007586   Sarkar R;Ghosh A R (Environmental Science Dep, The Univ of Burdwan, Burdwan-713 104, Email: apurbaghosh2010@gmail.com) : Metanil yellow-an azo dye induced histopathological and ultrastructural changes in albino rat (Rattus norvegicus). Bioscan 2012, 7(3), 427-32.

Azo dye Metanil Yellow is used in different food items for dyeing and colouring purposes. The chronic exposure of this non-permitted food colour as well as additive in albino rat (Rattus norvegicus) for 30 days at a dose of 3.0g/kg body weight was invested through histopathological and ultrastructural changes in stomach, intestine, liver and kidney. Several changes were found under histopathological as well as ultrastructural observations. Histopathological lesions as observed in stomach were disruption of gastric folds, profuse secre- tion of mucus, necrosis in columnar epithelial cells and gastric glands. In intestine, the villi were damaged severely. The absorptive columnar epithelial cells were totally damaged in some regions, brush border and lamina propria were disrupted due to toxicity. Histopathological lesions were also observed in the liver and kidney of albino rats. In liver, there was an extensive degeneration of hepatocytes, diminish in cytoplasmic content. Appearance of pycnosis of nuclei and damage occurred in the central vein regions. In kidney, necrosis of tubular epithelium, cloudy swelling of epithelial cells of renal tubules and disruption in Bowman's capsule were also prominent features of toxicosis. Under ultramicroscopic observations lesions were found in the mucosal folds and columnar epithelial cells of stomach and intestine. Several changes were also shown in the absorptive columnar epithelial cells as well as in the microvilli of intestine. All these alterations marked the toxic effects of Metanil Yellow in rat.

6 illus, 43 ref

007585   Santhanam P;Perumal P (Marine Science Dep, School of Marine Sciences, Bharahidasan Univ, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Email: sanplankton@yahoo.co.in) : Feeding, survival, egg production and hatching rate of the marine copepod Oithona rigida Giesbrecht (Copepoda:Cyclopoida) under experimental conditions. J Mar Biol Ass India 2012, 54(1), 38-44.

Marine copepods are considered as an ecologically and economically important organism in assessing the fish stock since it is serving as prime feed for most of the brackish water and marine fishes. Hence, the present attempt was made to recognize the feeding and fecundity behavior of Oithona rigida using four different microalgal diets viz: Chlorella marina, Coscinodiscus centralis, Chaetoceros affinis and Skeletonema costatum. The feeding rate of the marine copepod, O. rigida increased with increasing body size. Similarly, the feeding rate also proportionately increased with algal food concentration. Oithona rigida prefers to feed more on C. marina (98.53%) than other algal prey such as C. centralis, C. affinis and S. costatum. O. rigida has exhibited maximum survival in the highest algal concentration when fed with 50:50 combination of C. marina:C. centralis. The highest egg production and hatching success were seen in the larger sized copepod (0.84 mm) at an optimum temperature (26±2°C) and higher algal food concentration (15,500 cells/ml). The study indicated that combination of C. marina and C. centralis with maximum (12.5 μg/l) alga concentration might be a suitable algal food source for effective cultivation of O. rigida. Besides, it is clearly proved that O. rigida have high reproductive capacity and therefore can be considered as most suitable candidate species for mass culture of live feed for the commercial seed production of finfish and shellfishes.

2 illus, 7 tables, 28 ref

007584   Sanehdeep Kaur;Jyoti Kumari;Singh P;Menakshi; Mandeep Kaur (Zoology Dep, Guru Nanak Dev Univ, Amritsar-143 005, Email: sanehsaini@gmail.com) : Effect of abiotic factors on biology of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) on cabbage. J Insect Sci 2012, 25(1), 24-8.

Studies on the biology of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) revealed that the mean incubation period ranged from 3.25 to 4.24 days at 24.73 to 28.07°C. The larval and pupal period lasted for 9.83 to 14.25 and 5.72 to 5.99 days, respectively at 24.74 to 31.55 °C and 39.50 to 58.76 per cent relative humidity. With the rise in temperature, adult emergence decreased from 100 to 75 per cent. Maximum adult longevity (5.62 days) was observed at temperature range of 26.47 to 29.34 °C. The temperature and humidity also affected the fecundity. The maximum number of eggs (168.50) were laid at 24.74 to 27.50°C and 51.93 to 58.76 per cent humidity. The mean time taken to complete the life cycle was 27.43 days with a range of 19 to 40 days.

3 tables, 14 ref

007583   Sahu R C;Sahu A;Padhi S;Pattanaik L;Mishra R R;Panigrahi J (PG Botany Dep, Berhampur Univ, Bhanja Vihar, Berhampur-760 007, Email: drjpanigrahi@gmail.com) : In vitro regeneration of plantlets from nodal explants of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. and evaluation of genetic fidelity through RAPD analysis. Bioscan 2012, 7(4), 563-9.

Plantlet regeneration in Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Family: Oleaceae), a medicinal shrub, from nodal and shoot tip explants on basal MS medium was studied. Maximum number of adventitious shoots were differentiated from nodal explants on MS medium supplemented with 8μM BA (6.2±0.83). The MS medium fortified with 8μM BA and 2μM NAA induced callus mediated organogenesis, and highest multiple shoot proliferation (10.4±0.89) from the nodal explants. MS medium with 6μM BA and 3μM NAA showed maximum (5.54±0.32cm) elongation of shoots. The elongated shoots, incubated overnight on one fourth MS medium with IBA (2.0μM), were successfully rooted on plant growth regulator free one fourth strength liquid MS medium. Regenerated plantlets were successfully established in soil where 80±2% of them survived into morphologically normal and fertile plants. Nine responded RAPD primers were used to assess genetic fidelity of regenerated plantlets along with the donor plant. These nine primers generated 24 amplified products (275 to 1150bp), and the homogenous amplification pattern confirmed the genetic uniformity of the in vitro regenerated plantlets and substantiated the efficacy of this protocol for in vitro propagation of N. arbor-tristis, to meet the demand of herbal industry.

3 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

007582   Ruhela N S;Srivastava P K;Sadguru Prakash; Ansari K K (Zoology Dep, M.K.L. (P.G.) College, Balrampur-271 201) : Histopathological changes in liver and muscles of Cirrhinus mrigala exposed to sodium fluoride. Biochem Cell Archs 2012, 12(2), 399-401.

Cirrhinus mrigala were exposed for the period of 90 days at 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L and 15 mg/L NaF. Histological changes in the liver included hepatocyte degeneration, nuclear pyknosis, cellular swelling, and congestion of blood vessels. Several histological alterations were observed in the muscles, including degeneration in muscle bundles with focal areas of necrosis, atrophy of muscles bundles and edema between muscle bundles. There was a marked difference in theses changes among the different treatments of NaF concentration in addition to the intensity of histological changes were however influenced by the extent of exposure period.

4 illus, 8 ref

007581   Roy George K;Malini N A (Post Graduate and Research Dep of Zoology, St. Thomas, College, Kozhencherry, Kerala-689 641, Email: dr.roygeorgek@gmail.com) : Maternal exposure to Xenoestrogen bisphenol A on embryo fetal development and teratogenic potential in Rattus norvegicus. Bioscan 2012, 7(3), 517-20.

The potential teratogenic effects and fetal toxicity of environmental estrogenic endocrine disruptors have become a great concern in recent years, and they have yet to be fully characterized. Humans are routinely exposed to bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogenic compound that leaches from dental materials and plastic bottles and beverage containers. The present study was conducted to evaluate embryo toxic and teratogenic effects of BPA exposure during the period of pregnancy in Rattus norvegicus. Pregnant rats were administered 600 mg/kg of BPA orally using olive oil as a vehicle from days 0 - 15 of gestation. The control group received olive oil only. On completion of the treatment period, the half of the experimental animals were sacrificed under light anesthesia using ether and the other half was allowed to complete their term and deliver their pups. The body weight, the gravid uterine weight, organ weight, number of implantations, number of corpus lutea, litter size, litter weight and growth rate of the viable offsprings were altered after BPA administration. BPA also induced some abnormal changes in gestation such as resorption of fetuses and teratogenicity. The present study suggested that BPA adversely affected the embryo fetal development of the pregnant female rats.

3 illus, 6 tables, 23 ref

007580   Rizvi A F;Deshmukh V D;Chakraborty S K (NO, The Institute of Applied Sciences, Allahabad-211 002, Email: sushantha.c@rediffmail.com) : Comparison of condition factor of the ribbonfish Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier, 1829) and Eupleurogrammus muticus (Gray, 1831) from Mumbai coast. J Mar Biol Ass India 2012, 54(1), 26-9.

Two co-existing species of ribbonfish Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier, 1829) and Eupleurogrammus muticus (Gray, 1831) were landed by traditional dol net and trawl net in Mumbai waters with the former contributed more in the landings. Fluctuations in the condition factor have been found in both the sexes of L savala and E. muticus. k value of the former species was highly affected by gonadal maturation than feeding activity where as k value of latter species was highly linked up with feeding intensity than sexual maturity. Female specimens had higher condition factors than males In both the species.

4 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

007579   Radhakrishnan M V;Sugumaran E (Zoology Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar-608 002) : Effect of sugarcane bagasse and supplementary feed on egg and sperm quality of catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). J Inld Fish Soc India 2012, 44(1), 98-101.

^ssc1 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

007578   Radhakrishnan E V (NO, CMFRI HQ, Cochin, Email: evrkrishnan@gmail.com) : Prawn fauna (Crustacea: Decapoda) of India - An annotated checklist of the penaeoid, sergestoid, stenopodid and caridean prawns. J Mar Biol Ass India 2012, 54(1), 50-72.

Many penaeoid prawns are of considerable value for the fishing industry and aquaculture operations. The annual estimated average landing of prawns from the fishery in India was 3.98 lakh tonnes (2008-10) of which 60% were contributed by penaeid prawns. An additional 1.5 lakh tonnes is produced from aquaculture. During 2010-11, India exported US $ 2.8 billion worth marine products, of which shrimp contributed 3.09% in volume and 69.5% in value of the total export. With nearly 438 known species from the Indian subcontinent, the order Decapoda, comprising the suborders Dendrobranchiata and Pleocyemata, is the most diverse of the Eucaridean orders containing almost all the best known edible and commercially important prawns. The checklist of prawns contains 142 species under 43 genera of the suborder Dendrobranchiata and 295 species under 88 genera of the suborder Pleocyemata. Since previous compilation of the fauna, several additional species have been recorded. The present annotated checklist is intended to update the scientific nomenclature of all the species recorded from Indian EEZ including the fresh and brackishwater species and to assist ecologists and crustacean taxonomists in future systematic work in view of the important role of prawns in the ecosystem as well as the importance of the resource from the fishery and trade point of view. The common English names and geographic distribution of species have also been included.

2 tables, 71 ref

007577   Prasad S;Kanaujia D R;Patra A K (NO, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore-700 120, Email: sudayprasad@yahoo.co.in) : Diversity, abundance and composition of large freshwater prawn species in the Ganga river system. Bioscan 2012, 7(4), 685-9.

Composition and temporal distribution of large freshwater prawn species in the Ganga river around Patna were studied during January 2000 - December 2001 and two larger Macrobrachium species were recorded. The species composed of Macrobrachium malcolmsonii, M. gangeticum and M. lamarrei; among them, the small species M. lamarrei was the dominant one throughout the year followed by larger ones M. gangeticum and M. malcolmsonii. The catch of M. gangeticum and M. malcolmsonii was restricted and their availability was found to be during May to October in middle stretch of the river Ganga around Patna in both the years. The species M. gangeticum possess prominently curved rostrum with highly convex elevated dorsal crest, whereas in M. malcolmsonii, the rostrum is slightly elevated and projecting upto antennular peduncles. The catch composition was recorded maximum 70.89% during monsoon and rest 29.11% in summer during first year. During second year maximum 72.22% recorded in monsoon and minimum 27.78% in summer. The percentage composition of two larger species M. gangeticum and M. malcolmsonii ranged from 75 to 90% and 6.1-18.0% respectively during two years in different months and season.

1 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

007576   Phirke P;Zambare S P (Zoology Dep, Fergusson College, Pune) : Histopathological effects of pesticides on gonads of freshwater bivalve, Parreysia corrugata. Pollut Res 2011, 30(4), 473-6.

Freshwater bivalve, Parreysia corrugata were investigated to determine the histopathological effects of quinalphos and thiodan on the gonads. P. corrugata were exposed to sublethal concentrations (LC_50/10 for 96 hours) of quinalphos (0.108 ppm.) and thiodan (0.0708 ppm.) for the periods of 15 and 30 days. Abnormal development of ovarian and testicular follicles with degeneration and atrophy of gonadal tissues was observed in the gonads of pesticide exposed bivalves. The effect of both the pesticides was almost the same but the severity of the damage was different. Effect of thiodan was more severe than that of quinalphos.

13 ref

007575   Patil A E;Shah U H (Zoology and Fisheries P.G. Dep, Y. C. Institute of Science, Satara-415 001, Email: medadaspatil@gmail.com) : Ultrastructural studies of hemocytes in scorpion, Heterometrus xanthopus. Bioscan 2012, 7(3), 491-3.

The ultrastructure of hemocytes of scorpion Heterometrus xanthopus is studied in this present investigation. Light and phase contrast microscopic observations have shown seven distinct types of hemocytes. However with TEM only six types of hemocytes were observed. The hemocytes observed were - Prohemocytes (PRs), Plasmocytes (PLs), Granulocytes (GRs), Spherulocytes (SPs), Oenocytoids (OEs) and Adipohemocytes (ADs). The PRs were smallest cell type with large nucleus, cytoplasm with few cell organelles and homogenous smooth surface. The PLs were polymorphic, cytoplasm rich with several organelles and cellular surface with several cytoplasmic projections. The GRs were abundant in number and with three types of cytoplasmic granules. The SPs were having cytoplasm rich in spherules. The OEs were with homogenous cytoplasm and with scarce cell organelles. The ADs were with variable size and shape and cytoplasm with fat droplets.

1 illus, 10 ref

007574   Pati P K;Guru B C;Routray P (Cryobiology Laboratory, Aquaculture Production and Environment Div, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar-751 002, Email: routray30@yahoo.co.in) : Biochemical analysis of an endemic freshwater crab, Sartoriana spinigera (Wood-Mason, 1871) from east coast of India. Bioscan 2012, 7(4), 681-3.

An attempt has been made to know the biochemical composition of freshwater crab meat of Sartoriana spinigera (Wood-Mason, 1871) before and after their spawning seasons during the months of January to March and July to September. The protein content of meat of female crabs varied from 30.03% to 59.29%, lipid 7.01% to 11.29% and ash between 38.75 and 39.44% dry weight, whereas the moisture ranged between 71.26% and 79.51%. The protein, lipid and ash contents were recorded highest during the month of January to March whereas, lowest percentages of these were observed during July to September. The biochemical composition of crab meat having high protein justifies the edible quality of these crabs by humans.

2 illus, 16 ref

007573   Panati K;Narala V R;Tatireddigari V R A (Genetics and Genomics Dep, Yogi Vemana Univ, Kadapa-516 003, Email: atvrr@yahoo.com) : Changes in atpase and phosphatases in different tissues of crab, Oziotelphusa senex senex, following exposure to fenvalerate. Bioscan 2012, 7(3), 487-9.

The changes in Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase, Mg²⁺-ATPase and Acid phosphatase and Alkaline Phosphatase in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Pedipalpal Muscle (PM) of Crab, Oziotelphusa senex senex following ambient exposure to sublethal concentration of Fenvalerate have been studied. The changes in ATPase and Phosphatase systems at different time intervals like 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48h following exposure have been studied. Founds that ATPase activity was inhibited in both CNS and PM with maximum effect at 12h after exposure. In contrast, phosphatase system was elevated at all time periods with greater changes at 24h after exposure to Fenvalerate. Thereafter, changes in ATPase and phosphatase system showed recovery tendency by 48h, suggesting operation of detoxification mechanisms on one hand and possible biodegradation of fenvalerate in the animal system.

1 table, 17 ref

007572   Padewar S K;Jagtap A R;Harkal A B;Mudkhede L M (P.G. Zoology Dep, Yeshwant Mahavidyalaya, Nanded, Email: ashu_anamica@rediffmail.com) : Effect of temperature on the respiration of fresh water bivalves, Lamellidens marginalis, from Godavari river, Nanded. Asian sci 2011, 6(1-2), 6-8.

The respiration rate of fresh water mussel, i.e. Lamellidens marginalis, edible fresh water bivalve mollusk. Mussels are able to move slowly by means of the muscular foot. They feed and breathe by filtering water through extensible tubes called siphons, a large muscle filters. Lamellidens marginalis is a species of freshwater bivalve in the Unionidae family. Lamellidens marginalis was monitored during the experimental manipulation of temperature. The oxygen consumed for one hour was measured at water temperatures ranging from 10° C to 25° C. The animals were acclimated to different temperatures in the temperature bath. The total oxygen consumption and rate of oxygen consumption per unit body weight along with shell was studied by Winkler's Method. The results showed that the rate of oxygen consumption increased by increasing temperature i.e. from 10°C to 25°C.

1 table, 16 ref

007571   Ombase C P;Bodare R D (Zoology Dep, Dahiwadi College, Dahiwadi, Satara-415 508, Email: cpombase1953@gmail.com ) : Cyclical lipid changes in the ovary of Rasbora daniconius. Bioscan 2012, 7(4), 623-6.

In study the cyclical changes of lipids in the ovary of Rasbora daniconius were carried out. The neutral lipid and phospholipids were studied during the four stages of breeding cycle. It was found that neutral lipids were accumulated in the ovary during pre breeding stage and metabolized during active breeding period i.e. lipids get decreased during breeding stage. Again it was found that lipids get accumulated from post breeding stage and subsequent period of quiescence. The phospholipids slowly increased from pre breeding period and attained high concentration during the active breeding period. Such increase in phospholipid values correlates with increasing number of ovum. The phospholipids showed the decreasing trend from post breeding period followed by quiescent period.

2 tables, 19 ref

007570   Mridula Kumari;Sinha M P (Zoology Dep, Ranchi Univ, Ranchi-834 008, Email: m_psinha@yahoo.com) : Impact of tillage and soil management on population density and biomass of a Megascalecid earthworm Lampito mauritii. Bioscan 2012, 7(3), 513-16.

Agricultural practices can affect earthworms directly by the mechanical action of the tillage operation as well as indirectly as a result of the consequent change in the soil and environment. The effect of tillage practices on earthworm population used as an indicator of soil biological status, has been studied by comparing the population of a no-tilled area to that of a tilled area. A marked difference in population density, age structure and biomass of earthworms, between the tilled land and the no- tilled land has been observed. Results showed that maximum population density of the earthworm Lampito mauritii was 560±28.09 worms m-3 in the no-tilled area, where as in the tilled area density was 540±23.09 worms m-3, with a difference in total worm density by 16%. In the notilled area immatures, matures and juveniles contributed 61.35, 24.9 and 13.75 percent respectively (on annual average basis) to the total population, where as in the tilled area percent contribution was 73.40, 13.54 and 13.06 of immatures, matures and juveniles respectively. The immature was 12.05% higher in the no-tilled plot to that of the tilled plot. The paper deals in detail with the impact of agricultural practices on the dominant earthworm species (L. mauritii) found in both grassland and cropland.

6 tables, 19 ref

007569   Marutirao G R (Zoology Dep, P.D.V.P. College, Tasgaon, Sangli-416 312, Email: rmganeshwade@gmail.com) : Histopatholgical changes in the gills of Puntius ticto (Ham) under dimethoate toxicity. Bioscan 2012, 7(3), 423-6.

Puntius ticto (Ham), freshwater fish exposed to lethal and two sublethal concentrations of dimethoate (5.012 ppm, 2.506 ppm and 1.253 ppm) for 96hrs and 60 days respectively. Histopathological changes in the gills were observed after exposure period. Cells of gill lamellae i.e. epithelial, chloride cells, pillar cells shows clowdy swelling after acute toxicity; while marked degenerative changes i.e. curling andfusion of secondary gill lamellae, necrosis hypertrophic conditions observed during chronic exposure.

1 illus, 28 ref

007568   Martin E R;Pagare S D (Zoology Dep, Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada Univ, Aurangabad-431 004, Email: martin_encily@yahoo.com) : Comparative electrophoretic studies of lens protein isolated from Puntius ticto (Hamilton 1822) and Rasbora daniconus (Hamilton 1822). Bioscan 2012, 7(4), 571-4.

Comparative electrophoretic study of the eyelens protein of two freshwater fishes viz. Puntius ticto and Rasbora daniconus was carried out. Electrophoretic analyses revealed substantial differences in the polypeptide distributio in the fish. SDS-PAGE of water soluble fractions of lens protein showed several bands ranging from 70-13.5 kDa and 74-13.5 kDa in P. ticto and R. daniconus respectively. The insoluble protein fraction was further resolved into the urea soluble lens protein (USLP) and plasma membrane protein fraction(PMP), SDS-PAGE analysis of the USLP fraction showed the presence of 6 bands ranging from 120-13.5 kDa in P. ticto and 114- 13,5 kDa in R. daniconus The PMP fraction of P. ticto resolved into 6 subunits ranging from 74-13.5 kDa. In contrast only two bands corresponding to 29 and 13.5 KDa was observed for the PMP fraction of R. daniconus. The study demonstrates a complete variation in the protein pattern of the soluble and insoluble protein fraction in these two fishes. The variation in eye lens protein which are considered to be a conserved protein suggest that the R. daniconus had undergone gene duplication in the course of evolution and the two fishes may have evolved differently.

1 illus, 41 ref

007567   Malarmathi M;Ramesh Gupta B;Gnana Prakash M; Rajashekar Reddy A (Animal Genetics and Breeding Dep, College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary Univ, Hyderabad-500 030) : Genetic study on production traits of Japanese quails. Indian J Anim Res 2012, 46(2), 164-7.

This research was carried out to determine the genetic parameters for some production traits. The overall least-squares means for body weights at day-old, 2nd and 4th week of age were 7.94, 59.20 and 141.64 g, respectively and average daily gains (ADGs) during 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10 and 10-14 weeks of age were 3.66, 5.89, 3.69, 2.72, 1.51 and 0.46 g, respectively. Hatches, sexes and strains had significant effect on body weight and ADGs. The females were significantly heavier than the males. The heritability estimates for the body weights varied from low to high in Black, medium to high in Brown and low to medium magnitude in Black random bred, while these estimates for ADGs were low or moderate to high in magnitude.

1 table, 18 ref

007566   Madhu R;Madhu K;Retheesh T (NO, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P.B. No. 1603, Ernakulam North P.O.-682 018, Email: rema.madhu@rediffmail.com) : Life history pathways in false clown Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier, 1830: A journey from egg to adult under captive condition. J Mar Biol Ass India 2012, 54(1), 77-90.

There is a vast literature on distribution, rearing conditions and behavioural studies of clownfishes. However, descriptive information on reproductive behaviour, early developments and life history pathways of Amphiprion ocellaris are scarce. In this study, 7 pairs of A. ocellaris having size 89 to 100 mm (presumptive females) and 40 to 60 mm (presumptive males) were developed through pair formation to generate information on breeding and spawning behaviour, egg morphology, and embryonic, larval, juvenile and adult developments. The spawning was found to be year-round with reproductive cycle of 1 2 to 15 days intervals and laid 300 to 1000 capsule shaped and adhesive type eggs. The eggs were 1.5-3.0 mm in length and 0.8-1.84 mm in width containing multiple oil globules of varying size and were pale yellow or white for initial two days, turned to black on 3rd to 5th day and silvery on 6th to 7th day of incubation. Hatching took place 168 h after fertilization at a water temperature of 28.5 ± 0.5°C. The ontogeny which began with activation of ovum was classified into embryonic, larval, juvenile, sub-adult, adult and senescent period. The embryonic developments were divided into 29 stages based on the morphological characteristics. The present study is the first scientific report in India on the life history pathways of A. ocellaris commencing from the time of embryonic development to senescent.

3 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

007565   Li H (NO, The Centre for Applied Aquatic Genomics, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sc, Beijing-100 141, People's Republic of China, Email: hengde_li@yahoo.com.cn) : Quick method to calculate QTL confidence interval. J Genet 2011, 90(2), 355-60.

^ssc1 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

007564   Latha V U S;Rajyasree M (Zoology Dep, Dravidin (Off Campus) Univ, Kuppam-517 425, Email: rajyasree4@rediffmail.com) : Effect of carbamide on serum biochemical aspects of chick. Bioscan 2012, 7(4), 695-8.

Impact of carbamide/Urea on Body weight, Total protein, Amino acids and Protease activity was studied in Gallus domesticus (Vanaraja) by exposing to 4.9% of carbamide dissolved in water for 15 and 30 days. carbamide showed differential effect on all parameters analysed. carbamide caused significant decrease in total body weight and serum total protein content, but an increase in Amino acid levels and neutral protease activity. The study indicates carbamide has negative impact on protein metabolism of chicken.

1 table, 18 ref

007563   Lacej A S;Misja K (NO, Shkodra Univ, Luigj Gurakuqi, Tirana Univ, Tirana, Albania, Email: a.striniqi@yahoo.com) : Views and findings on the coleopteron: fauna of Northern Albania (a taxonomic, ecologic and bio-georaphic perspective). J Envir Res Dev 2012, 6(3), 397-405.

Northern Albania is an area characterized by very high geo-diversity and bio-diversity and entomo-fauna constitutes one of the most significant components. Of the variety of insects, Coleopterans constitute the richest species in diversity and one of most important links in the food chains from the ecologic viewpoint. This study is based on the material collected in the spring and autumn of 2007 through 2010. There have been determined 132 species integrated in 90 genders and 21 families. On account of this study, a database has been elaborated. All necessary information on the Coleopterons of Northern Albania is available in this program. The families mostly represented in type are the Scarabidae family with 40 types, the Carabidae family with 16 types, and the Cerambieidae family with 11 types. The families mostly represented in gender are the Scarabidae family with 24 genders, the Carabidae family with 11 genders, and the Chysomelidae family with 12 genders. A comparative analysis of the publications of different authors with the material we prepared has brought to the conclusion that there are 30 new types of the coleopteron-fauna of Northern Albania. Of them, 7 types belong to the Carabidae family, 7 types belong to the Scarabidae family, 4 types belong to the Cerambicidae family, and 4 types belong to the Cuculionidae family. Each type appears with the respective zoo-geographic relevance. The analysis of the zoo-geographic relevance shows that the groups that present the greatest type variety are the Palarktic with 49 types, the Euroasiatic with 30 types, and the Eurosiberian with 21 types. Of the coleopterons we determined, there are types (24 types) which are in the list of rare endangered species and are included in the Red Book of the Albanian Fauna. Of them, worth of mentioning are Calosoma sycophanta, Lucanus cervus, Cerambyx cerdo, and Aromia moschata.

5 illus, 11 ref

007562   Kocher D K;Kaur R (Zoology Dep, Punjab Agricultural Univ, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: dkocher2002@pau.edu) : Testing the efficacy of zinc phosphide rodenticide filled in capsules under laboratory and field conditions. Pestology 2012, 36(6), 45-8.

Zinc phosphide (ZnP) is an acute rodenticide capable of killing the rodents effectively, but it has a limitation of deterioration after coming in contact with moisture, especially in paddy and sugarcane fields. To prevent it from moisture, ZnP powder was filled in capsules @ 100mg/ capsule and was tested under laboratory conditions against house rat, Rattus rattus (major commensal rodent species) and bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis (predominant agricultural rodent pest species in Punjab). House rats showed 100% mortality within 1 to 6 days and 2 to 6 hours after feeding of ZnP filled capsules and 2% ZnP bait, respectively. However, all the bandicoot rats died earlier i.e within 8 to 12 hours after intake of ZnP filled capsules as compared to that of 2% ZnP bait, where 100% mortality was observed within 12 hours to 5 days. Effective killing of bandicoot rats with ZnP filled capsules in laboratory trials was followed by its testing in sugarcane fields at village Saunti of district Fatehgarh Sahib (Punjab) by selecting three acres of area at four locations. At locations I and II first treatment was carried out with ZnP filled capsules @ 100mg/capsule and @ 250mg/capsule, respectively. However, at location III first treatment was done by placing 2% ZnP bait on paper pieces. At all the locations ZnP treatment was followed by 0.005% bromadiolone baiting after an interval of 15 days. First treatment carried in the month of July was followed by the second treatment in the month of October (done in the same manner at the three locations as during the first one). Location IV was kept as control, where no treatment was performed. Rodent control success was found to be 30.01,34.21 and 38.03%, respectively at locations I, II and III after first treatment. However, after second treatment % rodent control success was significantly high and % rodent damage was significantly low at location III as compared to that of I and II locations.

2 tables, 11 ref

007561   Kirti J S;Sekhon B K (Zoology Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala-147 002, Email: palisekhon@gmail.com) : Taxonomic significance of internal reproductive organs of five species of genus Mythimna Ochsenheimer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Insect Sci 2012, 25(1), 45-56.

New taxonomical attributes i.e., internal reproductive organs of five closely related species of genus Mythimna Ochsenheimer of the family Noctuidae have been studied as additional diagnostic characters. A dichotomous key and diagrams based on these attributes are also given.

10 tables, 16 ref

007560   Kirti J S;Goyal T;Mandeep Kaur (Zoology Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala-147 002, Email: prjagbir2005@gmail.com) : Recharacterization of genus Ascotis Hubner (Ennominae: Geometridae: Lepidoptera). J Insect Sci 2012, 25(2), 155-9.

Genus Ascotis Hubner has been recharacterized by incorporating external male and female genitalic attributes. The external and internal genitalia of type species of genus Ascotis Hubner has been studied and illustrated in details.

2 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

007559   Kirti J;Mandeep Kaur;Goyal T (Zoology Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala-147 002, Email: prjagbir2005@gmail.com) : Taxonomic studies on type species of genus Ophthalmitis Fletcher (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). J Insect Sci 2012, 25(3), 265-70.

Type species of genus Ophthalmitis Fletcher i.e. herbidaria (Guenee) has been studied in detail with particular reference to its external and internal genitalic attributes in order to update its diagnosis.

2 tables, 24 ref

007558   Khedkar T S;Gadhikar Y A;Koushik S A (Zoology Dep, Nabira Mahavidyalaya, Katol, Nagpur-441 302, Email: trupti_khedkar2003@yahoo.com) : Immunocytochemical localization of ubiquitin in developing occipital and prefrontal cortex of human fetal brain during second trimester. Bioscan 2012, 7(3), 419-22.

Ubiquitin immunoreactive profiles were studied in developing human fetal occipital cortex and the prefrontal cortex during the second trimester and employed immunolabelling techniques on seven human fetal occipital cortices and prefrontal cortices ranging from 12 weeks gestation (w.g.) to 25w.g. by using ubiquitin antibody. At the end of first trimester, immunoreactive profiles were relatively meager in both the areas. In 12w.g. moderate to intense ubiquitin immunoreactivity was detected in the marginal zone (MZ) and ventricular zone (VZ), where as fibrous layer at this stage showed diffuse nonspecific immunoreactivity. At 17 weeks occipital and prefrontal cortex, staining was restricted to the cells while at 18, 19, 20w.g. immunoreactive product was observed in the fibrous network. At 22w.g. ubiquitin immunoreactivity was detected in the fibrous network of occipital cortex while wide spaces were detected in the fibrous layer of prefrontal cortex. With the increase in fetal age i.e. 25w.g, the ubiquitin reactivity was almost absent in both the areas viz. prefrontal cortex and occipital cortex. Also suggest that expression of ubiquitin in the occipital and prefrontal cortex may be of transient occurrence during the second trimester.

2 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

007557   Khan S;Mira M I (Biological Science and Research Studies Dep, Rani Durgawati Vishwavidylaya, Jabalpur-482 001, Email: aiqbalmir3@gmail.com) : Comparative analysis of different diets on the growth of common carp. Indian J appl pure Biol 2012, 27(2), 287-92.

Study was carried out to investigate and analyze the effects of protein rich diet supplemented with lipids on muscle growth. Completely randomized design were used for the different feeding ingredients; rice bran + wheat flour, ricebran+wheat flour +mustard oil, chicken gut +snails +rnustard oil, chicken gut +wheat +snails +rice bran, chicken gut +snails + wheat flour + oil cakes. The effect of diets in different concentrations of proteins and lipids were observed. The best growth under experimental conditions was observed in chicken gut + snails + wheat flour + oil cakes combination, while the field study revealed best growth when chicken gut +mustard cakes + wheat flour was fed. It was observed that fish fed on 75-80% protein rich diet grows better in combination with 15-20% lipids than only with protein rich diet. The results showed that fishes which were fed on protein rich diet than lipids have better fillet quality after harvesting. The field studies revealed that, artificial feeding regims are better than natural in terms of growth of muscle.

3 tables, 29 ref

007556   Jan U;Shah G M;Bhat A A (Post Graduate Zoology Dep, Kashmir Univ, Srinagar-190 006, Email: aijazafzal@gmail.com ) : Feeding and feed formulation to Schizothorax niger under artificial conditions. Indian J appl pure Biol 2012, 27(2), 191-3.

Schizothorax niger was cultured on artificial diet for a period of twelve months. The diet having different composition and percentage of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. The feed was prepared by Square method. Feed ingredients include Fish meal, Soya meal, Mustard cake, Wheat bran, and bran.

1 table, 9 ref

007555   Jadhav M;Bawane V (NO, Jeevan Vikas Mahavidyalay, Shivoor, Tq Vaijapur, Aurangabad-431 116, Email: mangesh22186@gmail.com) : Histological changes in the male gonad and freshwater bivalve mollusc, Indonaia caeruleus, exposed to elevated temperatures during different seasons. Biochem Cell Archs 2012, 12(2), 341-5.

During summer (May), monsoon (July) and winter (January), the adult freshwater bivalve molluscs, Indonaia caeruleus (Prashad, 1918) of 51-54 mm shell-length were collected from banks of Godavari river at Paithan and brought to the laboratory. After 24h acclimatization in laboratory conditions, they were exposed to normal water temperature (served as control), i.e. 28.5- 31.0 0°C, 25.5-26.0 °C and 21.5-23.0 °C during summer, monsoon and winter respectively. For experimental groups, the animals were exposed to rise in temperature i.e. 34.0 °C during summer, 30.0 °C during monsoon and 27.0 °C during winter seasons for 15 days. (The temperature of the water was maintained by AUTOMATIC RENA thermostats). The study revealed that, in control the dominance of spermatogenic phase occurs during summer, the developmental stages of spermatogonia found during monsoon and maturation and release spermatozoa occurs during winter seasons in Indonaia caeruleus. Due to rise in temperature during all seasons, growth of gametes as well as their release were observed at expense of lipid globules and nutritive cells. The tubules of male gonads expanded more and connective tissue was observed to reduced, which was more pronounced at 30.0 °C and 27.0 °C during monsoon and winter seasons respectively. However, in experimental groups, normal development of male gametes were observed and they were released during late monsoon and winter. More release of spermatozoa by emptying of tubules were observed at 27.0 °C during winter season. The results of the experiments are discussed in the light of histological details of male gonads of bivalve molluscs.

1 illus, 21 ref

007554   Indurkar U S;Tembhare D B (Zoology Dep, Shri Dnyanesh Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur-441 223, Email: dr.umeshindurkar@rediffmail.com) : Histomorphological studies on the neurosecretory cells in the brain of the beetle Cybister tripunctatus (OL) (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Bioscan 2012, 7(3), 409-13.

Cephalic neuroendocrine system is well developed in the adult water beetle, Cybister tripuntatus, consisting of the neurosecretory cells in the brain, corpora cardiaca and carpora allata. The brain is well distinct, bilobed structure situated on mid-dorsally on the pharynx in the head of adult beetle. The neurosecretory cells are distributed symmetrically and distinguished into five-paired groups viz. medial, lateral, ventral, posterior and optic in each hemisphere of the brain.

3 illus, 1 table, 45 ref

007553   Hemant Kumar;Mukesh Kumar (Zoology Dep, Bipin Bihari College, Jhansi-284 001) : Acute toxicity of cadmium and its effects on the behaviour of a fresh water catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Biochem Cell Archs 2012, 12(2), 395-8.

Bioassay experiments were carried out in order to evaluate LC₅₀ values of cadmium chloride for freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus as well as to observe behavioural alterations posed by Cadmium. The LC₅₀ values for 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h were found 2.50, 0.78, 0.60 and 0.52 mg/l, respectively the harmless (safe) concentration of Cadmium to this fish was 0.022 mg/l. The major behavioural alteration observed during the experiments were erratic swimming, restlessness, operculum beats, profuse mucous secretion, discolouration of the integument and cutaneous ulcerations in exposed animals.

1 table, 45 ref

007552   Gupta R;Mohan M (Zoology Dep, Patna Univ, Patna-800 005, Email: ritaguptapatna@yahoo.com) : Feeding efficiency of Chrysoperla carnea against aphids (Lipahis erysimi and Brevicoryne brassicae). Bioscan 2012, 7(3), 455-6.

Feeding efficiency of Chrysoperla carnea against aphids was studied in the laboratory. The larvae of C. carnea are fed individually in glass vial with different sps. of aphids. The known number of aphids were provided daily in the morning hours and their number increased accordingly. Predatory efficiency was calculated by counting the numbers of aphids consumed/day. The data indicated that mean percent feeding per day by first, second and third instars larvae was 6.5, 21 and 45 on mustard aphid and 4, 24 and 35.5 on cabbage aphid. Whereas total numbers of aphids consumed by 1st, 2nd and 3rd larval instar was 6, 72.5 and100 in case of mustard aphids and 17.5, 37.5 and 71.5 in case of cabbage aphids. The 3rd instar larvae are more voracious eater of aphids in both the cases. Mean of total number of aphids consumed by respective larval instar was 178.5 and126.5 for mustard and cabbage aphids. There was a significant difference between instars efficiency when offered different hosts.

1 table, 13 tables

007551   Dinesh Kumar S;Praveen P;Nair R J;Kuriakose S (NO, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P.B. No. 1603, Kochi-682 018, Email: dineshkumar.marine@gmail.com) : Note on the eight bar grouper, Hyporthodus octofasciatus (Griffin, 1926) (Pisces: Serranidae) from Indian waters. J Mar Biol Ass India 2012, 54(1), 113-5.

Single specimen of a serranid fish Hyporthodus octofasciatus of length 213 mm TL was collected during a commercial trawl operation off the South western coast of India, during March 2011 from a depth of 200 m. The present paper provides description, morphometric and meristic features of specimen and comparative account with earlier descriptions.

^ssc2 illus, 2 tables, 5 ref

007550   Dhanalakshmi V;Shanmugapriyan R;Shanthi A (Zoology Dep, N G M College, Pollachi, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Bio-physiological effect of chromium on metabolism of fresh water fish Labeo rohita. Biochem Cell Archs 2012, 12(2), 391-4.

The toxic effect of potassium dichromate on the fresh water fish Labeo rohita was evaluated. The glycogen level of liver, muscle, kidney and gill was decreased when the fishes were exposed to 10, 20 and 30days. The glycogen level was 29.0, 31.0, 31.6; 25.0, 26.4, 28; 16.4, 18.4, 19.0 and 17.8, 19.3, 19.9 mg/l respectively. The total protein content of treated fish was 5.8, 5.9, 6.0; 6.5, 6.8, 6.9; 5.7, 5.8, 6.0 and 3.6, 4.0, 4.2 mg/l in liver, muscle kidney and gill. Decreased cholesterol level was recorded as 74.5, 75.2 and 76.1 mg/l in liver, 54.6, 57.0 and 58.2 mg/l in muscle, 68.0, 69.3 and 70.3 mg/l in kidney and 37.2, 37.4 and 37.6 mg/l in the gill of treated fish. The glycogen was found to decrease with increase of exposure period. The decrease in glycogen content trend was observed as liver<62>muscle<62>gill<62>kidney. The protein and cholesterol content of whole tissues of treated fish was decreased with increasing concentration of potassium dichromate as well as exposure period than control.

3 tables, 29 ref

007549   Dawada S;Zade V;Dabhadkar D;Pare S (Zoology Dep, Govt. Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities, Amravati-444 602, Email: sagardawda@yahoo.com) : Hepatoprptective activity of alcoholic extact of Coccinia grandis seed against carbon tetrachloride toxicity induced in albino rat Rattus rattus (Wistar). Biochem Cell Archs 2012, 12(2), 327-31.

The ethanolic extracts of seeds of Coccinia grandis belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family were studied for hepatoprotective activity against Swiss albino rats with liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). It was found that the ethanolic seed extract of Coccinia grandis at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight exhibited moderate protective effect by lowering the serum levels of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamate Oxalate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT) and cholesterol (CHL) to a significant extent. The highest activity was observed for ethanolic seed extract of Coccinia grandis at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.). The hepatoprotective activity was also supported by histopathological studies of liver tissue. Since results of biochemical studies of blood samples of carbon tetrachloride treated rats showed significant increase in the levels of serum enzyme, reflecting the liver injury caused by CCl₄ and blood samples from the animals treated with the ethanolic seed extracts of Coccinia grandis showed significant decrease in the levels of serum markers, indicating the protection of hepatic cells. Thus the seed extracts of Coccinia grandis could afford significant dose-dependent protection against CCl₄ induced hepatocellular injury.

3 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

007548   David J R;Yassin A;Jean-Claude M;Legout H; Moreteau B (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Evolution Ge, , France and Paris Sud Univ, Email: david@legs.cnrs-gif.fr) : Thermal phenotypic plasticity of body size in Drosophila melanogaster: sexual dimorphism and genetic correlations. J Genet 2011, 90(2), 295-302.

Thirty isofemale lines collected in three different years from the same wild French population were grown at seven different temperatures (12-31°C). Two linear measures, wing and thorax length, were taken on 10 females and 10 males of each line at each temperature, also enabling the calculation of the wing/thorax (W/T) ratio, a shape index related to wing loading. Genetic correlations were calculated using family means. The W-T correlation was independent of temperature and on average, 0.75. For each line, characteristic values of the temperature reaction norm were calculated, i.e. maximum value, temperature of maximum value and curvature. Significant negative correlations were found between curvature and maximum value or temperature of maximum value. Sexual dimorphism was analysed by considering either the correlation between sexes or the female/male ratio. Female-male correlation was on average 0.75 at the within line, within temperature level but increased up to 0.90 when all temperatures were averaged for each line. The female/male ratio was genetically variable among lines but without any temperature effect. For the female/male ratio, heritability (intraclass correlation) was about 0.20 and evolvability (genetic coefficient of variation) close to 1. Although significant, these values are much less than for the traits themselves. Phenotypic plasticity of sexual dimorphism revealed very similar reaction norms for wing and thorax length, i.e. a monotoni-cally increasing sigmoid curve from about 1.11 up to 1.17. This shows that the males are more sensitive to a thermal increase than females. In contrast, the W/T ratio was almost identical in both sexes, with only a very slight temperature effect.

4 illus, 1 table, 51 ref

007547   Dar S A;Ahmad F;Kuchai J A;Dar J A;Mir M R (Zoology Dep, Kashmir Univ, Srinagar-190 006, Email: darshabirahmad@gmail.com) : Comparative study of helminth infection in fishes of natural and artificial water bodies of Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir). Indian J appl pure Biol 2012, 27(2), 267-70.

During the helminthological investigation in fishes of Ladakh, a comparative study of natural water bodies (Indus and Suru) and artificial fish farms maintained by government was carried out. Out of 170 fishes collected from natural water bodies belonging to three species (Diptychus maculatus, Schizothorax progastrus and Schizothorax plagiostomus)18 were found infected with Rhabdochona himalayai Fotedar & Dhar, Allocreadium schizothoracis Pande and Neoechinorhynchus yalei Datta respectively with overall prevalence of 10.58% and out of 206 fishes collected from artificial fish farms belonging to two species (Cyprinus carpio communis and Schizothorax niger) 34 were found infected with Diplozoon kashmiremis Kaw, 1950 and Diplozoon aegyptensis, Fischmal & Kuntz with overall prevalence of 16.50%. Surprisingly the Chi Square analysis revealed that the results are significant at p<60>0.05.

1 table, 19 ref

007546   Dar S A;Ahmad F;Dar J A;Mir M R;Kuchai J A (Zoology Dep, Kashmir Univ, Srinagar-190 006, Email: darshabirahmad@gmail.com) : Trematode infection in coldwater fishes of Ladakh (Leh), Jammu & Kashmir, India. Indian J appl pure Biol 2012, 27(2), 249-55.

Parasitological investigation on the trematode parasites of fishes of Ladakh (Leh) was carried out from November 2007 to April 2009 (18 months). A total of 210 fishes belonging to three species viz., Cyprinus carpio communis, Schizothorax progastrus and S. niger were collected and examined from different collection sites of Ladakh. A total of 3 trematode species viz., Diplozoon kashmirensis, D. aegyptensis and Allocreadium schizothoracis belonging to two genera were reported. It was found that out of 210 hosts examined, 58 were found infected with 81 parasites recovered in total, with an overall prevalence, mean intensity and abundance of 27.61, 1.39 and 0.38 respectively. Distribution of helminth infection and its relation with sex and size of host was analysed. The helminth infection showed no significant relationship with sex of hosts however it showed mostly significant relation to size of host.

2 illus, 3 tables, 34 ref

007545   Chinchore S G;Mahajan P R (Zoology Dep, Shri. V.S. Naik Arts, Commerce and Science College, Raver-425 508, Email: bhau1966@rediffmail.com) : Protective role of Coriandrum sativum (coriander) extract on lead induced alterations in the oxygen consumption of fresh water gastropod snail, Bellamya bengalensis (Lamarck). Int J pharm Sci Res 2013, 4(7), 2789-93.

The study describes antioxident effect of coriandrum sativum extract against lead nirtate induced toxicity in an experimental model, the fresh water snail and Bellamya bengalensis. The effect of snail was studied under five groups. Group A was maintained as control, Group B snails were exposed to chronic LC₅₀/10 doses of lead nitrate (6.9ppm) for 21 days, while group C snails were exposed to respective chronic concentrations of heavy metals with 5 ml/lit of extract from Coriandrum sativum. Rates of O2 consumption from all groups were estimated after 7, 14 and 21 days. Snails from B groups were divided into two groups after 21 days exposure to heavy metals into D & E groups. Snails of D group were allowed to cure naturally while those of E were exposed to extract from Coriandrum sativum (5 ml/lit) and their rates of O2 consumption were studied after 7, 14 and 21 days. Remarkable decrease in rate of O2 consumption was observed in lead exposed snails. The groups exposed to heavy metals along with extract from Coriandrum sativum showed more rates of oxygen consumption than those exposed to heavy metals. Pre-exposed snails to heavy metals showed fast recovery and higher rate of oxygen consumption than those which were allowed to cure naturally. The probable antioxident role of extract from Coriandrum sativum is discussed in the paper.

35 ref

007544   Chaturvedi N;Srivastav A K (Fish Physiology and Toxicology Lab., Zoology Dep, S.M.M.T. Town Post-Graduate College, Ballia-277 001, Email: ashvanisri.21@gmail.com) : Microcystin L R induced histopathological and biochemical changes in the liver of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Biochem Cell Archs 2012, 12(2), 337-9.

Cyanobacteria, a blue-green algae is a dominant phytoplanktonic group in eutrophic freshwater bodies. They produce cyanotoxin, which is harmful for fishes. Microcystin LR was injected intraperitoneally (20% of stock solution) to Cyprinus carpio. After 96h of injection, fish were sacrificed for bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, levels and histopathological changes in liver. The level of bilirubin, SGOT and SGPT increased significantly after 96h of injection. Hepatocytes were irregularly shaped with vacuolated cytoplasm and enlarged nucleus. The cell membrane of most of the hepatocytes were ruptured and fused with those of adjacent cells forming wide intracellular spaces.

2 illus, 26 ref

007543   Bose A K;Ridhi;Jha B C;Parashar A;Suresh V R; Das A K;Biswas B K (NO, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata-700 120) : Fishes of the upper stretch of river Tawa, Madhya Pradesh and their conservation status. J Inld Fish Soc India 2012, 44(1), 80-6.

^ssc3 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

007542   Bindu L;Padmakumar K G (NO, M.S.M. College, Kayamkulam, Kerala, Email: bindukylm@gmail.com) : Breeding behaviour and embryonic development in the Orange chromide, Etroplus maculatus (Cichlidae, Bloch 1795). J Mar Biol Ass India 2012, 54(1), 13-9.

Etroplus maculatus, commonly known as Orange chromide, is an indigenous cichlid of the Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. They are asynchronous, substrate spawners showing biparental care. Breeding behaviour of this species including pair formation, nesting, parental care and spawning intensity were continuously observed in the laboratory conditions. E. maculatus lay 140 to 231 eggs per spawning and the mean size of fertilized egg was 1.6 mm. Hatching was recorded in 48 hr. of incubation (27°C) and hatchling has a size of 3.9 mm. Yolk absorption was completed in three days and after that the larvae accept external food. Spawning interval was estimated based on observing isolated pair continuously for a period of three months in aquarium tanks. Hatching of the eggs was facilitated with/without parental care in the laboratory conditions. Embryonic and larval developmental stages were continuously monitored. By reducing the spawning interval, maximum number of seeds can be produced and utilized in the ornamental fish markets. This helps to overcome the difficulties during natural collections and also conserve the valuable natural populations.

3 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

007541   Bhuvaneswari E;Sivaprasad S (Zoology Dep, Smt. N.P.S. Government College for Women, Chittoor-517 002, Email: sivaprasadzoology@yahoo.co.in) : Impact of photoperiod on circadian carbohydrate and amylase rhythms in the digestive system of silkworm, Bombyx mori. Bioscan 2012, 7(4), 579-88.

Impact of photoperiod on circadian carbohydrate and amylase rhythms was studied in the digestive system of Bombyx mori under 12h light -dark cycle (LD), continuous light (LL) and continuous dark (DD) conditions. The peaks in phase response curves were interpreted as carbohydrate (CS) and amylase synthetic (AS) cycles in gut wall and carbohydrate uptake (CU) and amylase release (AR) cycles in gut content while the interval between peaks and troughs as duration of such cycles. The carbohydrate rhythm included 6 CS cycles of 4h duration each under LD, 8 cycles of 3h duration each under LL and 7 cycles of 3.4h duration each under DD in gut wall and 8 CU cycles of 3h duration each under LD and DD and 6 cycles of 4h duration each under LL in gut content. The amylase rhythm maintained 7 AS cycles of 3.4h duration each under LD and DD and 9 cycles of 2.6h each under LL in gut wall and 8 AR cycles of 3h duration each under LD and LL and 6 cycles of 4.0h duration each under DD in gut content. The changes in the duration of these cycles were accompanied by appropriate changes in the free running time of both carbohydrate and amylase rhythms.

4 illus, 6 tables, 53 ref

007540   Bhawane G P;Mamlayya A B;Wagh S R;Chaugule A K (Zoology Dep, Shivaji Univ, Kolhapur-416 004) : Diversity of white grub beetles and their host range from Northwest Ghats, Kolhapur district (Maharashtra) India. Bioscan 2012, 7(4), 589-96.

Present work provides information on diversity of white grub beetles and their diet breadth from Kolhapur district, Maharashtra. The diet breadth of these species was assessed in both cultivated fields and natural stands. A total of 29 species were recorded during the study period under 22 genera distributed in 4 subfamilies of family Scarabaeidae. Grubs of Leucopholis lepidophora, Holotrichia fissa, Holotrichia karschi, Holotrichia serrata, Adoretus versutus, Adoretus lasiopygus, Anomala bengalensis are polyphagus root grubs and serious pests of agricultural, horticultural and silvicultural crops. One species of Dynastinae, Oryctes rhinoceros and eight species of Cetoniinae are well known scavenger principally engaged in decomposition of plant material but their adult forms feed on the floral parts without noticeable damage most likely helping in cross pollination of the host plants.

2 tables, 24 ref

007539   Bhagirathan U;Panda S K;Meenakumari B;Madhu V R;Vaghela D T (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (ICAR), Matsyapuri PO, Kochi-682 029, Email: ushasreenath@yahoo.co.in) : Effects of bottom trawling on the ecological integrity of macrobenthos off Veraval, Gujarat. J Mar Biol Ass India 2012, 54(1), 5-12.

Experimental bottom trawling was conducted from MFV Sagarkripa at five transects of water depths 1 5-20 m, 21-25 m, 26-30 m, 31-35 m and 36-40 m in commercial trawling grounds to assess the impact of bottom trawling on the macrobenthic fauna off Veraval coast. Trawling was conducted for 12 months in a span of 15 months (September 2005-November 2006) excluding the trawl ban period (June to August). The groups of fauna present were polychaetes, gastropods, bivalves, scaphopods, amphipods, isopods, copepods, cumaceans, ostracods, shrimps, crabs, squilla, balanids, foraminiferans, octocorals, sipunculids, nemerteans, pogonophores, pterobranchia, brittle stars and teleost fishes. A total of 81 species of polychaetes belonging to order Errantia (36 species) and Sedentaria (45 species) were identified. The molluscs were represented by 15 species of gastropods, 13 species of bivalves and one species of scaphopod. One octocoral genus was also identified. The abundance and biomass of the fauna were recorded. The numerical density of macrofauna increased after trawling, exposing them from their natural habitat. The numerical density of macrofauna increased after trawl ban showing that trawl ban is giving some respite to the fauna for rejuvenation. The biodiversity indices were found to be significantly different before and after experimental trawling at 15-20 m and 21-25 m. The ABC curve and w-statistic of the total macrofauna showed that the fauna of the area studied were moderately or grossly stressed. It was also possible to delineate the impact on the fauna by MDS plots. The present study confirms the deleterious effects of bottom trawlers on macrobenthos off Veraval. Cataloguing the biodiversity of macrobenthos, identification of indicator species and updating the new data generated will aid in taking up steps towards conservation of macrobenthos. Suggestions are made for the promotion of eco-friendly gears and for conducting studies on appropriate un-trawled control sites for comparative assessment.

4 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

007538   Ayyub C (Biological Sciences Dep, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai-400 005, Email: kali@tifr.res.in) : Cullin-5 and cullin-2 play a role in the development of neuromuscular junction and the female germ line of Drosophila. J Genet 2011, 90(2), 239-49.

Cullins confer substrate specificity to E3-ligases which are multi-protein complexes involved in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation or modification. There are six cullin genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Authors have raised an antibody against Cul-5 and demonstrated that it expresses in neuronal and non-neuronal cells throughout development. In the embryonic tra-cheal system, Cul-5 is enriched at fusion sites together with E-Cadherin and Fasciclin III. Mutations of cul-5 do not affect tracheal development but do show defects in the organization of synaptic boutons at the larval neuromuscular junction where the protein is expressed in a subset of motoneuron terminals. Loss of function of another cullin gene 'cul-2' results in similar defects at the larval neuromuscular junction although cul-2;cul-5 double mutants do not show an enhanced phenotype. Both cul-2 and cul-5 mutants show similar aberrations in the development of female germ line. The results suggest that both of these cullin proteins participate in similar developmental processes.

6 illus, 58 ref

007537   Appadoo C;Volbert J (Biosciences Dep, Faculty of Science, Mauritius Univ, Reduit (Mauritius), Email: chandani@uom.ac.mu) : Tube-building behaviour and feeding preference of the marine amphipod Ampithoe laxipodus (Crustacea : Ampithoidae). J Envir Res Dev 2011, 6(2), 203-11.

Ampithoid amphipods play a crucial role as mesograzers and are important in channelling marine primary production to higher trophic levels. Ampithoe laxipodus is a species new to science and endemic to Mauritius. Studying its biology helps to understand further ecological processes of the island's lagoon and its potential use as environmental indicator. This study aimed at investigating the tube building behaviour of A. laxipodus as well as evaluating the feeding preference of the species using four common algae of the Mauritian lagoon namely: the Ulva lactuca, Ulva reticulata, Padina sp. and Sargassum sp. All the experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions from October 2009 to March 2010. The specimen of Ampithoe laxipodus were collected in the alga lactuca at Le Bouchon (South-East of Mauritius) while the algae used for feeding preference test were obtained at Grand Bay (North of Mauritius). Mature A. laxipodus of different sexes of sizes ranging from 3.5mm to 7mm were used for laboratory observations of tube building in both aquarium and petri dishes (males (n=40) and females (n =40)). The study revealed that Ampithoe laxipodus was able to construct hollow, cylindrical tube of double entrance and uniform diameter by using the alga Ulva lactuca which was provided together with silk, faecal pellets and organic detritus. At the base of the aquarium, the species constructed non-overlapping tube with 1 tube per 3.43 ± 0.071 cm². The correlation between the body length of A. laxipodus and the tube constructed among individuals of different sexes and those of same sex but of different length range was evaluated. There was a highly significant positive correlation between body length and tube length in younger females and males (r=0.909 and r= 0.856; p<60>0.0001 respectively for female and male), but not in older individuals. The rate at which the tube lengths increased with respect to body size of A. laxipodus differs among the two sexes (P<60>0.05). The feeding preference of the species was evaluated through a multiple choice experiment and using the mean mass of algae that were consumed during the experiment Controls were also set to ensure that any change in mass of the algae was caused by grazing. The test showed that A. laxipodus was able to feed on more than one species of algae even if preference for the different types of algae exist. In experiment, differential consumption of the algae by A. laxipodus was observed, in the following decreasing order of preference: U. reticulata <62> Padina sp <62> II. lactuca <62> Sargassum sp.

2 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref