003031   RAHEVAR P M, PATEL J N, KUMAR S, ACHARYA R R (Agricultural Biotechnology Dep, Anand Agricultural Univ, Anand- 388 110) : Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization for genetic variability analysis of Capsicum annuum. Vegetos 2019, 32(2), 131–41.

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) with immense industrial, therapeutic and export potential is an imperative vegetable and condiment crop of the globe. The genetic variability is plinth for any breeding program. To examine the variability in chilli, 58 chilli genotypes were screened for seven agronomic and five biochemical traits along with 26 SSR markers. The germplasm displayed sufficient variability for all traits at both genotypic and phenotypic levels in consort with more than 60% heritability. Green fruit yield per plant exhibited significant correlation with primary branches per plant (rg = 0.428 and rp = 0.354), fruits per plant (rg = 0.410 and rp = 0.441), single green fruit weight (rg = 0.625 and rp = 0.602), moisture (rg = 0.271 and rp = 0.227) and chlorophyll (rg = 0.382 and rp = 0.368). The path analysis also revealed fruit yield per plant was directly influenced by primary branches per plant (0.115), fruits per plant (0.435), single green fruit weight (0.763), moisture (0.137) and chlorophyll (0.233). Manhattan distance produced 5 clusters, at a limit value of 0.14, during phenotypic based clustering. A total of 73 alleles were generated from 26 SSR primers. The mean alleles per locus were 4. The polymorphic information content (mean = 0.45) confined between 0.17 (CaES4787) to 0.80 (CAMS806). Merely, three groups were generated during molecular based analysis suggesting moderate diversity in the collection. A moderate correlation (0.66) was recorded between the Manhattan’s and Nei’s distance.

51 ref

003034   SAFITRI E, HARIADI M (Veterinary Reproduction Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia, Email: masudhariadi@yahoo.co.id) : Comparison of biotechnological culture of hypoxia-conditioned rat mesenchymal stem cells with conventional in vitro culture of normoxia-conditioned rat mesenchymal stem cells for testicular failure therapy with low libido in rats. Vet World 2019, 12(6), 916-24.

Biotechnological culture of hypoxia-conditioned (CH) rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSC-CH) for testicular failure therapy with low libido improves the functional outcome of the testicle for producing spermatogenic cells and repairs Leydig cells in rats (Rattus norvegicus). In the first group (T1), rats with testicular failure and low libido were injected with normoxiaconditioned (CN) rMSCs (21 % oxygen); in the second group (T2), rats with testicular failure and low libido were injected with rMSC-CH (1 % oxygen); in the negative control group (T−), rats with normal testis were injected with 0.1 mL phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); and in the sham group (TS), rats with testicular failure and low libido were injected with 0.1 mL of PBS. Vascular endothelial growth factor expression, as the homing signal, in the groups T2, T−, T1, and TS was 2.00 ± 0.5 %, 2.95 ± 0.4 %, 0.33 ± 0.48 %, and 0 ± 0 %, respectively. The number of cluster of differentiation (CD)34⁺ and CD45⁺ cells in the groups T− and TS was 30 % and >80 %, respectively, showing the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The number of spermatogenic cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, and spermatid) decreased significantly (p<0.05) in TS compared with that in T−, T1, and T2, whereas that in T2 did not show a significant (p>0.05) decrease compared to that in T−. The improvement in libido, based on the number of Leydig cells producing the hormone testosterone for libido expression, did not increase in T1, whereas T2 was able to maintain the number of Leydig cells significantly compared to that between TS and T1. rMSC-CH culture for testicular failure with low libido showed improvement in the functional outcome of the testicle and in repairing Leydig cells.

4 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

003014   BHUIYAN Z A, ALI M Z, MOULA M M, GIASUDDIN M, KHAN Z U M (Botany Dep, Jahangirnagar Univ, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh, Email: mgias04@blri.gov.bd) : Prevalence and molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis virus isolated from chicken in Bangladesh. Vet World 2019, 12(6), 909-15.

The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) as well as virus isolation, identification, and molecular characterization of various strains circulating in Bangladesh. A total of 371 swabs and organ samples were collected from four types of chicken including layer, Sonali (local), broiler, and broiler breeder under eight districts (Rangpur, Bogura, Tangail, Dhaka, Gazipur, Mymensingh, Jamalpur, and Cumilla) during 2014-2016 in Bangladesh.  Out of 371 samples, 65 samples were positive in reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for molecular identification of IBV. The overall prevalence was 17.52 % recorded and among the selected types of chicken, the highest prevalence of IBV was found in layer that was 42.22 % followed by 17.24 % in Sonali, 14.93% in broiler breeder, and lowest prevalence was 11.94 % in broiler chicken, respectively. Moreover, the prevalence of IBV was recorded highest in aged chicken at 41-60 weeks, which was 54.55 % in layer, 27.27 % in Sonali, and, afterward, 14.68 % was found in broiler breeder, respectively.  Frequency of IBV more frequently in winter (22.67 %) followed by rainy (15.87 %) and summer season (11.58 %). The highest prevalence of IBV was found Tangail district (41.67%) followed by Mymensingh (24.42 %), Gazipur (19.32 %), Dhaka (15.3 8%), Jamalpur (16.67 %), Bogura (13.68 %), Cumilla (5.88 %), and Rangpur (9.26 %), respectively. Samples that were found high positive in IBV RT-PCR (Ct value below 30) were subjected to inoculation into chicken egg embryo to observe characteristic changes in chicken embryo. Swabs and organ samples were processed and passaged in 9-day-old embryonated chicken eggs through allantoic cavity route. IBV virus suspected samples inoculated into chicken egg embryos after 3-5 passages showed dwarfing and curling of the embryos which are characteristic lesions of IBV. Allantoic fluid was collected from all inoculated eggs and performed partial sequencing of S1 gene for three isolates. After sequencing, the phylogenetic tree was constructed from the nucleotide sequences of IBV isolates. Two of the isolates are 4/91 IBV and another one matched with QX-like IBV. The results revealed that the three isolates from different places in Bangladesh were identified for the 1st time as which will help for IBV control strategy.

1 illus, 6 tables, 31 ref

003043   WIDAYANTI R, HARYANTO A, ARTAMA W T, PAKPAHAN S (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Dep, Gadjah Mada Univ, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Email: rini_widayanti@ugm.ac.id) : Genetic variation and phylogenetic analysis of Indonesian indigenous catfish based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit III gene. Vet World 2019, 12(6), 896-900.

This study aimed to analyze the genetic variation and phylogenetic reconstruction of Indonesian indigenous catfish using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit III sequences. A total of 19 samples of catfish were collected from seven rivers (Elo [EM], Progo [PM], Kampar [KR], Musi [MP], Mahakam [MS], Kapuas [KS], and Bengawan Solo [BSBJ]) in five different geographical locations in Indonesia. The genome was isolated from the tissue. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit III was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with CO3F and CO3R primers. The PCR products were sequenced and continued to analyze genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship using MEGA version 7.0 software. Cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-III gene sequencing obtained 784 nucleotides encoding 261 amino acids. Sequenced COX-III gene fragments were aligned along with other catfish from Genbank using ClustalW program and genetic diversity among species was analyzed using the MEGA Version 7.0 software. Among all samples, there were substitution mutations at 78 nucleotide sites, and there were 14 variations in amino acids. Catfish from PM, KR, MP, and KS had the same amino acids as Hemibagrus nemurus (KJ573466.1), while EM catfish had eight different amino acids and catfishBSBJhad 12 different amino acids. Indonesian catfish divided into four clades. BBSJ Catfish were grouped with Pangasianodon gigas, EM catfish were grouped with Mystus rhegma, and KS catfish were grouped with Hemibagrus spilopterus, while catfish MS, KR, PM, andMP were grouped with H. nemurus.

4 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

003041   SUHARSONO H, MUTTAQIN Z, TENAYA I W M, AGUSTINA K K, PRAWIRO S R (Udayana Univ, Denpasar, Indonesia, Email: hamong@unud.ac.id) : Antigen of 49.6-kDa subunitpili protein of Helicobacter pylori as a potential biomarker for early and rapid detection of the infection. Vet World 2019, 12(6), 769-73.

Helicobacter pylori infection has been identified as a major cause of peptic ulcer diseases, including gastric and duodenal ulcers, gastritis, chronic and gastric carcinoma, and even gastric lymphoma. In vitro studies using Western blotting analysis, hemagglutination test, adherence inhibition assays, and immunocytochemical staining revealed that the 49.6-kDa subunit pili protein of H. pylori was considered an immunogenic protein. This study aimed to develop a serological diagnostic test using 49.6 kDa for detecting antibodies against H. pylori proteins in an early phase of the infection. An in-house immunochromatographic test (ICT) kit was developed and used to test a panel of sera sample obtained from a randomly selected symptomatic patient, in which 40 sera were H. pylori positive and 40 sera were H. pylori negative. The results showed that ICT with 49.6 kDa as an antigen was highly sensitive and specific for detecting anti-H. pylori immunoglobulin G antibodies in human serum, with a high negative predictive value. The developed test could be used to exclude H. pylori infection in symptomatic patients.

2 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

003032   RAHMAHANI J, SUWARNO S, YUNIARTI W M, RANTAM F A (Veterinary Microbiology Dep, Airlangga Univ, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia, Email: jola_rahmahani@yahoo.co.id) : Antigenic site of nucleoprotein gene from Indonesian rabies virus isolates. Vet World 2019, 12(5), 724-8.

Several molecular studies on rabies virus (RABV) have been conducted in Indonesia, but it does not give clear information about molecular characteristics of previous RABV isolate in Indonesia. This study was conducted to know the characteristic of circulating RABV to determine a suitable method to control the spreading of RABV in Indonesia. Samples of infected RABV from dog brain were collected from Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Bali Islands. All samples were examined based on nucleoprotein encoding gene to determine the molecular characteristics based on homology and phylogenetic tree compared to Pasteur Virus and RABV that came from another country within Asia (Indonesia, China, Thailand, India, and Korea). The collected samples were processed by one-step reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction using nucleoprotein encoding gene followed by sequencing. The amino acid of its antigenic site of isolated RABV was also analyzed. The results showed that isolated RABV has 84-85 % similarity compared to Pasteur. According to phylogenetic construction, isolated samples do not share the same lineage toward Pasteur. The homology scores of isolated samples compared to RABV within Asia such as Indonesia, China, Thailand, India, and Korea were 98-99 %, 92-93 %, 88-89 %, 86-88 %, and 85-88 %, respectively. According to antigenic site analysis compared to Pasteur, it was found that there were amino acid mutations within antigenic Site IV of nucleoprotein. Amino acid mutation from isoleucine to valine occurred in amino acid number 240 of 6 Kalimantan, 7 Kalimantan, and 8 Kalimantan. Amino acid mutation from alanine to aspartate and asparagine to threonine occurred within the same antigenic site in amino acid number 246 and 273 of C4 isolate from Sulawesi. According to homology and phylogenetic tree analyses, isolated RABV remained different compared to RABV within Asia and Pasteur. The amino acid mutation occurred in antigenic site of nucleoprotein encoding gene.

5 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

003012   BALIGA P, SHEKAR M, VENUGOPAL M N (Fisheries Microbiology Dep, Animal and Fisheries Sciences Univ, Mangalore, Karnataka, Email: malathishekar@rediffmail.com) : Detection and characterization of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-associated endoribonuclease gene variants in Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from seafoods and environment. Vet World 2019, 12(5), 689-95.

In Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated cas6 endoribonuclease gene has been shown to exhibit sequence diversity and has been subtyped into four major types based on its length and composition. In this study, we aimed to detect and characterize the cas6 gene variants prevalent among V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from seafoods and environment. Novel primers were designed for each of the cas6 subtypes to validate their identification in V. parahaemolyticus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In total, 38 V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from seafoods and environment were screened for the presence of cas6 gene. Few representative PCR products were sequenced, and their phylogenetic relationship was established to available cas6 gene sequences in GenBank database. Of the 38 V. parahaemolyticus isolates screened, only about 40 % of strains harbored the cas6 endoribonuclease gene, among which 31.6 % and 7.9 % of the isolates were positive for the presence of the cas6-a and cas6-d subtypes of the gene, respectively. The subtypes cas6-b and cas6-c were absent in strains studied. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis also established the cas6 sequences in this study to match GenBank sequences for cas6-a and cas6-d subtypes. In V. parahaemolyticus, the Cas6 endoribonuclease is an associated protein of the CRISPR-cas system. CRISPR-positive strains exhibited genotypic variation for this gene. Primers designed in this study would aid in identifying the cas6 genotype and understanding the role of these genotypes in the CRISPR-cas immune system of the pathogen.

4 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref

003017   EID H M, ALGAMMAL A M, ELFEIL W K, YOUSSEF F M, HARB S M, ALLAH E M A (Bacteriology Dep, Suez Canal Univ, Ismailia 41522, Egypt, Email: abdelazeem.algammal@gmail.com) : Prevalence, molecular typing, and antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens isolated from ducks. Vet World 2019, 12(5), 677-83.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of different bacterial species affecting ducks as well as demonstrating the antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular typing of the isolated strains. A total of 500 samples were randomly collected from different duck farms at Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The collected samples were subjected to the bacteriological examination. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied for amplification of Kmt1 gene of Pasteurella multocida and X region of protein-A (spA) gene of the isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains to ensure their virulence. The antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out. The most common pathogens isolated from apparently healthy and diseased ducks were P. multocida (10.4 % and 25.2 %), Escherichia coli (3.6 % and 22.8 %), Staphylococcus epidermidis (10 % and 8.8 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2 % and 10 %), and Proteus vulgaris (0.8 % and 10 %), respectively. In addition, S. aureus and Salmonella spp. were isolated only from the diseased ducks with prevalence (12.2 %) and (2.8 %), respectively. Serotyping of the isolated E. coli strains revealed that 25 E. coli strains were belonged to five different serovars O1, O18, O111, O78, and O26, whereas three strains were untypable. Salmonella serotyping showed that all the isolated strains were Salmonella Typhimurium. PCR revealed that four tested P. multocida strains were positive for Kmt1 gene with specific amplicon size 460 bp, while three strains were negative. In addition, all the tested S. aureus strains were positive for spA gene with specific amplicon size 226 bp. The antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that most of the isolated strains were sensitive to enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. P. multocida is the most predominant microorganism isolated from apparently healthy and diseased ducks followed by E. coli and Staphylococci. The combination of both phenotypic and genotypic characterization is more reliable an epidemiological tool for identification of bacterial pathogens affecting ducks.

2 illus, 6 tables, 45 ref

003020   HALIUM M M A, SALIB F A, MAROUF S A, MASSIEH E S A (Medicine and Infectious Diseases Dep, Cairo Univ, Giza, Egypt, Email: emilsaad@cu.edu.eg) : Isolation and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma spp. in sheep and goats in Egypt. Vet World 2019, 12(5), 664-70.

Different species of Mycoplasma are associated with many pathological problems in small ruminants including respiratory manifestation, this problem results in significant losses, especially in African countries. This study aimed to (I) study some epidemiological aspects of Mycoplasma species infections in Egyptian sheep and goats at Giza Governorate, (II) diagnosis of Mycoplasma species affections using bacterial isolation and identification, (III) apply the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for typing of different Mycoplasma species, and (IV) illustrate the phylogenetic tree for the isolated Mycoplasma species and other species from GenBank using the purified PCR product. A total of 335 samples were collected from sheep and goats from Giza Governorate in Egypt as 142 nasal swabs from clinically affected animals, 167 pneumonic lungs, 18 samples from tracheal bifurcation, and 8 samples by bronchial wash were cultured on pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLOs) media for cultivation of Mycoplasma species. PCR and sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were adopted to identify and classify the isolated Mycoplasma species. A total of 24 Mycoplasma isolates were isolated on PPLO media, identified by biochemical tests, and confirmed and typed by PCR using specific primers. 10 isolates were confirmed as Mycoplasma arginini, four isolates as Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae by PCR, and 10 isolates as undifferentiated Mycoplasma species. A purified isolate of M. arginini and M. ovipneumoniae was sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was illustrated. M. arginini and M. ovipneumoniae are prevalent in Egyptian sheep and goats. Further studies on M. arginini are required due to its high frequency of isolation from pneumonic sheep and goats and also from animals suffer from different respiratory manifestations

3 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

003036   SHASHIKANT, RAJAK K K, KISHORE C, PRASAD B D, TRIVEDI MP (Biochemistry and Crop Physiology Dep, BAU, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar) : Callus induction in rhizome of Curcuma caesia: A medicinal plant. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1989-93.

Kali haldi (Curcuma caesia) is a medicinal plant. The rhizome of the plant traditionally known for treating various diseases such as leukoderma, asthma, tumours, piles, leprosy, epilepsy, cancer by the tribal peoples. The medicinal properties of Kali haldi might be various phytochemical constituents present inside the plant. In present investigation an attempt was taken to induce callus for its in vitro propagation and phytochemical extraction. For inducing callus, MS media supplemented with various combinations and concentrations of 2, 4-D, BAP, IAA and NAA was used. The most suitable media composition on which 90.28 % callus generated was MS medium added with CaCl₂ and supplemented with 2,4D (1.0/ mglˉ¹ ) and NAA (0.5/mglˉ¹ ) phytohormones.

3 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

003037   SHUBHA R, TOMAR R S (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Junagadh Agricultural Univ, Junagadh, Gujarat) : Transcriptome sequencing, De novo assembly from three developmental growth stages in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 1779-4.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) popularly known as “Methi” belongs to family fabaceae and subfamily papilionaceae. Gujarat Methi Variety 2 was selected for transcritome study from the three developmental stages that were vegetative stage (20-30 DAS), reproductive stage (50-60 DAS) and maturity stage (80-90 DAS) which were sequenced using Ion S5 genome sequencing machine. The de novo assembly yielded assembled reads from vegetative stage, total reads were 59,306, and the largest contig was 5773 bp and total number of base pairs were 2,562,931,387, with a consensus length of 39 bp. Similarly, assembly yielded assembled reads of 30,648,677 from reproductive stage with a consensus length of 40 bp, total number of contigs generated in reproductive stage, were 57,415 and the largest contig was 7,167 bp, total number of base pairs were 3,143,890,944. In maturity stage assembled reads of 16,924,096 with a consensus length of 81 bp were generated. Total number of contigs generated in maturity stage were, 46,721 and largest contig was 4,434 bp and the total number of base pairs were 3,205,640,970.

22 illus, 5 tables, 5 ref

003016   CHANDRA A K, RAJAK K K, GURURANI K, KUMAR H, KUMAR M (Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Dep, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand) : Influence of explants type and phytohormones on in vitro callogenesis and plantlet regeneration of patharchur (Coleus barbatus L.), an endangered ethnomedicinal plant. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 943-53.

The present study was conceptualized to study the effect of explants and plant growth regulators on organogenesis to establish an efficient regeneration protocol for Coleus barbatus, an endangered ethnomedicinal Plant. In course of this, sterilized explants were cultured onto MS medium augmented with different concentrations and combinations of auxin (IAA) and cytokinin (BAP). The best callogenic response was observed on media M₄ followed by M₉ and M₅ in terms of Days of callogenesis, degree of response, colour and texture, considering all the three explants. Regenerated shoots from embryogenic calli were further multiplied on fresh media. Highest per cent shoot regeneration response was obtained on medium M₁₂ (84.7 %) and M₇ (84.7 %) followed by media M₆ (81.4 %), whereas in terms of number of shoots per culture, shoot apex (0.0-3.7) and internodal stem (0.0-3.7) exhibited as better explant then young leaf (0.0-1.7). The long and healthy shoots were harvested and subcultured on rooting media for root induction. Maximum per cent response of root proliferation were obtained on medium M₁₃ (85.2 %) followed by media M₉ (84.4 %) and M₈ (84.1 %), whereas for highest frequency of root per elongated shoot, shoot apex (0.0-10.3) exhibited as better explant then internodal stem (0.0-9.7) and leaf explants (0.0-7.3). Hence, the In vitro regenerated plantlets using this established micropropagation protocol can be used for large-scale commercial cultivation, in situ conservation, and genetic characterization of this endangered medicinal plant.

3 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

003028   MOHAMED S S, KOLAR A B, MALAYAMAN V, BASHA M G (Botany Dep, Jamal Mohamed Coll (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu) : Rapid in vitro multiplication and plant regeneration from shoot tip explants of Ammannia baccifera L.: An important medicinal plant. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 837-41.

Tissue culture technique was developed for mass production of multiple shoots from valuable medicinal plant of Ammannia baccifera Linn. High frequency of direct shoot proliferation was induced in shoot tip explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Among the various cytokinins tested (BAP, kinetin and Zeatin), BAP proved to be the most effective. The most suitable medium for shoot regeneration was MS medium fortified with 2.0 mg/l 6- benzylaminopurine (BAP), on which highest percentage of shoot response (80 ± 1.90), the maximum number (7.8 ± 1.40) of shoots per explant, having a shoot length of (2.8 ± 1.01 cm) were produced. The highest number of shoots multiplication response (85 ± 1.68), the maximum number shoot per explants (28.6 ± 1.63) and shoot length (3.0 ± 1.12 cm) was documented on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l NAA. Further shoot elongation was achieved on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l GA3. The elongated micro shoots were rooted on MS medium fortified with 2.0 mg/l IAA and 0.8 mg/l IBA on highest percentage of rooting response (80 ± 2.16), the maximum number of root per explants (18.4 ± 1.50) and root length (4.2 ± 1.34 cm) was recorded. The well developed shoot and rooted plantlets were successfully transferred into paper cups containing vermiculite, sand and soil in the ratio of 1:2:1 and subsequently they were established in the greenhouse. The results of this study provide the first successful report on in vitro direct plant regeneration from shoot tip explants of A. baccifera L.

1 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

003018   ETTHER Y, GAHUKAR S J, AKHARE A, PATIL A N, JAMBHULKAR S J, GAWANDE M (Biotechnology Centre, Dr. PDKV, Akola, Maharashtra) : Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays, emethyl sulfonate and their synergistic effects in pigeonpea (Cajanus Cajan L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 489-93.

Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of individual treatments of EMS and gamma rays were assessed in pigeonpea genotypes, ICPL-87 and BSMR-736. The experiment included total 8 mutagenic treatments (4 for each individual treatment of EMS and gamma rays) per genotype having control one, selected on the basis of their LD50 values. In comparisons of both genotypes, BSMR-736 observed higher rate of mutation frequency than genotype ICPL-87. Effectiveness and efficiency were calculated on the basis of Plant survival and chlorophyll mutation frequency of M₂ generation. Mutagenic effectiveness decreased with increased in dose / concentration of mutagen. Where as in mutagenic efficiency the data showed that no specific pattern is followed but variation in mutagenic efficiency was recorded in all treatment.

2 tables, 23 ref

003030   PRAJAPATI V, PATEL M M, JHA S K, MAKWANA K (Forest Biology and Tree Improvement Dep, Navsari Agricultural Univ, Navsari, Gujarat) : De novo organogenesis from leaf explants in Piper longum L.. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 483-5.

De novo regeneration pathway from leaf callus was established in Piper longum L. Within three weeks of culture, leaf explants showed the callogenic response in media supplemented with various concentrations of TDZ. However no callus observed growth regulator free media. The callogenic response found highest (60 %) in media supplemented with 0.5 mg l^-1 TDZ. However, the per cent callus showing shoot bud (organogenic callus) was maximum (46.0 %) in MS media supplemented with 0.25 mg l^-1 TDZ which also showed maximum number (eight) of shoot bud per callus clump. These organogenic callus clumps when placed in MS + 1.5 mg l^-1 BAP gave average 3-4 elongated shoots in each culture. The in vitro raised plants were successfully rooted in MS + 1.0 mg l^-1 IBA and rooted shoots were subsequently hardened in Soil: Sand: FYM (1:1:1) with 70 % success.

1 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

003019   GUPTA V, PANDEY M, NAYAK A, RAJORIYA S, BORDOLOI S (Animal Biochemistry Dep, ICAR- IVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh) : Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining for detection of rotavirus in goat fecal samples. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 472-5.

The present study was undertaken to detect the presence of Rotavirus in non-diarrhoeic goat fecal sample by RNA-PAGE and Silver staining. Around 70 fecal samples from non-diarrhoeic goats aging between 2 months to 2 year were subjected to RNA- PAGE after nucleic acid extraction, of which none of the sample was found to show 11 segments migration pattern typical of Rotavirus. RNA-PAGE serves as a simple and inexpensive technique, for detection of rotaviral double-stranded RNA genome in faecal specimens by PAGE in combination with silver staining.

1 illus, 18 ref

003026   MEHRA U, NEGI M, AWASTHI M (Fruit Science Dep, VCSG Uttarakhand Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar, Pauri, Garhwal, Uttarakhand) : Effect of rooting media and indole-3-butyric acid on rooting of cuttings in persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) cv. Fuyu. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 400.

Two factors of different rooting medium i.e. SOIL + FYM, with ratio of 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 with three different IBA concentration i.e. untreated IBA, 1500 ppm, 3000 ppm, 4500 ppm and 6000 ppm were tried to investigate their effects on Rooting of Cuttings in Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) cv. Fuyu, in polyhouse condition at Fruit Nursery, Department of Fruit science, VCSG Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, Bharsar, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. The results showed significant effects on number of days taken for sprouting, number of sprout per cutting, shoot length (cm), shoot diameter (mm), number of leaves, leaf area (cm² ), length of longest root, percent of rooted cuttings, percent survival cuttings and cost benefit (C:B) ratio. Minimum number of days taken to sprouting (8.07 days) was recorded on and maximum number of sprout (7.57), length of shoot (11.27 cm), diameter of sprout (4.85 mm), number of leaves (11.80), leaf area (8.86 cm² ), rooted cutting (61.10 %), survival cutting (64.40 %), length of root (8.00 cm) and cost benefit (C:B) ratio (1:1.37) were recorded on 1:2 soil and FYM + 6000 ppm IBA. 1: 2 soil and FYM showed significant results among most of the parameters observed. Hence for better cutting success of Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) cv. Fuyu in 1:2 soil + FYM with 6000 ppm IBA is recommended.

1 table, 14 ref

003010   ANKIT, SINGH S P, SINGH V K, SINGH A, SINGH A K, TIWARI A, SINGH P (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, SVPUA&T, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh,) : Character association and genetic divergence analysis in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 348-51.

The present investigation entitled “Character association and genetic divergence analysis in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)” involving forty genotypes of linseed was undertaken to examine genetic divergence. The maximum intra cluster distance was observed for cluster VII followed by cluster VI, cluster V, cluster IV, cluster III, cluster I whereas the minimum intra cluster distance was recorded in case of cluster II. Genotypes belonging to cluster VII (LCK-283 and LCK-206) exhibited maximum genetic diversity within the cluster as compared to the genotypes belonging to other clusters. Hence, hybridization could be taken up among these genotypes (LCK-283 and LCK-206) for obtaining desirable segregants for the yield and yield component traits. The maximum inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster I and VI indicating greater genetic divergence between the genotypes belonging to these clusters and crosses involving genotypes viz.,LMH-176, R-552, LCK-293 and LCK-8605 of cluster I; LM-820, LCK-8648, LHCK-69, LCK-8657 of cluster VI is suggested. Crosses in the above combinations are expected to provide enough genetic variability among the population in the segregating generations. Hence, selection of better plant type could be made for yield and yield component traits. High hybrid vigour for yield can also be obtained by involving genetically diverse genotypes in the crosses which would be useful in the development of hybrids in linseed.

4 tables, 12 ref

003042   UPADHYAY U, SINGH P, VERMA O P (Molecular and Cellular Engineering Dep, Sam Higginbothom Univ of Agriculture, Technology and Science, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh) : Role of microRNAs in regulating drought stress tolerance in maize. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 328-31.

Maize is one of the most important crop all over the world. One of the major abiotic stress is drought that reduces the productivity of maize. Plants have many mechanisms to combat with the serious drought effects and one of the defense mechanism is the reprogramming the gene expression by microRNAs. miRNAs are the non-coding 20-22 nucleotide length that have emerged as important regulators of gene expression at post-transcriptional level. In this study the differential expression of microRNAs in drought tolerant lines was detected. Seven families of microRNAs have been selected for study. The target genes of the miRNAs have been found out by using online tools psRNA Target and RNA hybrid. A total of seven microRNAs targeting 16 mRNAs were predicted. The hypothesis that selected microRNAs differentially expressed to drought stress was validated by qRT-PCR. Under drought stress, the differential expression of microRNAs regulates the expression of their target genes, resulting in multiple responses of physiological and biochemical pathways relative to drought tolerance of maize. miR160, miR164, miR166, miR393, miR529, miR169 and miR2275.families may play more important role. The different members of the same family may play similar regulation effects in most cases.

1 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

003027   MISHRA S, VERMA O P, ASHISH, KUMAR S, SINGH V (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, NDUA&T, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh) : Assessing gene action for yield and its contributing traits in aromatic and non-aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) under sodic soils. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 189-93.

The present investigation entitled “Studies on genetic variability, combining ability and heterosis in aromatic and non-aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) Uner sodic soil”. The present study was based on two related experiments, namely, Germplasm evaluation (Experiment-I) and Combining ability (ExperimentII). These experiments were conducted at Main experimental farm, of the N.D. University of Agriculture & Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Faizabad., during Kharif, 2015 and 2016. The combining ability experiment (Experiment-II) was based on evaluation of a line x tester set of 69 hybrids (F1’s) and their 26 parents along with two checks for seven characters under sodic soil condition in randomized complete block design with three replications during Kharif, 2016. The 69 F1’s were generated by crossing 23 lines with 3 testers during Kharif, 2015. The mean squares due to lines x testers interactions, indicating importance of specific combining ability and non-additive gene effects, were found to be highly significant for all the seven characters under study. Twenty-three out of sixty-nine crosses emerged with positive and significant sca effects for grain yield/plant. The five best crosses were Pusa Bas.-1 x Jaya, NDRK-50046 x Jaya, NDRK-50055 x Jaya, NDRK-50054 x CSR-10 and NDRK-50063 x CSR-10 which showed significant and positive sca effects for grain yield/plant as well as some other yield components. The findings of the present investigation have been discussed considering their practical usefulness in relation to overall improvement of rice in sodic soil.

3 tables, 8 ref

003015   BOREGOWDA R S, MURALI N, UDAYASHANKAR ARKERE C, NIRANJANA SIDDAPURA R, LUND O S, PRAKASH HARISCHANDRA S (Studies in Biotechnology Dep, Mysore Univ, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka) : Efficient DNA extraction protocol suitable for molecular authentication of medicinal herbs. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 111-4.

Medicinal plants are being used since from the days of yore for the treatment and management of human, animals and plant diseases. Although there was a slump in their use for some period, it is re-attaining popularity due to its unmatched benefits. The enormous demand at both national and international market has resulted in necessity to maintain the purity and authenticity of plants. As most of the herbal medicines are administered in dried form, identification and authentication is becoming difficult. The current molecular methods to identify such material demand quality DNA for downstream molecular analysis. Obtaining the quality DNA from the available extraction protocols in selected medicinal herbs is troublesome due to the interference of plant secondary metabolites. There are quite a few publications in which specific protocols for isolation has been defined for a particular family or species of medicinal herbs. The prior art describes various protocols for DNA extractions in fresh and dried samples, whereas the extension of the same methods universally to obtain quality DNA from dry samples was either unsuccessful or time-consuming and expensive. This necessitates us to develop and optimize the efficient and economical quality DNA extraction protocol. The resulted modified protocol is rapid, simple and effective for dried plant material and very useful for further molecular methods for authentication. This method does not require expensive chemicals such as proteinase K, liquid nitrogen etc. The extracted DNA was also suitable for PCR and RAPD, ISSR proofing.

2 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

003009   ANANDAN R, TOHIDFAR M, KUMAR P S, KAMARAJ A, VIJAYAKUMAR N (Biochemistry and Biotechnology Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu) : Transgenic okra plants expressing a cry3a gene for fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera) resistancean in planta transformation approach. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(3), 79-83.

In planta transformation is a novel approach to generate transgenic with a short period of time. Somaclonal variation is a major constraint in tissue cultured dependent genetic transformation in Bhendi (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.). Therefore, agrobacterium tumifaciens mediated in planta transformation protocols was standardized using sprouted seed explants of bhendi cv. MDU-1, an important vegetable. agrobacterium -mediated transformation was performed using LBA4404 strain harboring the binary vector pBinAR carrying cry3a gene under the control of CaMV35s promoter and npt II gene as a selectable marker. The transformation event consisted of sonicating the explants for 3 minutes, vacuum infiltration (750 mm of Hg) for 2 minutes in Agrobacterium (pBinAR-cry3a) and co-cultivation for 3 days in MS medium with acetosyringone (100 µM) showed transformation efficiency of 12.5%. The presence and integration of npt II and cry3a transgenes into the bhendi genome was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Work is in progress to grow the T0 seeds for molecular characterization of the inserted transgene using southern and western blot methods.

2 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

003035   SHARONE G E, KRISHNAVENI T, CHITHRA D B S (Botany Dep, PSGR Krishnammal Coll for Women, Coimbatore- 641 004, Tamil Nadu, Email: bchitradevi@psgrkcw.ac.in) : In vitro regeneration of Pholidota pallida Lindl. (Orchidaceae). Adv Appl Res 2019, 11(1), 13-8.

Orchids exhibit a wide range of diversity in forms, size, colour and texture of flowers beyond the imagination of human mind. Orchids grow in nature through seeds but in the absence of appropriate hosts, they do not germinate in adequate number. This obstacle was overcome by adapting tissue culture technique for appropriate germination of orchids. In vitro techniques have been successfully carried out for the mass propagation of orchid plantlets. Hence, a preliminary study was carried out to develop a suitable protocol for mass multiplication of Pholidota pallida. MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium was found to be suitable for the asymbiotic seed germination of Pholidota pallida. MS medium supplemented with IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid), IBA (Indole-3- butyric acid), BAP (6-Benzylaminopurine) and KIN (Kinetin) individually and in combinations induced direct protocorm like bodies. Hormone-free MS basal medium was found suitable for the conversion of PLBs (protocorm-like bodies) into complete plantlets.

2 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

001783   KANATHILA H, PANGI A, BHARATHI (Prosthodontics Dep, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research Univ, Belagavi, Karnataka, Email: hemak_19@yahoo.com) : Applications of adult stem cells in Cranio maxillofacial region- A boon to mankind. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2019, 8(13), 1078-82.

Stem cells are the “master cells” in our body. Stem cells are biological cells that have the capacity to differentiate into specialized cells or produce more stem cells. These cells are studied and can be helpful in the management of various diseases, due to their ability to form connective, neural, bone, muscle and dental tissues. The breakthrough in stem cell research has brought revolutionary changes in the way of treating diseases. This article discusses numerous translational applications of stem cells in craniofacial and maxillofacial area.

1 illus, 1 table, 37 ref

001796   TRIPATHY S K, SWAIN D, MOHAPATRA P M, PRUSTI A M, SAHOO B, PANDA S, DASH M, CHAKMA B, BEHERA S K (Agricultural Biotechnology Dep, Orissa Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, Email: swapankumartripathy@gmail.com) : Exploring factors affecting anther culture in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(2), 87-92.

Anther culture is an important in vitro culture technique for the production of double haploids. It is largely species and genotype specific. Asian-cultivated rice (Oryza sativa, ssp. indica) is recalcitrant to anther culture which limits its practical application in rice breeding. Several researchers tried to optimize the medium recipes and culture techniques for callus induction and plantlet regeneration. Negligible response to callus induction and recovery of a higher frequency of albino plants are the major hindrance for the use of the technique in crop improvement. Shortening the culture period and sexual hybridization of rice subgroups (japonica/indica) may be adopted to improve green plant regeneration from anther-derived callus in indica rice. However, genetic transformation technology using individual genes related to different aspects of anther culture could be a more direct approach. Besides, the role of genotypes, physiological status of donor plant, developmental stage of pollen, pre-treatment, culture media, phytohormones, and culture conditions for successful anther culture have been discussed.

1 illus, 85 ref

001779   GNANASALOMI V D V, GNANADOSS J J (Plant Biology and Biotechnology Dep, Loyola Coll, Chennai - 600 034, Email: joelgna@gmail.com) : Laccase production by Myrothecium gramineum and its optimization under solid state fermentation using cowpea pod as substrate. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(2), 59-63.

The present study highlights the utilization of wastes such as cowpea outer pod generated from agro industries for laccase production using Myrothecium gramineum LCJ177 under solid-state fermentation. Conventional methods were used to optimize the process parameters. The classical one-factor-at-a-time method showed that the optimal starch concentration was 1 g/L, peptone concentration was 0.5 g/L, copper sulfate concentration was 0.6 mM, and pyrogallol concentration was 0.8 mM. Likewise, the suitable physical conditions were an initial pH of five of the culture medium, the temperature of 30°C and moisture content of 60 %. Utilization of dried cowpea outer pod as a substrate reduces the pollution levels by converting agro-wastes as useful by-products.

3 illus, 2 tables, 41 ref

001775   BARBOSA F S, LEITE L N, XAVIER M A S, XAVIER A R E O (State Univ of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil, Email: ericsson_aerc@yahoo.com.br) : Genomic and proteomic approach as a tool to discrimination of Escherichia coli strains of biotechnological interest. J Appl Biol Biotechnol 2019, 7(2), 48-54.

The Methods based on genomic and proteomic approaches are described as effective tools for the identification of microorganisms. The development of methodologies capable of differentiating, interspecifically, pathogenic, wild and genetically modified Escherichia coli strains is desirable for the fields of healthcare and Biotechnology. The purpose of this study was to verify the viability of ERIC-PCR and MALDI TOF methods in differentiating lineages of Escherichia strains. For this purpose, laboratory Escherichia coli ATCC8739, Escherichia coli W3110, Escherichia coli BL21DE3+, Escherichia coli JM109, Escherichia coli MC 1061 and Escherichia coli DH5α were subjected to ERIC-PCR and MALDI TOF mass spectrometry analyzes. Genomic (ERIC-PCR) and proteomic (MALDI-TOF) methods were able to discriminate between different lineages of Escherichia coli strains including lineages of Escherichia coli K-12. However, the MALDI TOF proteomic approach revealed being able to differentiate interspecifically lineages of Escherichia coli strains. The determination of the most frequent masses found in the studied Escherichia coli strains in addition to future experiments of peptide sequencing profile and SDS-PAGE can be used as a guideline for validating a method for proteomic identification of these strains.

3 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

001781   HAYATI M, INDRAWATI A, MAYASARI N L P I, ISTIYANINGSIH I, ATIKAH N (Medical Microbiology Dep, Bogor Agricultural Univ, Bogor, Indonesia, Email: meutiakhoir@yahoo.com) : Molecular detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates of chicken origin from East Java, Indonesia. Vet World 2019, 12(4), 578-83.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the respiratory disease agents in human and chicken. This bacterium is treated by antibiotic, but this treatment may trigger antibiotic resistance. Resistance gene in K. pneumoniae may be transferred to other bacteria. One of the known resistance genes is extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). This research aimed to study K. pneumoniae isolated from chicken farms in East Java, Indonesia, by observing the antibiotic resistance pattern and detect the presence of ESBL coding gene within the isolates. A total of 11 K. pneumoniae isolates were collected from 141 chicken cloacal swabs from two regencies in East Java. All isolates were identified using the polymerase chain reaction method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by agar dilution method on identified isolates, which then processed for molecular characterization to detect ESBL coding gene within the K. pneumoniae isolates found. The result of antibiotic sensitivity test in 11 isolates showed highest antibiotic resistance level toward ampicillin, amoxicillin, and oxytetracycline (100 %, 100 %, and 90.9 %) and still sensitive to gentamicin. Resistance against colistin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin is varied by 90.9 %, 54.5 %, 27.3 %, and 18.2 %, respectively. All isolates of K. pneumoniae were classified as multidrug resistance (MDR) bacteria. Resistance gene analysis revealed the isolates harbored as bla_SHV (9.1 %), bla_TEM (100 %), and bla_CTX-M (90.9 %). All the bacterial isolates were classified as MDR bacteria and harbored two of the transmissible ESBL genes. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria has the potential to spread its resistance properties.

3 illus, 3 tables, 32 ref

001773   AMER M M, MEKKY H M, FEDAWY H S (Poultry Diseases Dep, Cairo Univ, Giza, Egypt, Email: profdramer@yahoo.com) : Molecular identification of Mycoplasma synoviae from breeder chicken flock showing arthritis in Egypt. Vet World 2019, 12(4), 535-41.

Arthritis is one of the most economic problems facing poultry industry worldwide. The study was done to detect possible causes of arthritis in breeder chicken flock with emphasis on molecular identification of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). This study was carried on chicken from broiler breeder flock of 57 weeks’ age in Dakahlia, Egypt, suffered from arthritis with frequently 5-7 % decrease in egg production, reduced fertility, and hatchability. Forty blood samples were randomly collected from individual birds in sterile tubes and used for serum separation. Serum samples were tested using serum plate agglutination (SPA) test against colored antigens for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), MS, and Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum (SGP). On the other hand, 24 joint samples were collected. Of those 24 samples, 12 joint samples were subjected to bacteriological examination, while the other 12 were utilized for molecular diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for MS and avian reovirus (ARV). SPA test results revealed the presence of antibodies against MG, MS, and SGP in tested sera in rates of 14/40 (35 %), 35/40 (87.5 %), and 9/40 (22.5 %), respectively. Furthermore, 19 bacterial isolates were recognized from joint samples and identified as five Staphylococcus spp., nine Escherichia coli, three SGP, one Citrobacter, and one Proteus. The identified Staphylococcal isolates were three coagulase-positive staphylococci (two Staphylococcus aureus and one Staphylococcus hyicus) and two coagulase-negative staphylococci (one Staphylococcus epidermidis and one Staphylococcus lentus), while E. coli isolate serotypes were 1 O11, 2 O55, 3 O78, 1 O124, 1 O125, and 1 untyped. PCR proved that 12/12 (100 %) samples were positive for MS variable lipoprotein hemagglutinin A (vlhA) gene, while ARV was not diagnosed in any of the examined samples. Four amplified vlhA gene of MS isolates (named MS-2018D1, MS-2018D2, MS-2018D3, and MS-2018D4) was successfully sequenced. Analysis of phylogenetic tree revealed the presence of 100 % identity between each two sequenced isolates (isolates MS-2018D1 and MS-2018D4 and also isolates 2018D2 and MS-2018D3). However, the nucleotide similarity between four isolates was 88.6 %. On the other hand, our field isolates MS-2018D1, MS-2018D4, MS-2018D2, and MS-2018D3 showed nucleotide identity with vaccine strain MS-H 98.4 %, 98.4 %, 88.1 %, and 88.1 %, respectively. Furthermore, the nucleotide similarities with field strains from Argentina ranged between 87.8 % and 98.6 %. Four field isolates of MS were identified in examined broiler breeder flock. A phylogenetic study of these isolates revealed the variation between isolated MS strains and vaccine strain. Therefore, further studies are required for evaluating the vaccine efficacy against the present field isolates of MS. In addition, application of MS immunization of breeder flocks is necessary for proper control of the disease.

4 illus, 2 tables, 52 ref

001797   YADAV M, BHATIANI A, KUMAR A, BHAOGLIWAL A, SUJATHA R (Microbiology Dep, GSVM Medical Coll, Kanpur - 208 002, Email: madhu15dec@yahoo.com) : Antimicrobial resistance pattern of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolated from acute diarrhea of pediatric patient under five in Kanpur region. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(4), 1902-5.

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strains are causal agents of persistent diarrhea in developing countries. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains (EAEC) are an emerging type of diarrheagenic E. coli. We aimed to isolate, identify and characterize the E. coli pathotypes and study their antibiotic resistance in children under five with diarrhea in Kanpur region, India. Children under 5 years suffering from acute diarrhea and attending an outpatient clinic or admitted in Rama Hospital, Kanpur were enrolled for the study. Severe diarrhea is a public health problem and is responsible for morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. DEC was detected by multiplex PCR. Among 38 E. coli isolates, 12 samples contain Cvd432 gene of EAEC diarrheagenic E. coli. Most of the strains are resistant to ampicillin, Co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, azithromycin, imipenem. Ciprofloxacin, Norflex and chloramphenicol are relatively more sensitive. The high antimicrobial resistance observed in our study raises a broad discussion on the indiscriminate or improper use of antimicrobials, besides the risks of self-medication.

1 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

001793   PANDEY A, PENDARKAR D, PATEL A D, AGRAWAL S (Gujarat Forensic Sciences Univ, Gandhinagar - 382 007, Email: aasthapande@gmail.com) : Estimation of proteins in plants of forensic significance (Ricinus communis and Cannabis sativa) by UV-spectrophotometry and gel electrophoresis method. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2019, 10(3), 1518-23.

Proteins play a significant role in living beings. In animals, where proteins are involved in the body built, the formation of tissues, organs, etc., in plants, proteins regulate the respiration, photosynthesis, growth, and reproduction. There are some proteins which are specific to the plant or a particular species of plant. Proteomics is a multidisciplinary branch of science that deals with the study of proteins. The paper discusses some important aspect related to estimation and identification of proteins. Protein was estimated in two plants of forensic importance, i.e., Ricinus communis and Cannabis sativa seeds by Ultra Violet (UV) spectrophotometry followed by isolation and characterization of proteins by Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) method. A UV spectrum was taken at 520 nanometers (nm), and the protein was quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. SDS-PAGE was performed according to Laemmli et al. High concentration of protein was found by UV spectrophotometry at 520 nm. SDS-PAGE separated the proteins according to their molecular weight ranging in size from 45 kiloDalton (kDa) to approximately 15kDa and 45kDa to 10kDa for Ricinus communis and Cannabis sativa respectively. Thus, we found in our study that both of the techniques used, i.e. UV spectrophotometry and SDS PAGE, proved to be indispensable in studying plant proteins and the techniques can be of great help to forensic investigators and to other laboratories concerned in dealing with plants and proteomics.

9 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

001787   MADHUMITHA B, AIYANATHAN A K E A, SUDHA M (Plant Biotechnology Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Coat protein based characterization of Mungbean yellow mosaic virus in Tamil Nadu. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2119-23.

Yellow mosaic disease caused by Begomovirus (Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) or Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV)) has become an important constraint in mungbean production. Survey was conducted on five different mungbean growing localities in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu to explore the strain MYMV or MYMIV. PCR based characterization of strains (MYMV /MYMIV) were carried out using their gene specific primers respectively. Distinct viral gene specific PCR product corresponding to CP ~703 bp and MP ~893 bp was obtained for MYMV and no amplification was seen on MYMIV. The sample was further confirmed by CP gene sequencing. The obtained sequence was compared with the other selected begomovirus sequences from the NCBI blast database. Results were found to show high sequence identity to MYMV (100%). Phylogenetic analysis of CP gene sequence of our isolate with selected begomoviruses showed clustered with isolate of MYMV with more homology. While in contrast lesser homology was seen among MYMIV isolate, confirming that the begomovirus causing yellow mosaic disease of mungbean is explored to be as strain of MYMV and not as MYMIV among our geographical location isolates.

4 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

001785   KUMAR N S, SRIVASTAVA R, PRAKASH M, MURUGAN S, ANANDAN R (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu) : Studies on Agrobacterium mediated in planta genetic transformation in black gram (Vigna mungo L.) cultivar VBN 3. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 2079-86.

In planta genetic transformation protocols were standardized for the black gram (Vigna mungo L.) cv. VBN 3, an important grain legume. A binary vector p Bin AR harbouring cry1AcF gene isolated from E. coli competent cells was transformed into Agrobacterium strain EHA105 using freeze-thaw method and its presence was confirmed by colony PCR analysis of the selected single colonies for examining the presence of the npt II and cry1AcF genes. The integrity of plasmid was checked by restriction analysis. Agrobacterium tumifaciens-mediated transformation was performed using strain EHA105 harboring the binary vector p Bin AR carrying cry1AcF gene under the control of CaMV35s promoter where cry1AcF as insect resistance gene and npt II gene as a selectable markers. Antibiotic sensitivity test was conducted with sprouted half-seed and 1-week-old cotyledons with kanamycin at 50 mg/l completely inhibited the shoot formation and explants survival. Genetic transformation experiments were carried out using cotyledonary explants and it was found to be unsuccessful event while regenerating the transformed cotyledons due to its recalcitrance nature. Therefore, Agrobacterium mediated in planta transformation was performed using sprouted half-seed explants of VBN 3. The transformation event consisted of sonicating the explants for 3 minutes and vacuum infiltration (750 mm of Hg) for 2 minutes in Agrobacterium (pBinAR-cry1AcF) and co-cultivation for 3 days in MS medium with acetosyringone (100 µM). The transformed explants forming shoots were selected in MS medium supplemented with kanamycin 50 mg/l. The non-transformed shoots were completely bleached after selection. The presence and integration of npt II and cry1AcF transgenes into the black gram genome was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR analysis in 20 selected putative transformed black gram plantlets did not show amplification for cry1AcF and npt II genes. Work is in progress to grow the T0 seeds for molecular characterization of the inserted transgene among T1 plants.

7 tables, 10 ref

001786   KUMARI B, KUMAR V, RAINA R, SHARMA Y, JADHAV R (Forest Products Dep, Dr YS Parmar Univ of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh) : Gamma rays impact on vegetative growth parameters in M₁ generation of Swertia chirayita (Roxb. Ex Fleming) H. Karst. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1928-32.

Swertia chirayita is a critically endangered, highly valuable herb of temperate Himalayas which belongs to family Gentianaceae and occurs at an altitude of 1200-3000 m in India. The present studies focused on the impact of the gamma doses tested (2-30 kr at a dose interval of 2kr) on the growth performance of main shoot and beyond upto complete senescence. Some of the gamma ray doses had a promotory effect on plant height, no. of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf width and no. of costae per lamina in comparison to control. Most of the M₁ plants died before reaching reproductive phase. Of the M₁ plants that did produce flowers (G₁, G₃, G₆, G₇, G₉, G₁₁ and G₁₃), only G₇ and G₁₁ produced viable seeds (48-72 % germination). Light brown seed (48.33 % germination) were observed in one plant impacted by 14 kr dose in addition to normal dark brown seed (70 to 71.67 % germination).

7 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

001778   ETTHER Y, GAHUKAR S J, AKHARE A, PATIL A N, JAMBHULKAR S J, GAWANDE M (Dr. PDKV, Akola, Maharashtra) : Genetic variability induced by gamma radiation and ethyl methane sulphonate on quantitative characters in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1903-7.

The pure seeds of pigeonpea ((Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) genotype ICPL-87 and BSMR-736 were subjected to gamma radiation (50, 100, 200 and 300 Gy) and Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (5, 10, 20 and 30 mM) treatments. The mutations affecting gross morphological changes in growth and yield characters such as growth habit, flowering, plant height, plant maturity and grain yield were scored as quantitative characters. The micro mutations at the population level can be easily detected in the form of increased variations for quantitative traits in the segregation of mutagen treated populations. Micro mutations can alter morph physiological characters hence they are of a particular interest to the plant breeders. Both the mutagens, gamma radiations and EMS proved to be very effective to induce variability in quantitative traits like plant height, days required for first flowering and maturity, number of branches per plant, grain yield per plant and 100 seed weight in M₂ generations for both genotypes. In present investigation positive as well as negative impact on quantitative traits was recorded.

2 tables, 27 ref

001792   NAYAK M S, HIREMATH S V (Plant Pathology Dep, Dharwad Univ of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka) : Cultural, morphological and molecular characterization of Bipolaris oryzae causing brown leaf spot of rice in Northern Karnataka. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1235-9.

Rice brown leaf spot disease is one of the most destructive disease causing enormous yield losses to rice in different rice growing regions of the world. The present study aims to identify and characterize the rice brown spot pathogen Bipolaris oryzae from different rice growing regions of northern Karnataka. Among the different media’s tested, potato dextrose agar showed maximum radial growth (89.33 mm) in all the isolates followed by host extract dextrose agar (87.25 mm). Different isolates showed different colony characters, colony diameter, margin, mycelia growth, spore germination and sporulation. Molecular characterization of all the ten isolates was done with two ITS primers. In phylogenetic analysis, the brown spot isolates were grouped into two major clusters. The molecular studies confirmed them to be as Bipolaris oryzae. Our study showed high degree of genetic variation among the isolates collected from different locations.

3 tables, 17 ref

001788   MUKUL, SANDHYA, SINGH A, SINGH P K, SINGH S P (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Estimation of genetic divergence analysis for yield and bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 1124-8.

An investigation was carried out with hundred genotypes of indigenous collection of rice, were tested for the presence of diversity on the basis yield and bacterial leaf blight resistance using Mahalanobis D² statistics. ANOVA revealed the presence of considerable amount of variability among the genotypes. High estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were observed for area under disease progress curve followed by grain yield per plant and total spikelet per panicle. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was recorded for total spikelets per panicle. On the basis of D² values the genotype were grouped into clusters. Eleven clusters were formed using Tocher’s method. Cluster I, VII, V and IX were having 22, 17, 10 and 10 germplasm, respectively. The highest inter-cluster distance was found between cluster X and XI (458.41) whereas maximum distance intra-cluster distance was observed cluster IX (63.20) and cluster 1 sowing lowest intra-cluster distance (13.46) suggested a closer relationship and low degree of diversity among the genotypes. The maximum contribution towards divergence was accounted by plant 1000 grain weight (23.58 %), grain yield per plant (22.9 % ) and effective tiller per plant (17.74 %) followed by spikelets per panicle, plant height, grain weight per panicle and days to 50 percent flowering. On the basis of the divergence study the germplasm could be selected from the most divergent clusters for hybridization and further selection programme.

1 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

001771   AHMED K I, PATIL S B, HANAMARATTI N G, NADGOUDA B T, MOGER N B (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Agriculture Coll, Dharwad, Karnataka) : Genetic variability studies for yield and its component traits in selected clones of sugarcane. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 894-8.

The present investigation was undertaken to estimate the genetic parameters on 18 quantitative traits of 38 clones selected from clonal-I ratoon population derived from a cross Co 7204 x Co Pant 97222 and 7 commercial sugarcane genotypes. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the clones for all the characters studied, indicating the presence of considerable amount of variability in the genetic material. The clones SNK 13101, SNK13044, SNK13219, SNK13142, SNK 13049 SNK 13135 and SNK 13158 recorded significantly superior cane and sugar yield over best standard SNK 632 and both the parents. Hence, above clones can be advance to large scale yield trails and also utilized in the hybridization programmes to bring yield improvement in sugarcane. The high estimates of GCV, PCV, heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance as percent of mean were recorded for green top weight, green top yield, commercial cane sugar yield, brix yield and cane yield indicating that simple selection would be helpful for the improvement of these traits as these are governed by additive gene action whereas plant height, sucrose percent and commercial cane sugar percent recoded moderate heritability along with genetic advance suggesting that characters are governed by both additive and non-additive gene action.

3 tables, 16 ref

001772   AHMED K I, PATIL S B, MOGER N B, HANUMARATTI N G, NADGOUDA B T (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Agriculture Coll, Karnataka - 580 005) : Correlation and path analysis in sugarcane hybrid clones of proven cross. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 781-3.

Correlation and Path analysis were carried out with 38 clones selected from clonal-I ratoon population derived from a cross Co 7204 x Co Pant 97222 and 7 commercial sugarcane genotypes on different yield and its component traits. Character association analysis revealed the significant and positive association of brix yield, commercial cane sugar yield, single cane weight, number of millable canes, green top yield, cane height, girth of cane, plant height, number of inter nodes and inter nodal length with cane yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed that sucrose percent showed high positive direct effects followed by brix yield, number of millable canes, cane height, single cane weight, harvest index, green top weight, green top yield, plant height and girth of cane. It was also revealed that number of millable canes, single cane weight, green top weight, cane height, plant height, girth of cane, number of internodes, number of internodal length and commercial cane sugar yield contributed indirectly to cane yield through brix yield. These characters also exhibited highly significant positive association with grain yield as well as among themselves. Hence, simultaneous selection for brix yield, single cane weight, number of millable canes, green top yield, cane height, girth of cane and plant height commercial cane sugar yield will be more rewarding for obtaining the high yielding sugarcane clones.

2 tables, 6 ref

001770   AHMED K I, PATIL S B (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Agriculture Coll, Karnataka - 580 005) : Studies on genetic variability parameters for yield and its component traits in advance hybrid clones of sugarcane. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 777-80.

The present investigation was undertaken to estimate the genetic parameters on 14 quantitative traits of 35 clones selected from clonal-I population derived from a cross Co 7204 x Co Pant 97222 and 7 commercial sugarcane genotypes. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among the clones for all the characters studied, indicating the presence of a considerable amount of variability in the genetic material. The transgressive segregants viz., SNK13101 and SNK13142 exhibited significantly superior cane and sugar yield over both the parents, with better potential compared to Co86032. These clones could be advanced for detailed yield trails for potential identification as parents and/or commercial clones in future. The estimates of GCV, PCV, heritability (broad sense) and genetic advance as percent of mean were recorded high for cane yield, commercial cane sugar yield, number of millable cane, brix yield and green top yield indicating that simple selection would be helpful for the improvement of these traits as these are governed by additive gene action whereas cane height recorded moderate heritability along with genetic advance suggesting that characters are governed by both additive and non-additive gene action.

3 tables, 17 ref

001789   NAGAVENI K, KHAN H (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raichur, Karnataka) : Study on genetic diversity of terminal drought tolerant groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes based on morphological and molecular data. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 751-5.

Genetics divergence using D² analysis of 49 terminal drought yolerant genotypes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) revealed existence of considerable diversity for fourteen different characters and genotypes were grouped into seven clusters. The cluster I was the largest containing 23 genotypes followed by cluster II and cluster IV consisted 11 and 9genotypes respectively. The cluster V, VI and VII were solitary in nature. Among the 27 groundnut specific SSR markers, only seven primer pairs showed polymorphic among test genotypes. The polymorphic markers amplified a total of 20 alleles with an average of 2.86 alleles per loci and polymorphism information content ranged from 0.47 to 0.66. The dendrogram was obtained from the binary data deduced from the DNA profiles of thesamples analyzed, and at 82 per cent similarity coefficient six major clusters were formed. Cluster III consists of maximum number of genotypes followed by Cluster I and Cluster II. The genotype included in the diverse clusters can be used as promising parents for hybridization programme for obtaining high heterotic response and developing drought tolerant genotypes.

3 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

001774   ASHRAF A, SULTAN P, QAZI P, RASOOL S (Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir) : Approaches for the genetic improvement of Lavender: A short review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 736-40.

There is a recent increase in popularity of lavenders and their essential oils due to its potential in therapeutic properties and agri-business. Farming society and different agri-entrepreneurs around the globe are preferring cultivation of lavender for commercial farming over the traditional one. Lavender oil has big domestic and international market scope. Its significance in the perfumery industry, aromatherapy and ecotourism has motivated people to opt for the cultivation of lavenders. Improvement of the yield and quality of these natural plant products in lavender through conventional breeding is still a challenge due to clonal nature of most of the species and perennial nature. To overcome these constraints genomics and post-genomics are believed to offer new opportunities for the improvement of yield and quality of oil in lavender. Also the progress made in the development of EST databases and functional markers significantly helped genetic improvement programme in lavender. This review will present an overview of different genomic and molecular approaches for enhancing the genetic potential and vigour of lavenders.

1 illus, 38 ref

001782   JEEVANANTHAM G, VINOTH M, HUSSAIN J M, MURUGANANTHAM P, AHAMED A K K (Botany Dep, Jamal Mohamed Coll, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu) : Biochemical characterization of five marine cyanobacteria species for their biotechnological applications. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 635-40.

In the present investigation to study the growth measurements and biochemical ingredients of five species of marine cyanobacteria in terms of chlorophyll a’, phycobilipigments, total carotenoid, total protein astaxanthin and polyphenolic contents were analyzed namely, Synechococcus elongatus, Synechococcus aeruginosus, Oscillatoria subbrevis, Phormidium species and Phormidium fragile there is repository in the germplasm collections of Jamal Mohamed College. Growth measurement of chlorophyll ‘a’ and protein were recorded at 2 days interval until 15^th day. The amount of chlorophyll ‘a’ and protein were recorded maximum at 7^th day and rarely 9^th day. The analysis revealed that the maximum quantity of chlorophyll a’ and total protein was observed in Synechococcus aeruginosus (58.14 ± 1.24 mg mL^-1 and 203.51 ± 15.26 µg mL^-1 ) followed by Oscillatoria subbrevis (37.24 ± 2.07mg mL^-1 and 142.81 ± 3.73 µg mL^-1 ), minimum in Synechococcus elangatus (10.39 ± 0.36 mg mL^-1 and 48.92 ± 2.88 µg mL^-1 respectively). Whereas Phormidium fragile showed higher quantity of phycobilipigments especially Phycoerythrin (32.28 ± 0.34 μg mL^-1 ) followed by Oscillatoria subbrevis (13.03 ± 0.60 μg mL^-1 ) respectively. Phycocyanin was recorded highest in Phormidium species and Synechococcus aeruginosus (14.33 ± 0.09 μg mL^-1 and 13.83 ± 1.05 μg mL^-1 ) followed by Oscillatoria subbrevis (11.46 ± 0.02 μg mL^-1 ), the minimum amount of Phycoerythrin in Phormidium species (1.57 ± 0.67 μg mL^-1 ) and minimum phycocyanin in Synechococcus elongatus (2.75 ± 0.01μg mL^-1 ). Total carotenoid was recorded highest quantity in Synechococcus elongatus (7.49 ± 0.21 μg g^-1 ) followed by synechococcus aeruginosus (2.84 ± 0.10 μg g^-1 ) very least in Phormidium fragile (0.93 ± 0.25 μg g^-1 ) respectively. Astaxanthin highest quantity was present in Oscillatoria subbrevis (133.11 ± 5.39 µg g^-1 ), minimum in Phormidium fragile (9.85 ± 0.18 μg g^-1 ). Polyphenolic component maximum was observed in Phormidium fragile (583.77 ± 66.33 μg g^-1 ), very least in Oscillatoria subbrevis (14.82 ± 1.08 μg g^-1 ). The study revealed that Oscillatoria subbrevis and Phormidium fragile was a potent producer of astaxanthin, phycoerythrin and polyphenolics.

7 illus, 43 ref

001780   GOTHALIYA D R, MADARIYA R B (JAU, Junagadh, Gujarat) : Effect of mutagens on quantitative characters in M2 generation of castor (Ricinus communis L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 600-3.

The mutagenic effects of two different doses of gamma rays (500 and 750 Gy) on three castor (Ricinus communis L.) genotypes JP-94, JI-444 and GP-15-1 were investigated. The quantitative characters studied include; days to 50 % flowering of primary raceme, days to maturity of primary raceme, plant height up to primary raceme, number of nodes up to primary raceme, length of primary raceme, effective length of primary raceme, number of effective branches per plant, number of capsules on primary raceme, shelling out turn, seed yield per plant, 100-seed weight and oil content. Both negative and positive shifts in mean values were recorded as a result of the physical treatments. The results indicate the possibilities of evolving higher yield variants through proper selection.

1 table, 19 ref

001777   DUTTA S, MUTHUSAMY V, ZUNJARE R U, HOSSAIN F (Genetics Div, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi - 110 012) : Analysis of paralogous genes of Carotenoid dioxygenase affecting carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in maize (Zea mays L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 524-30.

Carotenoid dioxygenase contain a group of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD) and 9-cis carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (NCED) gene(s) playing a vital role in plant kingdom. Family of these genes was involved in apocarotenoid biosynthesis from the precursor carotenoid compounds. In this study, a comprehensive analysis was carried out to find out the paralogous gene of carotenoids dioxygenase in maize. Twenty four proteins were found in maize genome with diverse intron exon organization. Out of the 24 genes, 21 genes were found to be of NCED type and three genes were found to be of CCD type. The proteins were performing in wide range of pH and localized in different organelles indicating their diverse role in maize. All the proteins contain retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) domain which signify their similar kind of function. The proteins were conserved in other plant species as well and may have an evolutionary significance. Analyses of these paralogous genes open the door for deciphering their role in plant development.

3 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

001790   NAKUM A, KUVAD R, CHUDASAMA K, THAKER V (Biosciences Dep, Saurashtra Univ, Rajkot, Gujarat) : Protocol for DNA extraction and molecular characterization in medicinal plant Carica papaya L. varieties. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 514-20.

Carica papaya L. shows considerable phenotypic variation in many horticultural traits like, fruit size, fruit shape, flesh color and sweetness. In present study, six varieties were differentiated with the help of molecular marker technique. Genomic DNA was isolated from these six varieties using standardized DNA isolation protocol. For molecular characterization, total 30 different primers of ISSR were tested for all six varieties. The PCR amplification results obtained using ISSR primers for all six varieties which showed unique band patterns on agarose gel electrophoresis. A statistical analysis of the monomorphic and polymorphic bands of the all varieties was performed. Among 30 primers, 24 primers given high polymorphism and proved the best to distinguish six varieties from each other. It is observed that ISSR technique is a useful molecular marker to distinguish Carica papaya varieties for best medicinal formulations and for clonal selection.

16 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

001776   DHOLAKIA H P, MEHTA D R, JOSHI M K, DELVADIYA I R (Biotechnology Dep, JAU, Junagadh, Gujarat) : Molecular characterization of Indian bean (Lablab purpureus L.) genotypes. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 455-63.

Molecular diversity of 20 Indian bean genotypes analyzed using molecular markers viz., Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) and Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR). Indian bean genotypes were collected from Vegetable research station, Junagadh agricultural university, Junagadh.13 RAPD, 10 ISSR and 10 SSR primers produced total 78, 61 and 32 bands, respectively. RAPD and ISSR primers share 100 % polymorphism, while SSR primer shares 98.33 % polymorphism. Mean polymorphic content value highest for RAPD (0.72) and ISSR (0.71) as compared to SSR (0.43). SSR markers exhibit wide range of similarity (0.57-0.96) compared to RAPD and ISSR markers. SSR shows low primer index as compared to RAPD and ISSR primer. In Mental test, combined analysis of RAPD, ISSR and SSR shows r = 0.80 (good fit). Based on molecular data in the present study it can be concluded that the molecular markers could be a better tool for studying the genetic diversity.

10 illus, 4 tables, 33 ref

001791   NANDHA A K, MEHTA D R, TULSANI N J, UMRETIYA N, DELVADIYA N, KACHHADIYA H J (Biotechnology Dep, Junagadh Agriculture Univ, Junagadh, Gujarat) : Transcriptome analysis of response to heat stress in heat tolerance and heat susceptible wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 275-84.

Common bread wheat is one of the most crucial cereal crops for human nutrition. Due to its complex structure, the study of molecular biology of this plant become important for further improvement which can provide better quality and quantity of final yield. Wheat is highly sensitive toward the temperature variation as little change in temperature lead to high loss. High quality transcriptome analysis can be helpful to understand this complexity and allow us to do desirable changes. For study two genotypes have been used, one was heat susceptible (WH 147) and second was heat tolerant (GW 451). The transcriptome analysis of wheat was done using IonS5 which gives 287,080 and 263,340 numbers of transcripts in GW 451 and WH 147, respectively. These data were used for preparation of further unigene assembly. Determination of various proteins was done using four different databases and retrieved proteins were matched with different species to get top hits. Gene ontology of stressed and control plant was categorised in three categories and 49 subcategories which showed versatility in each category. The functional analysis also gives functional categories between two genotypes during control and stressed condition. Differential gene expression analysis indicated the notable variation in various genes under stressed condition in both genotypes, which were identified by their up regulated or down regulate level. Identification of pathways which gives the buffering ability to plant under heat stress condition were identified using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. Different types of heat shock proteins were identified in this study among which high molecular weight HSP and moderate molecular weight HSP were abundance then low molecular weight. This data can be useful for the further characterisation of molecular analysis of wheat which can helpful to generated heat tolerance variety.

7 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

001784   KUMAR M, SINGH R P, SINGH O N, SINGH P, ARSODE P, JENA D, SAMANTARAY S, VERMA R (Genetics and Plant Breeding Dep, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Generation mean analysis for bacterial blight resistance and yield traits in rice. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 221-5.

Profiling genetic architecture of quantitative traits like yield and contributing traits is essential for success of any breeding Programme. Genetic components of variation are key factors determines fate of any crop improvement program. Assessment of genetic component of variation is imperative in maximizing genetic gain with precision. This study revealed the existence of highest number of genes for increasing breeding value, additive (d) effect and dominant × dominant (l) gene interaction were the only significant portion of gene controlling grain yield per plant of the rice and spikelet fertility of plants. The additive and dominance gene effects were found important in controlling bacterial leaf blight disease reaction. The plus sign in the additive gene effect implies that HUR 917 contributes positively to the trait as compared to IRBB66 and vice versa.

1 table, 31 ref

001794   SRIKANTH P, MAXTON A, MASIH S A (Molecular and Cellular Engineering Dep, SHUATS, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh) : Bt cotton: A boon against insect resistance. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2019, 8(2), 202-5.

The cultivation of transgenic cotton is increased in a large scale since from its introduction globally. Bacillus thuringiensis is produced crystalline proteins, these proteins were used in transgenic cotton to control insect pest. Resistance in insects is a major problem in transgenic cotton growing regions in all over the world especially, pink boll worm developed resistance in all major cotton regions in India. It was noticed in our studies that the expression levels of Cry1Ac in different plant parts such as upper leaves, lower leaves, sepals and boll bracts was increased while increasing refuge percentage. Planting refuge with alternatively with Bt cotton also increase the Cry1Ac expression levels compare with border refuge. An optimized unique combination of refuge crop viz., 75 % Bt with 25 % nBt showed higher expression level of Cry1Ac and highest yield was also achieved. This combination is useful to counter insect resistance and the staking of two toxin Cry proteins in same transgenic cotton.

1 illus, 1 table, 20 ref