MS supplemented with IBA, NAA and 2,4-D used separately.

9 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

020701   Nikam T D;Savant R S (Botany Dep, University of Pune, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 007, Email: tdnikam@unipune.ernet.in) : Conservation of Ceropegia oculata Hook. (Asclepiadaceae) by micropropagation using nodal explants. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 167-72.

Efficient in vitro shoot propagation method for starchy edible tuber producing asclepiad Ceropegia oculata Hook, categorized as an endangered and threatened in the Red Data Book of India and IUCN, was developed in the study. The cultures were established on MS medium fortified with 5μM BA by using nodal explants of naturally grown plant. The best shoot proliferation (8.4±0.4 shoots per explant) was obtained on MS medium incorporated with 7.5 μM BA from nodal segments of in vitro raised shoots. Similar multiplication rate was maintained in nodal segments of 4 weeks old in vitro raised shoots on parent media over a period of 2 years. Shoots were rooted in vitro on MS medium containing 2.5 μ M IAA together with 5% sucrose. The seasons influenced the growth and survival of the plantlets. In the rainy season, plantlets transferred directly to natural conditions grew well and morphologically identical to the mother plant. But the plantlets transferred to natural conditions in winter and summer season showed stunted growth.

1 illus, 2 tables, 18 ref

020700   Muthusamy A;Jayabalan N (Mutation Breeding and Transformation Lab, Plant Science Dep, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Email: mnaveen07@yahoo.co.in) : Influence of in vitro mutagenesis on ovule culture and plant regeneration in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 159-66.

Effects of gamma rays, ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and sodium azide (SA) on ovule culture, growth rate of ovular callus and percentage of seedling regeneration were investigated. Based on preliminary experiments, 15 day-post-anthesis (dpa) ovules were exposed to 10-50 Gy dose of gamma irradiation and treated with 1-5 mM EMS and SA. After gamma irradiation and treatment with EMS and SA, the ovules were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's medium with 3% sucrose, 0.8% agar and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid/indole-3-acetic acid (1.5 mg dm^-3) with kinetin (0.5 mg dm^-3) for seedling regeneration from ovules. Attempts were made to standardize the protocol for seedling regeneration from mutated ovules and the seedlings were transferred to field conditions after hardening. Plants with irregular leaf morphology and reduced growth with chlorophyll deficiency were observed during the development of the seedlings. Stimulations on responses of irradiated/treated ovules, growth rate and percent seedling regeneration was noted at lower dose/concentration of mutagens. The results of the study suggest that lower dose/concentration of mutagens may not induce irreversible genotypic changes but can stimulated callus induction and plant regeneration and agronomically important variants/mutants would be generated by in vitro culture technique promoted us to combine mutagens to obtain regenerants with variations in yield components.

1 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

020699   Murlidhar Rao M;Maruthi Rao A;Kavi Kishor P B;Jain A (Genetics Dep, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: pbkavi@yahoo.com) : Thidiazuron enhanced shoot regeneration from different varieties of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 125-30.

Shoot regeneration capacity of three varieties of tomato viz., Pusa Ruby, Pusa Early Dwarf, and S-22 from two explants (cotyledons and hypocotyls) were tested on MS medium containing different concentrations of BAP, Kn, TDZ, 2-ip, and zeatin either individually or in combination with IAA. Shoot differentiation potential of the three varieties varied depending on the type of plant growth regulator, variety, explant type and age of explant. Highest shoot organogenesis frequency was recorded in hypocotyl explants from the variety Pusa Ruby followed by S-22. The growth regulator, thidiazuron enhanced the shoot differentiation frequency irrespective of the variety when compared with others. Explants isolated from 12-day-old seedlings were found ideal for higher frequency of regeneration compared to younger or older seedlings. Regenerated shoots were rooted on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l NAA and the whole plants were transferred to pots with 75-80% survival.

6 tables, 21 ref

020698   Meena M C;Patni V (Plant Pathology, Tissue Culture and Biotechnology Lab, Botany Dep, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004, Email: patni-vidya@uniraj.ernet.in) : In vitro clonal propagation of Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad. : a threatened medicinal plant. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 147-52.

Rapid clonal propagation system has been developed for medicinally potent plant species Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schrad through in vitro culture of mature nodal segments with axillay bud. Maximum number of multiple shoots (43.6 ± 0.457) was obtained on MS medium supplemented with BAP (2.0 mg/l) and NAA (2.0 mg/l). In vitro raised elongated shoots (<62> 8.5 cm) from the cluster were excised and transferred on rooting medium fortified with 4.0 mg/l Indole-3-butryric Acid (IBA). These rooted shoots were successfully accilimatized in pots containing vermin-compost and sterilized soil (1:3), Histological studies revealed direct origin of shoot buds from cultured explants. The study on the profile of isozyme of peroxidases has also revealed differences between in vitro and in vivo plant parts. Isoperoxidase activity was higher in callus as compared to in vitro shoot and in vivo leaf, stem and fruit. Isoperoxidase modifications during morphogenesis of callus and shoot were also observed. In the study a rapid, reproducible, regenerating protocol for clonal propagation of Citrullus colocynthis through mature nodal explant culture has been established.

1 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

020697   Kavitha P S;Balamohan T N;Senthamizhselvi B (Fruit Crops Dep, Horticulture College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural U, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: ovivya232@yahoo.com) : RAPD based genetic diversity analysis in banana hybrids. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 197-200.

Total of 10 random primers were evaluated for banana hybrids based on RAPD polymorphism. Diversity analysis carried out by using RAPD markers in phase I hybrids revealed the confirmation of the hybridization along with the phylogenetic relationship of the hybrids with their pedigree. Out of the 10 primers studied, all the primers exhibited scorable markers. However, the maximum number of loci amplified was 18 with primer OPC 19 and the maximum polymorphism percentage was obtained with the primer OPF 2 and OPF 7.

2 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

020696   Jain R;Patni V;Arora D K (Pathology, Tissue Culture and Biotechnology Lab, Botany Dep, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 004) : Isolation and identification of flavonoid "quercetin" from Acacia catechu (L.F.) Willd - a katha yielding plant. J phytol Res 2007, 20(1), 43-5.

Accacia catechu (Mimosoidae) is an important source of the industrial product katha obtained from heart wood which is used in paan preparation. Flavonoid "quercetin" was isolated from heart wood of the species. The dried samples were separately soxhlet extracted in 80% methanol and then reextracted with petroleum ether, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate. The fraction was concentrated and subjected to TLC plate. The Rf value of isolated quercetin and standard quercetin was calculated. The purified material was subjected to its IR spectral analysis and identified as "quercetin". This study is also of practical importance because quercetin is an important ingredient of Katha.

1 illus, 13 ref

020695   George M M;Thomas A;Mathew M M (Biotechnology Dep, St. Thomas College, Pala, Arunapuram-686 574, Email: info@bvmcollege.com) : Content of alkaloids in Datura metel L. in the invivo and in vitro conditions. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 187-92.

Studies are conducted on Datura metel L., an important medicinal plant, for the detection and assessment of a group of secondary metabolites, namely, alkaloids, in the in vivo and in vitro conditions. Proliferating callus was obtained from leaf, anther, immature seed, shoot tip and root tip explants. Androgenic embryogenesis ahs also been achieved from anther explants. Hairy roots were induced and developed from stem segments, hypocotyls and leaf segments by treating them with Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC 15834 strain. Seedling leaf segments injected near their central vein with Agrobacterium rhizogenes suspension, transferred to cultivation medium, washed with cefotaxime and cultured on MS basal medium with cefotaxime gave the best response by inducing hairy roots with profuse lateral branching. A comparison of the concentration of alkaloids in intact organs, calli and hairy roots induced from these organs brought out the fact that the hairy roots contain the highest concentration of alkaloids, ten fold than that of mature plant accumulating alkaloids. Moreover, the comparison of the spectra of calli and hairy roots with that of the intact plant organs showed difference in the peaks demonstrating that novel products different from that of natural alkaloids are produced in the in vitro conditions.

1 illus, 20 ref

020694   Geetha R;Gopal G V (Botany Dep, Regional Institute of Education, Mysore-570 006, Email: chinnigeethanazar@yahoo.co.in) : Direct regeneration in Glossocardia bosvallea: a medicinal plant. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 119-24.

In vitro plantlets were directly regenerated from nodal explants of Glossocardia bosvallea (L.f) DC on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with varied concentrations of BAP, NAA and KN. However, multiple shoots were generated from nodal explants of Glossocardia bosvallea on MS media supplemented with 2 mg/l, 6-benzylamino purine. In vitro flower heads were also obtained in mature plantlets on the MS media supplemented with 1 mg/l. NAA and mg/l KN. Individual shoots were excised and rooting was induced in vitro on MS medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid. Regenerants acclimated in soil rite showed vigorous shoot growth (within 9 weeks) and after 2-3 months was suitable for direct field planting.

1 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

020693   Gayathri D;Rama Gopal G (Plant Tissue Culture Div, Botany Dep, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517 502, Email: ghantargopal@yahoomail.com) : In vitro propagation of Amaryllis and Zephyranthes bulbous species using household tissue culture medium. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 131-6.

Potential of household medium (HM) for micropropagation of Amaryllis and Zephyranthes using basal bulb scale segments was studied. The main of the study was to reduce the cost of plant tissue culture medium by using locally available cheaper substitutes of the media components. Apart from traditional culture medium like MS, household materials such as fertilizers, vitamin capsules, inositol tablets, commercial sugar, and china grass were used in media preparation. Each explant consisting of a basal plate with 3-5 scales were cultured in this HM. The data assessed 3 months after the beginning of the experiment includes frequency of shoot regeneration, mean number of shoots per explant and standard error of the mean was performed. The best establishment and proliferation of buds from explants of Amaryllis and Zephyranthes were obtained on HM containing 5.0 mg 1^-1 BAP and 0.5 mg 1^-1 NAA and 3.0 mg 1^-1 BAP and 1.0 mg 1^-1 NAA respectively, which proved to be useful to assess the commercial feasibility for the rapid mass propagation. The success of the above experiments showed the commercial feasibility of household medium for the rapid mass propagation of ornamental plants.

1 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

020692   Eapen S (Plant Biotechnology and Secondary Production Sect, Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Div, Mumbai-400 085, Email: eapenhome@yahoo.com) : Genetic transformation in Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss using wild types and shooter mutants of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the regeneration response. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 205-8.

Different wild types of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and their shooter mutants were used for infection of in vitro grown Brassica juncea and the resultant tumour/tumour infection sites were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium supplemented with cefotaxime. The tumours induced by wild nopaline type of A. tumefaciens - C₅₈ and T₃₇ and their shooter mutant 3851 produced tumours which spontaneously differentiated shoots on Murashige and Skoog's medium. However, the octopine type B 653 and their shooter mutant pGV 2219, pGV 2215, pGV 2239, pGV 2235 and pGV 2298 either produced a very small tumour or did not produce any tumour. The tumour or infection site of octopine type of A. tumefaciens when cultured on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium although produced calli, did not sow any regeneration of shoots. The tumours and regenerated plants of nopaline wild type (C₅₈ and T₃₇) and shooter mutant pGV 3851 showed the presence of nopaline dehydrogenase. The tumours or infection site of octopine wild type (B 653) and their shooter mutants pGV 2219 and pGV 2215 showed the presence of ocotpine dehydrogenase, while pGV 2235, 2239 and 2298 did not show any octopine dehydrogenase. The regenerated shots from tumours of nopaline type and corresponding shooter mutnat did not root, but could be granfed on to normal plants and grown to maturity.

^ssc1 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

020691   Eapen S (Plant Biotechnology and Secondary Products Sect, Nuclear Agriculture a, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: eapenhome@yahoo.com) : Micropropagation of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanoides L. Nash): a potential plant for environmental conservation. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 193-6.

High frequency shoot multiplication was obtained form isolated shoot tips of vetiver grass (Vertiveria zizanoides L. Nash) cultured on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium supplemented with benzyladenine and α-naphthalene acetic acid. When different concentrations of benzyladenine (1,2 or 5 mgl^-1) were tested, benzyladenine at 5 mgl^-1 produced the highest average number of multiple shoots per expplant. The regenerated shoots when isolated and cultured on half strength of MS medium supplemented with α-naphthalene acetic acid (0.1 mgl^-1), roots were induced from the base of shoots and complete plants obtained. Starting from a single shoot, approximately 1000 plants were produced at the end of 12-14 weeks of culture. The plants were transferred to filed without any acclimatization and 90% of them survived under field conditions. The present protocol holds promise for large scale multiplication of plants for potential application of environmental remediation.

1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

020690   Barna K S;Karihaloo J L;Tiwari S (NO, TIFAC - Centre of Relevance & Excellence in Agro & Industrial Biotech, Patiala-147 004, Email: kuldeepbio@hotmail.com) : Long-term field performance of micropropagated Aloe vera plants. Pl Cell Biotechnol molec Biol 2007, 8(3-4), 113-18.

Long-term field performance of micropropagated, primary (tissue cultured plants) and secondary (suckers produced by tissue cultured plants) plants of Aloe vera plants was compared with control (non-tissue cultured plants) plants. The regenerated plants both primary and secondary showed 100% survival in the field like control plants. Growth of primary tissue cultured plants lagged compared to that of control plants especially on the basis of leaf fresh weight, and leaf length. Secondary tissue cultured plants did not show significant difference in growth from the control plants in any of the character evaluated. RAPD markers were used to assess the clonal fidelity of 25 plants. As all the bands produced by these plants were monomorphic, no variation was detected between tissue cultured and control plants.

1 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

020689   Abhilash P C (Biomass biology & Environmental Sciences Div, National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Indus, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226 001, Email: pcabhilash@gmail.com) : Bio-diversity prospecting: an innovative approach of using biological resources for sustainable development. Vegetos 2007, 20(2), 23-5.

Bio-diversity is biological capital of the earth. They provides the basis not only for the continuous evolution and maintenance of the life supporting systems, but also for the sustainable economic, scientific, technological, cultural and spiritual development of mankind. For several million years, people around the world have been looking at bio-diversity as a great source of products and services for their day-to-day survival. Plant and animal breeding, development of traditional drugs and medicines, using natural resources for living in all ways in which humans have tapped the biological resources for their benefit. Most of the diversity around us is a result of human quest. However, commercialization of these resources began when people were able to produce specialized products. This article deals with importance and benefit of biodiversity prospecting for sustainable development.

14 ref

019554   Vijaya Ch;Singaracharya M A;Reddy R M (Microbiology Dep, S.V. University P.G. Centre, Kavali-524 201) : Improvement in nutritive value of paddy straw through biotechnological approach using soil fungi. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2007, 6(2), 335-41.

Three soil fungi viz., Aspergillus niger, Humicola fuscoatra and Penicillium notatum were used for biological treatment of paddy straw for a period of 10, 20 and 30 days. The pH of the urea treated straw has been changed by fungi from basic to acidic (7.8 to 6.5), which is favourable for rumen microflora. Substantial increase in cellulolytic (CX and C1), lignolytic (lignin peroxidase-LiP and Laccase - Lac), amylolytic, proteolytic urease and phosphatase enzymes was noticed during the solid state fermentation. Combined treatment using chemical and biological methods enhanced the nutrient availability of paddy straw. Biomolecules like carbohydrates (reducing sugars) increased seven times, proteins (amino acids) 18 times and inorganic phosphorus and total organic matter four times that of untreated straw. Solid state fermentation treatment using soil fungi in presence of 1 % urea for a period of 10 days is considered to be appropriate to improve the nutritive value of paddy straw. Among the three soil fungi used, Humicola fuscoatra and Penicillium notatum exhibited better performance.

2 table, 35 ref

019553   Sivakumar R;Alagesaboopathi C (Biotechnology Dep, S.N.R. Sona College, (Autonomous), Coimbatore-641 006, Email: alagesaboopathi@rediffmail.com) : Evaluation of anti-inflammatory properties of various forms of Abrus precatorius L.. J phytol Res 2007, 20(2), 207-13.

The maximum anti-inflammatory activity both in vitro and in vivo was at highest concentrations levels. Further the anti-inflammatory activity in vivo system tends to increase with time. This clearly indicates that the significant effect observed during later stages, can be due to the inhibition of prostaglandins. The cotton pellet granuloma method in rats at 200 mg/kg of methanol insoluble fraction of white form was better than the crude red fractions. The chemical constituents like triterpenoids, saponins, and flavanoids present in the seeds may be responsible for this anti-inflammatory activity.

7 tables, 26 ref

019552   Singh M P;Srivastava A K;Viswakarma S K; Pandey V K;Pandey A K;Singh S K (Biotechnology Dep, V.B.S. Purvanchal Univ, Jaunpur-222 001, Email: mohanbio_62@yahoo.co.in) : Extracellular enzyme profiles by white rot fungi on lignocellulosic wastes. Pollut Res 2007, 26(3), 445-8.

Activity of extracellular enzymes of white rot fungi - Pleurotus fossulatus, P. roseus and P. sapidus on lignocellulosic wastes - sugarcane bagasse and Brassica haulms revealed that laccase and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) appeared and peaked earlier than cellulases and xylanase. Brassica haulms supported optimum production of cellulases while, sugarcane bagasse supported maximum production of xylanase. P. fossulatus showed maximum cellulase and xylanase activity. However, maximum laccase and PPO activity was exhibited by P. roseus.

3 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

019551   Sheela S;Kavumpurath S (Fish Genetics Research Unit. Zoology Dep, Fatima Mata National College, Kollam-691 001) : Basic techniques of microinjection. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2008, 28(1), 87-91.

Deals with the transfer of foreign gene into the eggs of Zebra fish (Danio rerio) by three different methods of microinjection such as (a) eggs on a Petridish using a holding pipette and micro needle, (b) eggs on an agar slide and (c) eggs on a glass slide with a sliding cover slip and a notch on it. In addition to this microinjection was performed both on chorionated and dechorionated eggs, and their survival rate was monitored. The method of microinjection of eggs on a Petridish using a holding pipette and micro needle is the best of the three methods tested for maximum survival and integration. The efficiency of microinjection and hatching rate is higher in chorionated eggs compared to dechorionated ones.

1 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

019550   Ray R C;Mohapatra S;Panda S;Kar S (Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, (Regional (Centre), Bhubaneswar-751 019, Email: rc.ray6@gmail.com) : Solid substrate fermentation of cassava fibrous residue for production of α-amylase, Lactic acid and ethanol. J envir Biol 2007, 29(1), 111-15.

There is serious concern about the disposal of solid residues left after large scale extraction of starch from cassava. Owing to the high starch content (55-65% on dry weight basis) and organic matter of these wastes, an attempt has been made to utilize it for the production of three byproducts, i.e. α-amylase, lactic acid and ethanol in solid substrate fermentation by incubating the solid residue at different moisture holding capacity (40-80%) and incubation period (12-60 hr for α-amylase, 24-144 hr for ethanol and 2-10 days for lactic acid). The highest product yield was obtained at 60% moisture holding capacity of the residue and period of incubation varied from 36 hr (α-amylase), 120 hr (ethanol) to 6 days (lactic acid). This study showed that the solid residues from cassava starch factories could serve as a low-cost substrate for bioproducts production.

3 illus, 35 ref

019549   Ramakrishnan S;Venkataraman R (Biotechnology, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi-627 412) : Impact of herbal additives on lactose status of milk. Rasayan J Chem 2008, 1(2), 204-06.

Different herbal additives like ginger, Coriander, coffee, tea were tested for their lactose reduction capacity in different brands of milk and milk products. Ginger and tea extracts were exhibited more lactose reduction activity. The results of this study reveals that these herbal extracts seems to be involved in the lactose catabolism either directly or indirect as co-factor for the activity of lactase enzyme, so they may be consumed along with milk products to avoid lactose intolerance. Among the tested milk brands, Arokya was found with higher quantity of lactose ( 65.7 mg/l) and when its treated with ginger extract it was reduced in to 20 mg/l.

1 tables, 9 ref

019548   Paramanik R C;Chikkaswamy B K;Paramanik A (Biotechnology Dep, R K Institute of Management & Computer Sciences, Bellandur Gate, Sarjapura Main Road, Bangalore-560 037) : Effect of plant hormones on growth, and yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). J phytol Res 2007, 20(2), 251-4.

An interesting very much important potable trial was carried out to study the effect of foliar spray of 0 (de-ionized water), 10^{-6>, 10-5 and 10-4 M each of gibberellic acid (GA3), Abscisic acid (ABA), Zeatin (Zea) or Kinetin (KIN) at 40 days after sowing (vegetative stage) on growth and yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Application of GA at 10-5 M concentration was found to be more effective than K or the other plant growth hormones in promoting root, shoot length, plant dry weight, leaf number, leaf area and branch number observed 70 days after sowing (DAS). Application of 10-5 M GA, resulted in more capsule number, seed yield and seed yield merit, which was found increased by 43.33, 43.85 and 53.62% respectively.}

2 tables, 14 ref

019547   Murali Krishna M V S;Chowdary R P;Satish Chandra A;Shiva Krishna V;Raju C H (Mechnical Engineering Dep, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet Hyderabad-500 075) : Performance evaluation of low heat rejection diesel engine with blends of diesel and waste fried vegetable oil. Pollut Res 2007, 26(3), 429-34.

Alternate fuel research has been the topic of the highest priority in the context of depletion of fossil fuels at alarming rate and increasing of pollution levels of the engines with conventional fuels. Alcohols and vegetable oils are major alternate fuels for diesel fuel as they are renewable in nature. However, use of alcohols as fuels in internal combustion engines is limited in India, as they are diverted to Petro-Chemical industries. Much emphasis is given to the non-edible vegetable oils as alternate fuels in internal combustion engines. However, the drawbacks of low volatility and high viscosity associated with non-edible vegetable oils calls for hot combustion chamber, provided by low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine. Investigations are carried out on a low heat rejection diesel engine, which consists of air gap insulated piston with superni crown, air gap insulated liner with superni insert with different proportions of blends of waste fried vegetable oil and diesel at varied injection pressures. Performance is improved with low heat rejection diesel engine in comparison with conventional engine with vegetable oil operation.

7 illus, 15 ref

019546   Manjula G;Magudeswaran P N (Civil Engineering Dep, VLB Jankiammal College of Engineering and Technology Kovaipudur, Coimbatore-641 042) : Study on biodegradability of vegetable and flower wastes by vermicomposting. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2007, 6(3), 425-8.

An experimental study was conducted to determine the efficiency of vermicomposting process of various types of organic wastes such as vegetable, fruit and flower wastes. Various characteristics like pH, electrical conductivity, moisture content, total solids, volatile solids and ash content were monitored continuously to ascertain the stability of the compost. The vermicomposting process for flower waste and fruit-vegetable waste mixture was compared Both the processes were found to be effective with significant nutrient enrichment.

4 tables, 5 ref

019545   Kim J H;Lee M Y (Biotechnology Dep, Soonchunhyang Univ, Asan PO Box 97, Chungnam-336 600, Korea, Email: miyoung@sch.ac.kr) : Regulation of the expression of GA-insensitive gene homolog by light in Oryza sativa c.v. Dongjin. J envir Biol 2007, 29(1), 69-72.

To understand the mechanism by which light regulates a gibberellin (GA)-insensitive gene in Dong Jin Byeo (Oryza sativa cv. DongJin), both green and etiolated Dong Jin Byeo seedlings were submerged in water and treated with GA. Total RNA from the seedlings was isolated and hybridized with cDNA of a GA-insensitive gene homolog. The amount of transcript for the GA-insensitive gene homolog was higher in green seedlings than in etiolated seedlings in the absence of GA. However, upon the addition of GA, greater accumulations of the gene transcript occurred in etiolated seedlings than in green seedlings. This result indicates the possibility that the expression of the GA-insensitive gene homolog transcript may be inhibited by light in the presence of GA. Light seems to regulate multilaterally the accumulation of the transcript of the GA-insensitive gene homolog in Dong Jin Byeo (Oryza sativa cv. DongJin).

4 illus, 20 ref

019544   Jayalakshmi S;Joseph K;Sukumaran V (Civil Engineering Dep, Periyar Maniammai College of Technology for Women, Vallam-613 403) : Methane production from kitchen waste using Escherichia coli. J envir Sci Engng 2007, 49(2), 99-102.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain isolated from biogas plant sludge was examined for its ability "to enhance biogas from kitchen waste during solid phase anaerobic digestion. The laboratory experiments were conducted for total solid concentrations of 20% and 22%. Kitchen waste was characterized for physico-chemical parameters and laboratory experiments were conducted with and without E. coli strain. It was found that the reactor with E. coli produced 17% more biogas than the reactors that are operated without E. coli strain.

5 illus, 4 tables, 9 ref