011565   Paradkar PH;Mishra LS;Joshi JV;Dandekar SP; Vaidya RA;Vaidya AB (NO, Medical Research Centre, Kasturba Health Society, Vile Parle West, Mumbai) : In vitro macrophage activation: A technique for screening anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory and anticancer activity of phtomolecules. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(3), 133-41.

Macrophage activation plays a significant role in homeostasis of organisms. Various internal and external stress factors may affect their function, leading to adverse effects on the body. 'In vitro macrophage activation techniques provide us with a window to understand the mechanisms of inflammation and response of macrophages to the modulating interventions. Apart from infectious diseases, inflammation is also the major culprit in pathogenesis of many noncommunicable diseases such as arthritis, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease etc. In vitro macrophage activation allows us to study the role of polarized macrophages in the process of pathogenesis. This emerging technique leads to newer diagnostics, understanding pathophysiological mechanism/s, drug development and management of chronic inflammatory diseases. We, at MRC-KHS, use this technique for screening of medicinal plant-derived phytomolecules for their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anticancer activities. This review briefly outlines the different experimental models of in vitro macrophage activation and their applications for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of underlying chronic inflammation and screening of therapeutic activity of plant-based phytomolecules.

1 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

011564   Padmanabhan B;Mathur S;Manjula R;Tripathi S ( Biophysics Dep, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore-560 029, Email: paddy@nimhans.kar.nic.in) : Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family proteins: new therapeutic targets in major diseases. J Biosci, Bangalore 2016, 41(2), 295-311.

The bromodomains and extra-terminal domain (BET) family proteins recognize acetylated chromatin through their bromodomains (BDs) and help in regulating gene expression. BDs are chromatin 'readers': by interacting with acetylated lysines on the histone tails, they recruit chromatin-regulating proteins on the promoter region to regulate gene expression and repression. Extensive efforts have been employed by scientific communities worldwide to identify and develop potential inhibitors of BET family BDs to regulate protein expression by inhibiting acetylated histone (H3/H4) interactions. Several small molecule inhibitors have been reported, which not only have high affinity but also have high specificity to BET BDs. These developments make BET family proteins an important therapeutic targets for major diseases such as cancer, neurological disorders, obesity and inflammation. Here, we review and discuss the structural biology of BET family BDs and their applications in major diseases.

^iia3 illus, 2 tables, 86 ref

011563   Olivera W S L D;Luna M D S O;Souto W D M S; Alves R R N (Departmento de Sistematica e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Via Expressa Padra Ze,Joao pessao 58059-970,PB, Brazil, Email: wsylasbio@hotmail.com) : Interactions between people and game mammals in a Brazilian semi-arid area. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2017, 16(2), 221-8.

In addition to being a cultural activity, hunting practices in the Brazilian North eastern semi-arid region have implications for the conservation of many animal species. Wild mammals are used for different ends; however, their use as a food resource is the most common, and the by-products are used for other purposes. The aim of the present study was to analyse the traditional uses of the wild mammals of a municipality of the semi-arid region of Paraiba state, Brazil, and to assess the socioeconomic context related to such uses. A total of 15 species were mentioned by interviewees. These species fell into the following categories of use: food resource (9 species), elaboration of handicrafts (2), medicinal (2), captive breeding (2) and trade (1). Additionally, seven other species were hunted because they were considered dangerous or capable of causing profit damages. Among the species cited in the food resource category, Galea spixii and Euphractus sexcinctus (six-banded armadillo) showed the highest use values (UV) (0.51 and 0.46, respectively). Socioeconomic factors were found to influence hunting practices. Our results suggest the need for public policies that consider the elaboration of educational programs aimed at the sustainable management and conservation of wildlife and the socioeconomic and cultural context of the individuals involved in hunting.

2 illus, 2 table, 49 ref

011562   Ninu A R;Maiti S K;Shiva Kumar M U;Sandeep Kumar;Sangeetha P;Kritaniya D;Gupta S;Saxena A;Naveen Kumar (NO, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, Email: swapanivri@gmail.com) : Isolation, proliferation, characterization and in vivo osteogenic potential of bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSC) in rabbit model. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(2), 79-87.

Information on isolation, characterization of rabbit MSC and its evaluation in critical bone defect (CSD) is scarcely available. Here, we attempted to isolate, proliferate, differentiate, characterize and evaluate the in vivo osteogenic potential of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) collected from New Zealand White rabbits. They were isolated and proliferated in antibiotic supplemented DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's media). Osteogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) was induced by osteogenic supplements and evaluated by alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase activity assay and characterized by specific CD surface antigen markers through FACS (Fluorescent activated cell shorting) and RT-PCR. Day '0' cells were round/oval and floating, and on day 3-5, cell attachment with spindle/polygonal/star morphology was seen. On subsequent passages, they assumed uniform spindle shaped morphology. After culturing in respective differentiation media rBMSCs showed increased alkaline phosphatase activity, intense alizarin red staining, blue staining for Alcian blue and deep red colour on oil red O staining supporting the osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation ability. In vivo osteogenic potential of rBMSCs was evaluated in a 30 mm critical sized defect of rabbit radius. The cellular morphology of plastic adherent cells was seen as single cell form in P0 and in P1, P2 and P3, as elongated/spindle-shape in clusters. The rBMSCs were positive for CD44, CD73 and CD105 and negative for CD34 and CD45 and could differentiate to osteogenic cells in osteogenic induction media. The in vivo experiments in rabbit CSD model confirmed that rBMSCs promote faster healing of critical size defects. Hence, we may suggest that rBMSCs are suitable for bone formation in fracture healing and non-union.

5 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

011561   Muthukumarasamy R;Revathi G;Vadivelu M;Arun K (NO, , Main Bio control Research Laboratory, Good Will Avenue, Venpakkam, Chengalpattu-603 111, Email: mutindia@yahoo.com) : Isolation of bacterial strains possessing nitrogen-fixation, phosphate and potassium-solubilization and their inoculation effect on sugarcane. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(3), 161-70.

Inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potash (K) are the most influencing macro-nutrients for plant growth and microbial supplementation of these minerals through N₂-fixation, P- and K-solubilization is gaining importance. In the present study, a macronutrient deficient (MD), N-free novel medium, supplemented with tri calcium phosphate (TCP as P- source) and Mica (as K- source) was used for isolation of microbes possessing nitrogen fixing, P- & K solubilizing abilities. Samples of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, roots and leaves of sugarcane varieties (viz., Co 6304, Co 86032 and CoC 671) collected from Tamil Nadu, India were used for isolation. Totally, 8 individual nitrogen-fixing, phosphate- and potash-solubilizing bacterial strains were obtained. Nitrogen-fixing abilities of these isolates were confirmed by analyzing acetylene reduction (AR) activity and the presence of nif genes. P- and K- solubilizing activities were confirmed by cultivating these isolates in solid/liquid medium supplemented with insoluble forms of P and K. These isolates which produced growth hormone IAA, were in two groups as Roseateles terrae and Burkholderia gladioli, respectively based on the morphological, physiological, biochemical and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Association between diazotrophic, P- and K-solubilizing R. terrae and B. gladioli with sugarcane has not been reported earlier. These isolates were tested for their growth-promoting abilities in sugarcane cultivated in pots, and the results showed that these isolates were able to increase the leaf chlorophyll, N content and total biomass. This study may encourage farmers to use single microbe for microbial supplementation of N, P and K instead of consortium of microbes wherein the compatibility between different microbes is often compromised.

3 illus, 6 table, 49 ref

011560   Mulla S;Charan J;Rajdev S (Microbiology Dep , Government Medical College, Surat, Dharpur, Patan, Gujarat, Email: dr.jaykaran78@gmail.com) : Antibiotic sensitivity pattern in blaNDM-1-positive and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Int J appl basic med Res 2016, 6(1), 14-17.

Some studies published in recent time revealed that many bacteria from Enterobacteriaceae group are multi-antibiotic-resistant because of the production enzymes carbapenemase particularly New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase encoded by gene called blaNDM-1. Looking at public health importance of this issue there is a need for studies at other centers to confirm or refute published findings. This study was designed with the aim of exploring antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae group of bacteria and also to explore gene and enzyme responsible for it. Samples of Enterobacteriaceae were collected from wards and outpatient departments. Antibiotic sensitivity was checked by an automated system (VITEK 2 COMPACT). Carbapenemase production was assessed by Modified Hodge Test. Presence of blaNDM-1 was assessed by polymerase chain reaction. Frequency and percentage were used to describe the data. Frequency of sensitivity was compared between carbapenemase producers and noncarbapenemase producers by Fisher's exact test. Forty-seven percent bacteria were found to be producing carbapenemase enzyme. These bacteria were significantly less sensitive to cefoperazone, cefepime, and amikacin. Among carbapenemase-producing organisms, 3% and 6% were resistant to tigecycline and colistin, respectively. Forty percent bacteria were found to be having blaNDM-1 gene. There was a significant difference between blaNDM-1-positive and blaNDM-1-negative for sensitivity toward cefoperazone + sulbactam, imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, tobramycine, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin. Presence of carbapenemase enzyme and blaNDM-1 gene is associated with high level of resistance in Enterobacteriaceae group of bacteria and only few antibiotics have good sensitivity for these organisms.

4 tables, 15 ref

011559   Maringer K;Yarbrough A;Sims-Lucas S;Saheb E; Jawed S;Bush J (Nephrology Div, Pediatrics Dep, Pittsburgh School of Medicine Univ, Pittsurgh, PA 15201, USA, Email: alyarbrough@ualr.edu) : Dictyostelium discoideum RabS and Rab2 colocalize with the golgi and contractile vacuole system and regulate osmoregulation. J Biosci, Bangalore 2016, 41(2) , 205-17.

Small-molecular-weight GTPase Rab2 has been shown to be a resident of pre-Golgi intermediates and is required for protein transport from the ER to the Golgi complex; however, Rab2 has yet to be characterized in Dictyostelium discoideum. DdRabS is a Dictyostelium Rab that is 80% homologous to DdRabl which is required for protein transport between the ER and Golgi. Expression of GFP-tagged DdRab2 and DdRabS proteins showed localization to Golgi membranes and to the contractile vacuole system (CV) in Dictyostelium. Microscopic imaging indicates that the DdRab2 and DdRabS proteins localize at, and are essential for, the proper structure of Golgi membranes and the CV system. Dominant negative (DN) forms show fractionation of Golgi membranes, supporting their role in the structure and function of it. DdRab2 and DdRabS proteins, and their dominant negative and coastitutively active (CA) forms, affect osmoregulation of the cells, possibly by the influx and discharge of fluids, which suggests a role in the function of the CV system. This is the first evidence of GTPases being localized to both Golgi membranes and the CV system in Dictyostelium.

6 illus, 47 ref

011558   Linjawi S A M;Salem L M;Khalil W K B ( Biology Dep, College of Science, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Email: slinjawi@kau.edu.sa) : Jatropha curcas L. kernel prevents benzene induced clastogenicity, gene expression alteration and apoptosis in liver tissues of male rats. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(4), 225-34.

Pollution by petrochemical benzene is widespread and a common problem in countries dependent on the oil industry. The risk from benzene exposure arises because is considered as a mutagen with the capacity to affect structural integrity of DNA and the fidelity of its biologic expression. Jatropha curcas (L.) is a multipurpose shrub and used in traditional medicine for various diseases. In this study, we assessed the protective effect of detoxified J. curcas kernel meal (DJKM) against benzene-induced genotoxicity, gene expression alteration and apoptosis in male rats. Adult male rats were treated with benzene and/or several concentrations of DJKM. The results revealed that low, medium and high doses of DJKM prevented negative effects such as DNA damage, expression alterations of CYP1A2, p53 and mdr1b genes, apoptosis or ROS generation induced by benzene. The free radical scavenging activity of the J. curcas kernel meal could be attributed to the steroids and terpenoids present in Jatropha curcas seeds.

3 illus, 2 table, 52 ref

011557   Lata C;Ashwani Kumar;Sharma SK;Singh J; Sheokand S;Pooja;Mann A;Rani B (NO, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Email: ashwanisharma107@gmail.com) : Tolerance to combined boron and salt stress in wheat varieties: Biochemical and molecular characterisation. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(5), 321-8.

Plants' tolerance to stresses, particularly abiotic, is an important area of research, particularly in agriculture. Here, we studied the combined effect of excess boron (B) and salinity on three wheat varieties viz., KRL 35, KRL 210 and HD 2009. Root samples were collected 20 days after imposing different treatments, namely Control, 50 and 100 ppm B + 60 mM NaCl, respectively; and 50 and 100 ppm B + 100 mM NaCl, respectively in a hydroponic system. Results indicated that length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot consistently decreased with increasing concentration of B and salt in the nutrient medium. These changes were accompanied by significant reductions in soluble sugars and proteins in roots, whereas proline content increased. The KRL 35 (salt tolerant variety) showed 5 specific polypeptides of 89.13, 53.4, 46.21, 32.35 and 31.10 kDa. Likewise, KRL 210 (moderately salt tolerant) showed de novo synthesis of 53.4 and 19.13 kDa, whereas three specific polypeptides (24.05, 19.13 and 17.52 kDa) appeared in HD 2009 (salt sensitive). Synthesis of the common polypeptide 25.12 kDa was observed with increase in stress treatments in all three varieties. Enhanced expression of 25.12 kDa proteins, particularly in the sensitive variety induced protein synthesis under excess boron and salt stress conditions. Thus, altered and enhanced expression of proteins might be responsible for the survival and growth of plants under excess B and NaCl affecting the functional capabilities of seeds in the stress environment. Appearance of new polypeptides or their disappearance might be related to the genotypic stress tolerance or sensitivity.

2 illus, 2 table, 52 ref

011556   Kerche-Silva L E;Cavalcante D G S M;Danna C S;Gomes A S;Carrara I M;Cecchini A L;Yoshihara E;Job A E ( Departamento de Fisica, Quimica e Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias e Technologia/UNSEP, Presidente Prudente, SP, 19060-080, Brazil, Email: job@fct.unesp.br) : Free-radical scavenging properties and cytotoxic activity evaluation of latex C-serum from Hevea brasiliensis RRIM 600 . Free Radical Antioxidant 2017, 7(1), 107-14.

There are few studies exploring the antioxidant properties of the latex C-serum of the Hevea brasiliensis latex and their possible use for therapeutic application. Objective: This study investigated the in vitro antioxidant activity of the latex C-serum of H. brasiliensis and assessed the cytotoxicity of this fraction in two human cell lines derived from normal tissue (MRC-5 and CCD 1059sk. Chemical characterization was also assessed. Latex from H. brasiliensis was centrifuged and the C-serum phase was tested for in vitro free radical scavenging assays, such as hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide and total antioxidant capacity by the phosphomolibdate method. Latex C-serum was also investigated for cytotoxic properties by the MTT test. Latex C-serum was chemical characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy Fourier Transform (FTIR). Results: Latex C-serum effectively scavenged hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide and presented potent antioxidant activity. The results were compared to ascorbic acid, a standard antioxidant. The cytotoxicity evaluation of latex C-serum demonstrated cell line dependency and for CCD 1059sk cells derived from skin fibroblasts, latex C-serum was not cytotoxic. FTIR showed the presence of proteins in latex C-serum. Latex C-serum from Hevea brasiliensis presented strong antioxidant potential and these results openthe possibility of further studies aiming the use of latex C-serum as treatment for skin diseases related to reactive oxygenspecies or skin preventive pharmacological formulations.

4 illus, 40 ref

011555   Jose D;Manjusha K;Jose S;Mohandas A;Singh IS B (National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin Univ of Science and Technology, Lakeside Campus, Fine Arts Avenue, Cochin-682 016, Email: isbsingh@gmail.com) : Purification and characterisation of highly active LasB protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa MCCB 123. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(5), 303-10.

Proteolytic enzymes constitute one of the most important groups of industrial enzymes and have received worldwide attention due to their wide range of biotechnological applications and their sustainability in reducing environmental degradation. In this study, a LasB protease with dual substrate specificities was purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa MCCB 123 with 6.85 fold increase in protease specific activity and 9.05 fold increase in elastase-specific activity. The enzyme revealed the presence of a 33 kDa protein. Optimum temperature and pH of protease activity were 60°C and 9.0, and that of elastase activity were 40°C and 8.0, respectively. Based on the cytotoxicity assay on Hep2 cells, the enzyme has an IC₅₀ (inhibitory concentration) value of 47.28 μg mL^-1. According to the deduced amino acid sequence, the MCCB 123 LasB protease is a zinc dependent metalloendopeptidase belonging to M4 neutral protease GluZincin superfamily. Appreciable protease activity of the enzyme at high temperature and alkaline pH proposes its potential application in detergency. MCCB 123 LasB protease is 3.96 fold more active when compared to commercial protease Savinase suggesting its industrial relevance.

5 illus, 1 table, 42 ref

011554   Hashemi J M (Food and Nutrition Dep, Faculty of Home Economics, King Abdulaziz Univ, Saudi Arabia) : Efficacy of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) extract on experimentally metabolic syndrome rat with high fructose diet. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 227-37 .

Metabolic Syndrome (MS) denotes a growing threat to population health. Its prevalence has increased dramatically during recent years. Pomegranate Extract (PE) possesses strong hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties. The present work aims to determine whether PE has a therapeutic effect against MS in rats. Male rats (n=40) were divided into two main groups. The first group; control negative rats (n=10) and the second group (n=30) were fed a high-fructose diet (HF; 50%) for six weeks to induce MS. Then this group was divided equally into three subgroups, control positive (MS), and PE treated groups; rats received orally PE at dose levels of 500 and 750 mg/kg body weight (BW)/ day. After 8 weeks of treatment and at the end of the experiment period (14 weeks). Pro-oxidants malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. Glucose, insulin, leptin hormone, lipid profile parameters, and uric acid were also measured. Liver tissue samples were examined as well. The results showed that ingestion of a HF diet led rats to exhibit significant (p<0.001) hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hyperuricemia. Additionally, the diet induced a significant (p<0.001) increase in leptin hormone and MDA levels in MS group after 14 weeks when compared with control rats. Examination of liver tissues revealed fatty changes of hepatocytes, collagen fibers deposition, marked dilatations, and congestion of hepatic portal blood vessels. Treatment with PE significantly ameliorates all the tested biochemical parameters and helps overcome the histopathological alteration in liver tissues compared with the MS untreated group. The improvement was more pronounced in MS treated with 750 mg/kg BW. It was concluded that PE has a beneficial role in alleviating MS symptoms and oxidative stress induced by HF diet. Therefore, PE may be used as a beneficial supplement for patients with MS.

3 illus, 2 tables, 63 ref

011553   Hasanabady M H;Kalalinia F (Biology Dep, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Mashhad, Iran, Email: kalaliniaf@mums.ac.ir) : ABCG2 inhibition as a therapeutic approach for overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer. J Biosci, Bangalore 2016, 41(2), 313-24 .

Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCP or MXR)/ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) was characterized as a multidrug resistance efflux transporter in 1998. ABCG2 physiologically acts as a part of a self-defence mechanism for the organism; it enhances eliminating of toxic xenobiotic substances and harmful agents in the intestine, as well as through the blood-brain barrier and placenta. ABCG2 recognizes and transports numerous anticancer drugs including conventional chemotherapeutic and new targeted small therapeutic molecules in clinical usage. Development of ABCG2 inhibitors for clinical usage may allow increased penetration of therapeutic agents into sanctuary sites and increases their intestinal absorption. Here we review the mechanisms that modulate MDR mediated by the ABC transporter ABCG2 in normal and cancer cells by different levels including, epigenetic modifications, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translation and post-translational regulation. Some clinical applications of ABCG2 inhibitors are also explained.

^iia1 table, 104 ref

011552   Elkalmi R M;Bhagavathul A S;Yau A;Al-Dubai S A R;Elsayed T M;Ahmad A;Mohamed W (Pharmacy Practice Dep, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic Un, Kuantan, Email: Ramadan@iium.edu.my) : Familiarity, perception, and reasons for electronic-cigarette experimentation among the general public in Malaysia: preliminary insight. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(3), 240-7 .

The objectives of this study were to assess the general public views and familiarity toward electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) in Kuantan, Malaysia. A total of 277 Kuantan people were involved in this study. The questionnaire was distributed at random in shops, businesses, and public places in Kuantan. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 17.0). From 400 participants, a total number of 277 (160, 57.7% men and 117, 42.4% women) respondents completed the questionnaire. The mean age was 26.89 ± 9.8 years old. The majority of the study participants were male (57.7%), Malay (83.8%), Muslims (83.8%), singles (69%), and employed (75.8%), with about 83 (29.9%) of the respondents were smokers. The prevalence of e-cigarettes smokers was found to be only 1.4% (n = 4). About one-third of the respondents (n = 72, 26%) have tried e-cigarette before. Job status was significantly associated with smoking e-cigarette among the population (P = 0.02). Main factors for a person to start e-cigarette smoking were curiosity (37.5%) and cheaper price (40.8%). Majority of respondents agreed that e-cigarette would not affect health as normal cigarette, and that variety of flavors contribute to better enjoyment (51.6% and 66.7%, respectively). The results of the current study demonstrate that the prevalence of e-cigarettes smoking and its popularity, familiarity, and knowledge are still insufficient among Kuantan population. Further studies should be done to tackle this problem before it getting worse.

4 tables, 41 ref

011551   El-Beih N M;Ramadan G;Khorshed M A;Ahmed R SA (Zoology Dep, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams Univ, Abbasiya Sq, Cairo 11566, Egypt, Email: gamal_ramadan@hotmail.com) : Biochemical alterations in insecticides-treated male albino rats: potencial modulatory effects of a standardized aged garlic extract. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2017, 16(2), 181-8.

Pesticides poisoning is a major clinical problem worldwide. Malathion (an organophosphate insecticide) and carbaryl (a carbamate insecticide) are widely used and pose a potential health hazard for both humans and animals. They are common insecticides residue found in food, especially in developing countries. Here, we investigated some biochemical alterations related to dyslipidemia, tissue injury and the impairment in liver and kidney functions in male albino rats treated with 0.1 LD50 of malathion (89.5 mg/kg body weight) and/or carbaryl (33.9 mg/kg body weight), as well as, evaluated the potential modulatory effects of 200 mg/kg body weight of a standardized odorless (free from allicin) Kyolic aged garlic extract (AGE, containing 0.147% of its major active constituent S-allylcysteine) on the resulted toxicity. Doses were orally administered to animals for four consecutive weeks. The present study showed that AGE significantly alleviated (P <60> 0.05-0.001) most insecticides toxicity in rats through modulating the body-weight loss and hepatomegaly, blood dyslipidemia and the elevation in atherogenic indices, blood hyperbilirubinemia, hyperglycemia and hypoalbuminemia, the impairment in kidney function (by decreasing renal insecticides residue), and oxidative liver damage (by augmenting hepatic glutathione antioxidant-system). Thus, AGE may be useful as a dietary adjunct in highly vulnerable subjects to insecticides intoxication.

2 illus, 2 table, 35 ref

011550   Dubey P;Joti P;Ray K (Biological Sciences Dep, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai-400 005, Email: krishanu@tifr.res.in) : Conditional Oreo requirement in the somatic cyst cells for maintaining spermatids in a tight bundle in Drosophila testis. J Biosci, Bangalore 2016, 41(2), 219-27.

Odorant receptors (OR) heterodimerizes with the OR co-receptor (Oreo), forming specific odorant-gated cation channels, which are key to odor reception at the olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Mammalian ORs are expressed in many other tissues, including testis. However, their biological implications are yet to be fully ascertained. In the mosquito, Oreo is localized along the sperm tail and is indicated to maintain fidelity. Here, we show that orco expresses in Drosophila testis. The levels are higher in the somatic cyst cells. The orco-null mutants are perfectly fertile at 25°C. At 28°C, the coiled spermatid bundles are severely disrupted. The loss of Orco also disrupts the actin cap, which forms inside the head cyst cell at the rostral ends of the spermatid nuclei after coiling, and plays a key role in preventing the abnormal release of spermatids from the cyst enclosure. Both the defects are rescued by the somatic cyst cell-specific expression of the UAS-orco transgene. These results highlight a novel role of Orco in the somatic tissue during sperm release.

3 illus, 31 ref

011549   Degheidy N S;Al-Malki G S;Fatimah;Al-Harbi S (Biology Dep Science College, Taif Univ, KSA, Email: nabila.degheidy@gmail.com) : Parasitological, bacteriological and in-vitro studies on antibacterial activity of ehtanolic extract of Calligonumcomosum in goats affected with fascioliasis in Taif, KSA.. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 37-48.

This study was carried out to detect the relationship between bacterial infections and liver fascioliasis. Grossly, post mortem examination of the livers infested with Fasciolagigantica in the present study, were hard, firm and tough in consistency with multiple, irregular pale brownish areas on the surface. Cut section of the liver revealed presence of large whitish areas of fibrosis. The affected ducts were enlarged, thickened, hard in consistency and in the form of cord like structures and protruded above the surface of the liver. In most cases, mature Fasciola worms were detected within the lumen of the affected bile ducts and bile stones. Several types of bacteria were isolated from liver surface, bile duct and Fasciola worms from goats suffering from chronic fascioliasis. Bacterial isolated from liver surface were Stenotrophomonasmalyophilia, Corynebacteriumpropinquum and Escherichia coli. The bacteriological bile culture, revealed isolation of AerococcusUrinae and Escherichia coli. While bacterial species isolated from Fasciolagigantica, were Leifsonia aquatic, Corynebacteriumrenale group, Corynebacterium species, Escherichia coli and Lactococcuslactis spp. cremoris. All the isolated microorganisms are pathogenic and can transmitted from animals to human causing very dangerous zoonotic diseases. The present investigation evaluated the in-vitro antibacterial activity of the crude ethanolic extracts of Calligonumcomosum 10% on some gram positive and negative bacteria. Further in vivo studies are required to validate our findings and improve our knowledge on the potential of the Calligonumcomosum extract as antimicrobial in relation to its chemical composition.

2 illus, 2 tables, 66 ref

011548   Chakrabarti N;Datta S;Samanta D;Chaudhuri A G;Ray A K (Physiology Dep, Univ of Calcutta, Kolkata-700 009, Email: ncphysiolcu@gmail.com) : Alterations in cerebrocortical synaptosomal acetylcholinesterase activity and histomorphology of thyroid gland of adult rat during different thyroidal conditions. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(4), 201-8.

The role of thyroid hormone (TH) in adult mammalian brain function including cholinergic neurotransmission is illusive, and its clinical application in recovery of mood disorder during altered thyroidal conditions appears to be dispersed. In this study, we explored whether TH supplementation helps in recovery of adult brain status during thyroid dysfunction. We observed a dose-dependent stimulation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities by triiodothyronine (T3) in the synaptosomes prepared from adult rat cerebral cortex. The AChE activation in both propylthiouracil (PTU)-treated and T3-treated animals remained elevated indicating the presence of an autoregulatory mechanism for thyroid hormone levels in altered thyroidal conditions. Additive effects were also found with gradual decreases in the enzyme activities at 24, 48 and 72 h after single injection of T3 to the PTU-treated rats. It appears that T3 exhibit a stimulatory effect on cholinergic neurotransmission in adult mammalian brain. Moreover, the histomorphological observation of thyroid gland revealed the disappearance of colloids and changes of follicular structures in 14-day PTU-treated condition. But the colloids reappeared and follicular structures normalized after a single injection of T3 to PTU-treated animals gradually at 24, 48 and 72 h. The results therefore, indicates that T3 supplementation can augment hypothyroid induced alterations of central cholinergic neurotransmission vis-a-vis peripheral thyroid morphology.

3 illus, 47 ref

011547   Chahal R P S;Chahal P P K (NO, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Amritsar, Punjab) : Incidence of dental fluorosis among children of Bathinda district in the Punjab state. J advd med dent Sci Res 2016, 4(3), 7-9.

Fluorosis is one of the common but major emerging areas of research in the tropics. It is considered endemic in 17 states of India. The objective was to find the prevalence of dental fluorosis among school children residing in Bathinda, Punjab, India. In total 930 school children below the age of 18 years were examined for the dental fluorosis. All the school children were residents of five villages of Bathinda district of the Punjab state. It has been observed that 62.5% school children were affected by dental fluorosis with varying grades. The stages of children dental fluorosis were chalky white (22.7%), yellow brown blackish teeth (11.5%), horizontal streaks (28.6%), teeth with spots (25.8%). Discolouration of incisors were more prevalent followed by pre-molars and molars. Results of present study suggested that the city had a good number of cases of dental fluorosis and that the groundwater in certain areas had more than normal quantity of fluoride. Further studies with larger sample size in same area is required to substantiate results of present study.

9 ref

011546   Chahal R P S;Chahal P P K (Sri Guru Ram Das Institute Sciences and Research, , Amritsar, Punjab) : Effect of fluoride content of drinking water on dental fluorosis in the Punjab state. J advd med dent Sci Res 2016, 4(3), 4-6.

Fluoride content of drinking water of South-Western district of the Punjab state has been reported which varied from 0.28 to 14.04 mg/l with a mean value of 5.15 mg/l. The survey was, therefore, conducted to assess the magnitude of dental fluorosis in some villages of Bhatinda district of the Punjab state. A cross-sectional study was conducted in districts of Punjab state, with high fluoride level in drinking water. The data collection was made by house-to-house visits twice during the study period. The adult residents of these villages use drinking water high in fluoride content which may be the primary cause of dental fluorosis. During examination of the teeth of adults residents of these areas, it was observed that 61.06% of the residents of the high fluoride and 48.32% areas were suffering from dental fluorosis. Risk of dental fluorosis was significantly higher in the areas showing more fluoride content in drinking water. Defluoridation of drinking water is the only remedy to save the local population from dental fluorosis.

13 ref

011545   Boruah H P D (Biotechnology, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat-785 006, Email: dekaboruah@yahoo.com) : Antioxidant, photosynthesis and growth characteristic of plants grown in high sulphur content coalmine overburden. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(3), 151-60.

North East region of India suffers from high sulphur coal mine overburden (OB) and plants those survive under such condition have adopted to such harsh environment. Here, we have investigated the effect of coal mine OB substrate on biochemical, physiological and growth of two shrubs Cassia (Cassia sofera L.) and Dhaincha (Sesbania rostrata L.); two tree species Gomari (Gmelina arborea L.) and Sisso (Dalbergia sisso L.); and two monocots Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) and Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus L). The mine OB was found to be acidic (pH 2.0) with no true soil behavior, 12.5% sulphur and more than double the trace and heavy metals compared to normal control soil. Overall, high lipid peroxidation, membrane damage, peroxidase, glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase enzymes activities along with osmolyte proline and total soluble sugar was found in mine OB plants compared to control plants. While antioxidant activities were higher, nitrate reductase activity was significantly low but reduced leaf area, total shoot and root biomass. However, the responses of antioxidant activities in mine OB plants and control plants did not follow a standard pattern of higher activities in roots followed by old>young leaves or vice versa. Further, in mine OB plants, lipid peroxidation was found significantly higher for young citronella leaves. The levels of higher glutathione reductase was found in roots than the leaves except for old leaves in Gomari while ascorbate peroxidase was found in the leaves than the roots. Overall, all the species showed higher antioxidant enzyme activities, osmolyte accumulation and membrane damage possibly due to acidity and significantly higher limit of trace and heavy metals in mine OB substrate.

2 illus, 5 table, 38 ref

011544   Babu P P S;Shankar K M;Ramalingappa H R; Abhiman P B (NO, Calicut Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, West Hill, Calicut-673 005, Email: sbabu78@yahoo.com) : Reaction of sera of cultivable fishes in India with monoclonal antibody to immunoglobin of Rohu (Labeo rohita) in immunodot. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(5), 292-5.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) can be employed for quantification of serum and mucus Immunoglobulin (Ig) of related fishes. Evaluation of cross reactivity of MAb with various antigens is an important aspect in determining the specificity of the MAb. In the present study, an immunodot assay was employed for cross reactivity studies of anti-rohu immunoglobulin MAbs to an array of fish sera instead of the usually followed techniques such as ELISA and Western blot. The Immunodot revealed that the MAb F4G12 reacted with epitopes of Ig of only Cyprinid fishes while F2D9 recognised an epitope present in all the Cyprinids tested, except common carp. Similarly, among the two MAbs, MAb F4G12 was found to be reacting with both sera and mucus of rohu. These results indicate that immunodot can be used for cross reactivity studies of MAbs with a large number of antigens rapidly and cost effectively.

2 illus, 27 ref

011543   Ayob A;Awadh A I;Jafri J;Jamshed S;Ahmad H M A;Hadi H (Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic Univ Malaysia , Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia) : Enlightenment from Malaysian consumers' perspective toward cosmetic products. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(3), 229-34.

Variety of cosmetic products was used in our daily life, yet the amount and types of the cosmetic products used by the consumers were varied, which may be due to the different perspectives held by each of the consumers. Objectives were to explore consumers' perspectives toward cosmetic products. An interview guide was developed with a set of 12 semistructured questions. Participants in Kuantan, Pahang were recruited via the purposive sampling, and they undergo in-depth face-to-face interviews. All of the interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and were analyzed via thematic content analysis. For the awareness of cosmetic products, less aware about the cosmetic products in Malaysia were noted among the participants. In terms of perceptions about the cosmetic products, participants expressed positive perceptions toward natural cosmetic products, quality were seen as synonymous with branded products and halal certification. Next, for the attitude toward the use of cosmetic products, participants were influenced by ingredients, product brand, and halal certification. Based on personal experiences, they provide complaints and suggestions for the enhancement of cosmetic products' quality. Participants were found to have less awareness about the cosmetic products in Malaysia. Besides, they realized about the chemical ingredients and halal certification for the cosmetic products. Therefore, they held positive perceptions and practiced positive attitudes toward natural and halal cosmetic products. Finally, adverse reactions from the use of cosmetic products were commonly experienced by the participants, which contributed mainly by the ingredients. Thus, they hoped for serious approached to be enacted to solve this problem.

3 tables, 25 ref

011542   Ayob A;Awadh A I;Hadi H;Jaffri J;Jamshed S; Ahmad H M A (Pharmaceutical Technology Dep, International Islamic Univ Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia) : Malaysian consumers' awareness, perception, and attitude toward cosmetic products: questionnaire devlopment and pilot testing. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(3), 203-9.

Increased usage of cosmetic products has caused a growing concern about the safety of these products, and yet little is known about cosmetics from the consumers' perspective. Hence, this study's aim is to develop a valid and reliable tool for assessing consumers' awareness, perceptions, and attitudes toward cosmetic products. A questionnaire was developed in the English language based on information collected from a literature search, in-depth interviews conducted with consumers prior to this study and consultations with experts. Subsequently, the questionnaire was subjected to translation, validation, and test-retest reliability. A final version of the questionnaire was piloted among 66 consumers via convenient sampling. A descriptive analysis was performed, and the internal consistency and the differences between variables in the questionnaire were analyzed. The developed and translated questionnaire produced repeatable data for each of the domains (Spearman's correlation = 0.7, P<60>0.001). The internal consistency for awareness, perceptions and attitudes indicates good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha value of more than 0.7 for each domain). Significant differences were found between the perception scores for the race, religion, and monthly expenses for cosmetic products, respectively, and the same pattern was found for the attitude scores, but monthly expenses for cosmetic products was replaced by monthly income. The results achieved via the Bahasa Malaysia questionnaire indicated that the developed and translated questionnaire can be used as a valid and reliable tool for assessing consumers' awareness, perceptions, and attitudes toward cosmetic products in Malaysia in future studies.

7 tables, 29 ref

011541   Arellano Carrillo M D;Vargas-Medrano J; Bojorquez-Rangel G;Perez-Leon J;Plenge-Tellechea L F (Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular y Bioquimica, Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez, Juarez, CHI, Mexico 321, Email: fplenge@uacj.mx) : Long term exposure to deltamethrin causes a dual effect on plasma membrane ca< . Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(5), 271-8.

Deltamethrin (Delt), a type II pyrethroid used worldwide, is chemically and biologically stable and displays mild toxicity in mammals, but chronic exposure causes toxic effects on the immune system. In order to clarify the damage of deltamethrin to lymphocytes, we studied the effect of deltamethrin on the catalytic activity and expression levels of the plasma membrane Ca²⁺-ATPase (PMCA) using human lymphocytes as a model. Lymphocytes were incubated with Delt at concentrations ranging from 2 to 133 μM for 36 h, followed by plasma membrane purification and analysis of PMCA activity. A significant increase of 122% in PMCA activity was observed with 2 μM Delt, while concentrations of 40 and 60 μM inhibited activity of PMCA to 58.3% below the control. The viability of lymphocytes was most affected at concentrations higher than 133 μM, the concentration that inhibited PMCA activity to 30.5%. Expression of PMCA was assessed by qPCR and the data showed a decrease in the amount of PMCA transcripts as a result of treatment with deltamethrin. Our results have shown that deltamethrin treatment of human lymphocytes in culture influences PMCA activity as measured in isolated plasma membranes as well as the PMCA mRNA levels sampled at different time points. It indicates disruption of the enzyme activity which would compromise cellular signaling and eventually may lead to cell death.

4 illus, 3 table, 37 ref

011540   Anaganti N;Basu B;Apte S K (Molecular Biology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: aptesk@barc.gov.in) : In situ real-time evaluation of radiation-responsive promoters in the extremely radioresistant microbe Deinococcus radiodurans. J Biosci, Bangalore 2016, 41(2), 193-203.

A third generation promoter probe shuttle vector pKG was constructed, using the green fluorescent protein as a reporter, for in situ evaluation of Deinococcal promoter activity in Escherichia coli or Deinococcus radiodurans. The construct yielded zero background fluorescence in both the organisms, in the absence of promoter sequences. Fifteen Deinococcal promoters, either harbouring Radiation and Desiccation Response Motif (RDRM) or not, were cloned in vector pKG. Only the RDRM-promoter constructs displayed (i) gamma radiation inducible GFP expression in D, radiodurans, following gamma irradiation, (ii) DdrO-mediated repression of GFP expression in heterologous E. coli, or (iii) abolition in GFP induction following gamma irradiation, in pprI mutant of D. radiodurans. Utility of pKG vector for real-time in situ assessment of Deinococcal promoter function was, thus, successfully demonstrated.

5 illus, 24 ref

011539   Alnahdi H S;Ayaz N O;Mohamed A M;Sharaf I A; Alshehri N M (Biochemistry Dep, Faculty of Science-Al Faisaliah, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah, K S A, Email: Nayaz@Kau.edu.sa) : Modulating impacts of quercetin and/or lactoferrin on diabetic nephropathy and cardiomyopathy induced rats. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(2), 128-37.

Diabetic nephropathy and cardiomyopathy are the main complications induced by chronic hyperglycemia through production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and the creation of a proinflammatory mediators. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of quercetin (Qr) and/or lactoferrin (LF) in down regulation of advanced glycation end product, connective tissue growth factor and inflammatory cytokines expressions in diabetic nephropathy and cardiomyopathy induced rats. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg). Rats were allocated into five groups; (G1) Normal non-diabetic rats; (G2) Diabetic rats; (G3) Diabetic rats injected with Qr (10 mg/ kg / day); (G4) Diabetic rats treated with Bovine LF (50 mg/kg /day); (G5) Diabetic rats injected with the combination of Qr and Bovine LF (as in groups 3,4).Serum fasting glucose level, blood hemoglobin, serum biomarkers of heart (AST, LDH and CPK). and kidney damage (cystatin C, creatinine albumin andurea), inflammatory cytokines, as interleukin-6 ( IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a as well as AGEs and CTGF in heart and kidney tissues were determined. Significant differences among different groups were analyzed using oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni's test. Induction of diabetes in rats dramatically led to increase in the levels of AGEP and CTGF in both kidney and heart tissues of diabetic rats. Serum TNFa and IL-6, albumin, urea and cystatin C, AST, LDH and CPK levels were significantly increased in diabetic group. The administration of Qr and/or LF to the diabetic rats significantly down-modulated the alterations in the above parameters in relation to diabetic untreated animals. The current two agents possess significant therapeutic effects against diabetic nephropathy and cardiomyopathy by down regulation of the studied parameters. Moreover, the results proved that bovine LF alone and particularly its combination with Qr were effective in controlling the hyperglycemic induced renal and cardiac damage.

7 illus, 47 ref

011538   Al-Aboudi I S;Hassali M A;Shafie A A ( Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceu, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia) : Knowledge, attitudes, and quality of life of type 2 diabetes patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2016, 8(3), 195-202.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between knowledge and attitude with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken with a cohort of 75 patients attending the University Diabetic Center at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The EuroQoL-five-dimensional (EQ-5D) scale was used to assess HRQoL. EQ-5D was scored using values derived from the UK general population survey. The brief diabetic knowledge test in questionnaire format developed by the University of Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center and the attitude toward self-care questionnaire based on the diabetic care profile were used. Fifty-eight (77.35%) respondents were male with a mean 12.6 ± 8.4 years of a history of diabetes. Thirty-four (45.3%) were in the age group of 45-55 years with a mean age of 54 ± 9.2 years. A moderate level of HRQoL (0.71 ± 0.22) was recorded in the study cohort. The mean EQ-5D score was lower in females compared to male patients (0.58 ± 0.23 vs. 0.74 ± 0.20). The mean score of Michigan Diabetic Knowledge Test was 8.96 ± 2.1 and the median score was 9.00. Of 75 diabetic patients, 14.7% had poor knowledge; 72% had moderate knowledge, and only 13.3% had good knowledge. The average attitude score of all respondents was 6.38 ± 2.11. There was a significant positive association between attitude and EQ-5D score. HRQoL and knowledge scores were moderate in type 2 diabetic patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Patient attitude toward the disease was positive, and this was positively associated with HRQoL; most respondents believed they are responsible for their care. It is likely that a high quality of diabetes self-management education program will provide benefits and affect significantly on type 2 diabetes patients in Saudi Arabia.

6 tables, 63 ref

010544   Vuong Q H (NO, FPT Univ, FPT School of Business, VAS-FSB Building, Block C, My Dinh 1, Hanoi, Vietnam, Email: hoangvs@fsb.edu.vn) : Empirical probabilities of (non)optimal healthcare choice conditional on socio-economic status and time cpnsumption. Indian J community Hlth 2016, 28(3), 286-90.

The study reports results on existence of empirical relations between such factor as socioeconomic status, consumption of time andoutcome of healthcare provider choice by Vietnamese patients. Cross-section data from a patient community survey spanning <62>30 hospitals in Hanoi, during 2015Q4-2016Q1. Study sample contains 1459 observations. Main method used is baseline category logits regression. Empirical relations among the above factors are confirmed. The rich possess advantages over the poor, with a <62> 63% probability of making an optimal choice. But two groups are not different with respect to wrong choice, with probabilities of making wrong choice for high-and low-SES patients, spending significant time for seeking information, being 13.6% and 15.1% respectively. a) Even for the rich with significant information the chance of choosing right healthcare provider is relatively low, 51%; b) Quality of information or information processing by healthcare consumers shows some problem.

1 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

010543   Tripathy S;Mohanty P K (Post Graduate Dep of Zoology, Utkal Univ, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar-751 004, Email: seema.tripathyu@yahoo.com) : Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are boon or bane. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 1-16.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are inevitable by-products of cellular respiration. These are highly reactive chemical species derived from molecular oxygen (O₂). These include the superoxide (O₂-) and hydroxyl (HO-) free radicals as well as non-radical molecules such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). These act as both toxic and beneficial compounds, since they can be either harmful or helpful to the body. Redox regulation or controlled ROS generation is the net effect of a subtle balance between ROS generation and neutralization or utilization by cellular antioxidant systems. The most deleterious effect of ROS is "oxidative stress". Oxidative stress plays a major part in the development of chronic and degenerative ailments such as cancer, arthritis, aging, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Several mechanism exists to counteract oxidative stress. This review provides a detailed overview of the influence of ROS on human pathophysiology and novel therapeutic - 68 - strategies followed to treat ROS mediated diseases or disorders.

^iia64 ref

010542   Srivastava A K;Semwal J;Vyas D S;Juyal R (Community Medicine Dep, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Himalayan Univ, Dehradun-249 016, Email: drsrivastavaak@gmail.com) : Extent of awareness and prevalence of adulteration in selected food items in rural Dehradun. Indian J community Hlth 2016, 28(3), 242-7.

Objectives are to estimate the prevalence of food adulteration in selected food items and the awareness of subjects regarding food adulteration act and iii) their buying practices. Samplesize: 150 households was sampled, based on prevalence of adulteration to be around 50%, with 95% confidence interval and absolute allowable error of 10%. Sample household were drawn from the selected villages randomly. Pre-designed and pretested questionnaires was administered to fulfill the objectives and food itemswere tested using NICE food adulteration kit. Data were analyzedby numeral with percentage, Pearson's correlation test and F test. In 59.3% households, housewives purchasedthe food items for the house. The prevalence of adulteration ranged from 17.3% to 66.2% in selected food items. Loose product was purchased by 54.3%. The food labels on packed items was not read by 86.3%. Mean percentage of purity was highest among literates (57.3 ± 12.3) than illiterates and those having primary education. Statistically significant F ratio was seen for mean percentage of purity and respondent's literacy status. Adulterant is rampantin poor strata of societydue to consumer's illiteracy and lack of awareness towards food safety rules.

6 tables, 16 ref

010541   Soni R K;Kar A;Agrawal S (NO, Amity Univ, Raipur, P.O.-Kharora, Chhattisgarh, Email: rakeshsonio8@gmail.com) : Consequences of split shift work in Indian traffic police personnel: daytime sleepiness, stressors psychological distress. Ambient Sci 2016, 3(2), 59-63.

The present study was aimed to measure the daily routine preference, daytime sleepiness, and psychological distress experiences, because of split shift system job in a sample in traffic police personnel of Raipur city, India. To measure such parameters we used the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (OPSQ), General Health Questionnaire and the Distress. To evaluate differences between age, body mass index, period of service length and drug / alcohol use for all the subjects (traffic police personnel) the t-test and chi-square - 67 - test were used. Total Hundred male traffic police personnel participated and out of which most of them were found to belong in the evening active category. This study also indicates increased prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness and (EDS) high level of psychological distress as measured by the GHQ-12 among few police workers. Moreover, a number eof participants reported significant distress levels, when measured with distress thermometer. In nutshell, the study sample suggests adaptive coping strategies of traffic police personnel working in split shift system profession can be attributed to their evening (E)-typecircadian preferences.

5 tables, 23 ref

010540   Singh A;Dixit S (Humanities and Social Sciences Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur-208 016, Email: aartis@iitk.ac.in) : Lower socio-economic status and cardiovascular disease: role of healthcare facility and policy in India. Indian J community Hlth 2016, 28(3), 215-21.

This article, focuses at the issue of how lack of good healthcare facilities and non-supportive health policies are affecting CVD mortality positively among lower SES of India. Challenges of the Indian healthcare system in context of lower SES can be described in terms of the issue of availability, accessibility and affordability. Inadequate policy and public healthcare system either leads to the problem of high Out-of-Pocket Payments (OPP) or opting out of the treatment, which further increases poverty and mortality among them. Moreover, limited insurance coverage and inadequate regulatory policies for alcohol and tobacco-leading CVD risk factors among lower SES groups - do little to discourage its use among them. Since, lower SES people in India are already under the burden of communicable diseases, government should take immediate steps to control the mortality among them by creating a supportive environment through pro-poor health policies and healthcare facilities.

2 illus, 41 ref

010539   Sharma V;Parihar L (Botany Dep, Seth G.L. Bihani S D Post Graduate College, Sri-Ganganagar, Rajasthan, Email: leena.parihar@gmail.com) : To investigate the effect of - 66 - electromagnetic radiations on flavonoids of lettuce species. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(3), 1731-7.

Escalation in use of wireless electronic equipments such as mobile phone, Wi-Fi routers and microwave ovens has rapidly increased the risk of damage in tissue level for all living organisms not only for humans and animals but plants as well. The cell phone use in increasing day by day so we are investigating the positive or negative impact of cell phone radiations on secondary metabolites and morphological parameters of plants. In this current study we are focusing on the effect of electromagnetic radiations on flavonoids of lettuce species at 2G and 3G frequencies for different exposure times. The seeds of lettuce were exposed to cell phone radiations for half hour, 2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours and later were compared with control. It was concluded that there was reduction in germinating percentage, shoot length, root length and leaf area while fresh weight, dry weight increased. The concentration of flavonoids increased with the increase in the exposure time. As the flavonoids are antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, the use of electromagnetic radiations will help in increased production of such substances and will become the good herbal antioxidant source.

3 illus, 9 tables, 20 ref

010538   Ruhil R (Centre for Social Medicine and Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi-110 067, Email: drrohiniruhil@gmail.com) : Need to address social adversities in community health. Indian J community Hlth 2016, 28(3), 305-8.

The paper is a perspective on the need to address social adversities in community health. Community Health today is restricted generally to clinical epidemiological studies and it is very important to research beyond `individual-level' risk factors and `black-box' epidemiology to a "multi-level eco-epidemiology. The material and social world around us plays a very important role in susceptibility or resistance to disease agents or risk factors. The focus here is on social phenomenon rather than on clinical manifestations of specific diseases or risk factors. The various social phenomenon discussed here include socio-economic status, education, income, poverty, employment, working conditions, job-strain, work-family conflict, social networks, social integration, social isolation, suicides, social security etc. It is recommended to intervene both at individual level as well as at larger structural level to influence government policies and society.

14 ref

010537   Reyes R G;Undan J Q;Dulay R M R;Kalaw S P; Undan J R (Center for Tropical Mushroom Research and Development, Biological Scie, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Luzon State Univ, Science City of Munoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, Email: renato.reyes@clsu.edu.ph) : First reoirt on the molecular identification of termitomyces of central Luzon, Philippines. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2016, 5(1), 140-145.

DNA samples from the fruiting bodies of Termitomyces which were previously collected from their natural habitats (termite mounds) in Central Luzon, Philippines were extracted following the standard protocol on the isolation, amplification and sequencing of DNA fragments. The rDNA-ITS regions of the samples were PCR amplified using ITS3R and ITS4D primer and subsequently sequenced and analyzed using BLAST and compared with the existing NCBI data. Two species of Termitomyces namely T. bulborhizus and T. clypeatus were identified. The rDNA-ITS sequences of the different samples yielded lower percentage value i.e. 92% for T. bulborhizus and 87% for T. clypeatus when compared to other NCBI reported - Termitomyces.

2 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

010536   Refahi Z (Counseling Dep, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Marvdasht, Iran, Email: Dr.refahi@miau.ac.ir) : Investigating the moderating role of cognitive regulation of emotion in the relationship between interpersonal problems and sleep quality. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2016, 5(1), 266-72.

This study aims at investigating the investigating the moderating role of cognitive regulation of emotion with regard to the interpersonal problems and sleep quality variables. Statistical population of this study composed of the students' parents from Shiraz guidance schools that out of them, 220 people were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling. In data collection process, - 65 - interpersonal problems questionnaire, cognitive regulation of emotion questionnaire and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) were used. The path analysis results confirmed the role of only one of the subscales of cognitive regulation of emotion (Catastrophizing) as a moderator for interpersonal problems and sleep quality variables. According to this test, the direct effect of interpersonal problems on sleep quality was due to the three subscales of extreme support, lack of affect and social withdrawal. Also extreme support by catastrophizing, that is one of the subscales of cognitive regulation of emotion, has an indirect impact on sleep quality. The obtained results confirmed the moderating role of cognitive regulation of emotion for interpersonal problems and sleep quality variables.

1 table, 34 ref

010535   Purkhajue P;Behroozy N;Karamozian M (Psychology Dep, Kerman Univ of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran) : Pregnancy related anxiety questionnaire: reliability, validity and factor analysis. Ambient Sci 2016, 3(2), 64-8.

Anxiety has an important role in various fields of psychology and certainly in specific periods of human life. This study is to focus on confirmatory factor analysis of Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire (PRAQ) that has been designed by keeping in mind the Iranian pregnant women population. After confirming the validity and content to the psychometric tool, 170 pregnant women in health centres of Kerman city were selected through random sampling method to fill-up the PRAQ questionnaire and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Based on the results it could be concluded we Iranian have not much difference in components of pregnancy anxiety while comparing with the cases of the other countries. This study certainly would introduce a tool which could be beneficial in measuring anxiety and concerns of women during pregnancy.

2 illus, 4 tables, 32 ref

010534   Prinja S;Sharma A;Tripathy J P;Rana S K; Aggarwal A K;Dalpath S K (Health Economics, Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Researc, Chaidigarh-160 012, Email: shankarprinja@gmail.com) : Inequalities in nutritional status among under five children in Haryana state, India: role of social determinants. Indian J community Hlth 2017, 29(1), 81-8.

Authors undertook this study to estimate the burden of under-nutrition among children less than five years in four districts of Haryana and explore the inequalities in rates of malnutrition across different social and economic groups. A community based cross-sectional survey was carried out in four districts of Haryana namely Ambala, Karnal, Panchkula and Yamunanagar. Multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was used to select 2763 children under 5 years of age. Standard anthropometric methods were used. Rates of underweight (WAZ = -2 z-score), wasting (WHZ = -2 z-score) and stunting (HAZ = -2 z-score) were estimated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine risk factors and evaluate inequalities across population by social and economic sub-groups. The prevalence of underweight, stunting and wasting in four districts of Haryana was 37.4%, 38.2% and 16.4% respectively. Similarly, 12.7%, 13.2% and 3.5% of under-weight children were severely underweight, stunted and wasted respectively. The odds of underweight and stunting increased among the poorest by 2.3 and 1.8 times respectively as compared to the richest category. There is persistent problem of under-nutrition in Haryana mostly among the poor, uneducated, and among children of women who do not take ANC care/ breastfeed. Actions on social determinants need urgent prioritization.

3 tables, 30 ref

010533   Neherta M;Machmud R;Damayanti R;Afrizal (Nursing Faculy, Andalas Univ, Padang, 25231, Email: merineherta1963@gmail.com) : The difference in intervention of sexual abuse prevention by two variance professions on primary school children in Padang. Indian J community Hlth 2017, 29(1), 118-22.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of interventions for sexual abuse prevention on knowledge and assertiveness behaviour of primary school age children, which were committed by two different professions, namely nurses and teachers. The study method was a quantitative with quasi-experimental design types of non-equivalent control group design. The population in this study were all primary school children in the city of Padang, consist of 91,966 children, with total sample of 1,112 children. Measurement of the knowledge and behaviour of childrenwas performed 4 times total, then followed by statistical tests with GLM Repeated Measures. Mean and standard deviationvalues from knowledge of nurses intervention group: p1(3.37; +1.37), p2(4.62; +1.72), p3(4.97; +1.53), p4(5.52; +1.20). Mean and standard deviation value from the group's assertiveness: s1(24.44; +4.20), s2(28.66; +2.58), s3(31.38; +1.50), s4(32.80; +2.115) with p value =0.00. While the Mean and standard deviationvalues from knowledge of teacher' sintervention group: p1(3.21; +1.30), p2 (3.83; +1.14), p3(4.01; +0.99), p4(4.53; +0.875). Mean and standard deviation value from the group's assertiveness: s1(24.47; +4.38), s2(27.56; +3.65), s3(27.34; +4.40), s4(29.90; +2.87) with p value =0,00. Scores difference between the nurses intervention group with teachers intervention group is 0.73 points for knowledge and 2.00 points for assertiveness behaviour. Intervention model that was conducted by nurses is thebest model. It is recommended that this model can be used as a model for primary prevention of sexual abuse against primary school age children.

3 tables, 14 ref

010532   Mousavi M;Sepahi A A;Nejadsattari T (Microbiology Dep, Tehran Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Tehran, Iran, Email: akhavansepahy@gmail.com) : Investigation on naphthalene biodegradation ability in a Bacillus sp. consortium isolated from soil samples. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(3), 1849-57.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment with potential mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. PAH bioremediation is considered as - 63 - an effective and environmentally benign cleanup technology. In this study we isolated Bacillus sp.in soil samples with potential of naphthalene degradation and compared Bacillus spp. consortium and pure cultures biodegradation rate of naphthalene.Ten soil samples were collected from Tehran and around Tehran and Bacillus strains were isolated and identified by biochemical and molecular methods. After that, the amount of biosurfactant production was measured and emulsification test was conducted. Eventually, GC analysis was conducted on the consortium for naphthalene biodegradation investigation. Optimized growth conditions were also determined involved in degradation (nah genes). At the end, catabolic genes were identified. The isolates contained Bacillus cereus, Paenibacillus lactis, Bacillus fusiformis and Bacillus subtilis. All of the isolates had surface tension amount less than 40(mN/m) and growth in blood agar medium. It shows that all of them can produce biosurfactant, effectively.The surface tension amount for consortium was lower than pure cultures. In addition, the consortium showed the ability to tolerate 1000 ppm naphthalene concentration in medium and the maximum growth amount was in pH=6, 200 ppm naphthalene concentration, 150 rpm of shaker speed and yeast extract as an additional nitrogen source.The obtained results revealed that consortium of four isolates had more ability in naphthalene degradation as shown in other studies.

6 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

010531   Mostafaei A;Ghaderi D;Mohammadkhani M (Psychology Dep, Payame Noor Univ, PO Box 19395-3697, Tehran, I.R. Iran) : Predicting the mental health based on attachment styles in high school students. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(3), 1773-8.

In today's world mental health is an important phenomenon and can affect physical health and normal daily functioning. Identify the factors influencing it helps to control the negative factors affecting it. This study was conducted aimed to predict mental health based on attachment styles in high schoolgirl students. This study is descriptive and correlational (predictive). The population consisted of all High school girl students that were enrolled in the academic year 2014-2015 in the city of Mahabad. 250 students were randomly selected. To collect the data, attachment questionnaire Collins and Reid and mental health questionnaire (SCL- 90- R) was used. Data analyzed with software SPSS-21 and using stepwise regression. The results showed that all three styles: secure attachment, ambivalent and avoidance are able to predict mental health. These three components simultaneously can explain 53 percent of variance of mental health. In explaining of lack of mental health, the role of secure attachment style is more than other components (-0.498). The role of component ambivalent attachment style (0.352) and the style of avoidant (0.158), respectively second and third.

2 tables, 23 ref

010530   Mohammadi A;Baneshi M R;Vahabzadeh Z;Khalili T (Clinical Biochemistry Dep, Afzalipour School of Medicine, Kerman Univ of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran, Email: taherehkh2131@yahoo.com) : Influence of lecithin administration on hepatic expression of FMO3 and FMO5 genes in N-mary mice. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia 2016, 13(3), 1797-1803.

To investigate the effect of lecithin on FMO3 and FMO5 gene expression, L-a-lecithin or ethanol 30% (as control) was administrated to female N-mary mice as intraperitoneal injection and animals were sacrificed 48h after treatment. The relative expression of mRNA and protein were assessed by real-time PCR and western blotting analysis. In this study, FMO5 expression was also evaluated in HepG2 cell line. FMO3 mRNA expression in mice liver was increased to 1.8-fold in animal received lecithin compared to control group, While FMO5 expression did not showed any changes as in vivo and in vitro experiments. The our results are suggested to induce of FMO3 expression by lecithin.

2 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

010529   Mirzaei S;Dahaghin V;Gozal S;Azhdari R;Ahmadi N (Public Psychology Dep, Half of Allameh Tabatabai Univ, Tehran Province, Iran, Email: mapbo@yahoo.com) : Power of stress management skill training on levels of depression, anxiety and stress in patients suffering from type-2 diabetes. Ambient Sci 2016, 3(2), 40-4.

Stress managementskill training was always been known to be benif icial on depression, anxiety and stress. We applied the same in patients suffering from type-2 diabetes through quasi-experimental method following the pre and post test design method with a control group. Twenty diabetic patients (10 females, 10 males) were selected and randomly divide into two groups; test and control (n=iz each) Levels of depression, anxiety and stress were measured by using depression, anxiety and stress questionnaire (Dass-2i) in the pre-test phases which was followed by the stress reduction skill training conducted in 10 different sessions only for the test group. At the end of re-interventions, levels of depression, anxiety and stress of patients were measured and the data were - 62 - analyzed by using analysis of variance. Significant differences between levels of depression, anxiety and stress in two groups were found which was finally reduced in the test group by the stress management skill training. Conclusively, stress management skill could be an appropriate treatment method for improving mood disorders, in patients suffering from type-2 diabetes.

4 tables, 26 ref

010528   Mahajan R;Aruldhas B W;Sharma M;Badyal D K; Singh T (Pharmacology Dep, Adesh Institute of Medical Science and Research, Bathinda, Punjab, Email: cmcl.faimer2@gmail.com) : Professionalism and ethics: A proposed curriculum for undergraduates. Int J appl basic med Res 2016, 6(3), 157-63.

Professionalism is the attributes, behaviors, commitments, values, and goals that characterize a profession. In medical professional, it encompasses strong societal role and involves emotional component too. On the other hand, ethics is the study of morality - careful and systematic analysis of moral decisions and behaviors and practicing those decisions. Medical ethics focuses primarily on issues arising out of the practice of medicine. It is generally believed that professionalism and ethics are caught by watching your teachers and seniors and not taught formally. Professionalism and ethics are previously diffused passively to the students through "the hidden curriculum," leaving a lot to chance. However, over the time, it has been advocated that graduates need to be formally trained in the concepts of professionalism and ethics. In this paper, we propose a formal curriculum on professionalism and ethics, tailor-made for Indian medical graduates.

1 illus, 34 ref

010527   Kritivasan S;Muralidharan N P (Microbioogy Dep, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai-72, Email: sahanakriti@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial activity of fruit juices on - 61 - oral bacteria. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(1), 289-93.

To determine the Antimicrobial activity of fruit juices on the bacterial flora of mouth. The study is done to analyze whether the fruit juices helps in reducing the oral bacterial count which is constantly increasing. Fruits and vegetables are the main sources for essential nutrients. They also have a series of bio active components which have multiple effect on human general health. One such effect is, its Antimicrobial activity. More than 700 species of bacteria, fungi and parasites are present in the oral cavity as commensals. Among the fruit juices which are frequently consumed are apple, pomegranate and guava exhibit have an inhibitory effect on the oral bacterial flora and prevent them from causing dental caries and other oral lesions. The study is done using natural crude extracts of the fruit juices. After extraction they were sterilized by autoclaving at 121°c for 30 minutes. This is to mimic the natural environment of the mouth when the fruit juices are consumed. The study helps in better understanding the antimicrobial effect of fruit juices on the oral flora.

11 ref

010526   Kritika;Kakkar R;Aggarwal P;Semwal J (Community Medicine Dep, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan Univ, Swami Ram Nagar, Jolly Grant, Doiwala, Dehradun, Email: kritika.nik@gmail.com) : Quality of life (QOL) among the elderly in rural Dehradun. Indian J community Hlth 2017, 29(1), 39-45.

Objectives are to measure Quality of Life among the elderly and identify its determinants. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 220 elderly residing in rural areas of Dehradun district after taking written informed consent. Multistage random sampling was done, WHOQOL-OLDquestionnaire was used to assess the QOL and data were analyzed bySPSS-22. 55.5% subjects were females and the rest were males. Maximum percentage of respondents were in the age group of 66-75 years (46.4%). The mean ( ± SD) of transformed total QOL score (TTS) was 57.76 ( ± 10.97). The mean score of facet V(death and dying) was the highest (82.58) and the lowest mean score was observed in facet VI, intimacy (44.83). Overall QOL scores were found to be associated with education and financial dependency. Variation was observed between the determinants of QOL facet scores. Quality of life is a multidimensional concept. Education and financial dependency were found to be the possible determinants of QOL. More extensive studies are recommended to identify other factors affecting QOL.

3 tables, 23 ref

010525   Kazemi S;Khosravi S (Psychology Dep, Fars Science and Research Branch (Pardis). Islamic Azad Univ, Shiraz, Iran, Email: hamraz-khosravi@yahoo.com) : Predicting the defense mechanisms based on personality traits in university employees. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2016, 5(1), 273-9.

The objective of this study was to predict defense mechanisms based on personality traits in employees of Islamic Azad University of Marvdasht. The research is applied in terms of objective and descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection, conducted in the prediction plan. The population of study included all employees of Islamic Azad University of Marvdasht. The sample of study was selected by using systematic random sampling among population of study. To collect data, Andrews Defense mechanisms tests and McCrae - Costa Personality Traits Questionnaire were used. To analyze the data, the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression method were used. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between defense mechanisms and personality traits and personality traits have significant predicting power for defense mechanisms.

7 tables, 18 ref

010524   Karnam S S;Ghosh R C;Mondal S (Veterinary Pathology Dep, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chattisgarh-491 001, Email: vetsamiran@gmail.com) : Effect of bisphenol - a on immune system of wistar rats. Explor Anim med Res 2016, 6(1), 47-52.

A sub-acute toxicity study of - 60 - Bisphenol A (BPA) was conducted on Wister rat to investigate its potency and impact on mammals. The doses chosen were 50, 200 and 600 mg/kg body weight for group III, IV and V respectively and group II served as vehicle control and group I was negative control. BPA caused significant (P ≤ 0.01) decrease in humoral immune response to sheep red blood cell as antigen (SRBC) in group V and significant (P ≤ 0.01) depression of cell mediated immunity (CMI) were obserevd in BPA treated rats as measured by dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) skin contact sensitization test.

2 tables, 21 ref

010523   Joshi A;Kale S;Phadnis S (NO, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, Email: drankurjoshi7@gmail.com) : Commentary on perceived need from Indian perspective. Indian J community Hlth 2016, 28(3), 309-13.

The current Indian health -care scenario is overwhelmed not only with burden of diseases but also with quality of care and expenditures. The structure of this paper is interwoven around a storyline about a patient and narrations of the active actors involved in the journey of illness including patient himself. The narrations are followed by a commentary as an attempt to decipher the deeper meaning of narration from the population perspectives. The essential aim of this exercise is to establish the necessity of generalist care from a qualitative view-point in Indian context.

1 illus, 15 ref