017584   Sreenathan M (Lingustics Dep, Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam Univ, Vakkad, Tirur, Malappuram, Kerala, Email: msreenathan@gmail.com) : Compatibility of linguistic and genetic co-evolution in India. Indian J phys Anthrop Hum Genet 2015, 34(2), 211-34.

India proffers enormous genetic and linguistic diversity. The aim of this paper is to investigate compatibility between linguistic and genetic patterns in order to verify genetic and linguistic co-evolution hypothesis in the Indian context. A complex population diversity map reveals the presence of multiple population migrations and admixtures. Various studies suggest linguistically and genetically homogenous, linguistically homogenous and genetically heterogeneous and genetically homogenous and linguistically heterogeneous patterns among Indian population. Despite the common ancestry, individual linguistic groups / family show substantial differences due to differential admixture with neighboring groups as well as isolation and drift. Identifying the compatibility between the embedded genetic and Linguistic substratum and language shift among population is often challenging. Thus it is proposed to unravel systematically the correlation between distribution of Indian languages, mtDNA and Y chromosomes in order to understand patterns of convergence and divergence that defined linguistic and genetic continuities and discontinuities in Indian populations. Both Language and genetic phylogenies would throw light on human prehistory but its correlations may be challenging. This study suggests that, beyond the existing knowledge on language and family linkages, typological information should be given due consideration in interpreting genetic results based on language. Also, suggest the requirement of an interdisciplinary framework to accommodate non genomic along with genomic results to fix the compatibility of interdisciplinary results in prehistoric understanding.

1 table, 79 ref

017583   Simon Oke I A;Akeju A V (Biology Dep, Federal Univ of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria) : Laboratory evaluation of extract from peels and seeds of some citrus species against Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Int J Mosquito Res 2017, 4(5), 48-54.

Mosquitoes are the most important group of insects known for their public health importance. Efforts to eradicate this disease involve elimination of the vector with natural base insecticides which are safer when compared to synthetic insecticides which are harmful to human. Toxicity effect of extracts from peels and seeds of Citrus sinesis, Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus limonum were evaluated against adult Anopheles mosquitoes at different concentrations and time of exposure; 20, 40 and 60minutes. The peels and seeds were air dried for 15 days before pulverization. The pulverized peels and seeds were subjected to extraction using soxhlet apparatus and ethanol as solvent. The stock solutions were prepared by adding 0.1 mL of extract to 9.9mL of ethanol to make 1% concentration. The following different concentrations 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of the extract were prepared as followed; 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5mL of the extract were dissolved in 9.5, 9.0, 8.5, 8.0 and 7.5mL of the solvent (Ethanol) respectively with three (3) replicates for each concentration, while 10mL of ethanol was used as the control (0%). The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the phytochemical constituents were analysed. The efficacy of the extracted oils were tested on adult female Anopheles mosquitoes. At 25% concentration, C. aurantifolia peel extract recorded 62.22% mortality at 60 minutes while the seed extract recorded 50% mortality at the same concentration and time. The toxicity increased in respect to time of exposure, the toxicity estimation of LC₅₀ was 22.05% from the extract of C. aurantifolia peels and LC₉₅ was 112.27% for C. limonum peels extract after 60 minutes of application. The potency of the Citrus peels and seeds extracts may be as a result of the phytochemical constituents present in them. These results suggest that the Citrus peel and seed extracts have the potential to be used as ideally in eco-friendly approach for the control of the vector control programmes.

6 tables, 30 ref

017582   Sifatullah;Siddique A N;Rehman N;Muhammad W; Ullah M A;Haleem N;Faisal S (Biotechnology Dep, Bacha Khan Univ, Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan) : Study of anemia and its co-relation with hematological parameters and aging in Peshawar, Pakistan. J Ent Zool Stud 2017, 5(5), 31-4.

The present study was conducted in Peshawar, Pakistan in September 2016 on anemic patients. Total 100 samples were collected from the age of 18 months to 80 years in EDTA tubes and complete blood count was done on Sysmex kx-21. Results indicated that total of 48% were found anemic, 25(52%) females and 23(47%) males showed positive results of having HB level lower than normal range. Results showed that females are more anemic as compare to male. Highest rate of anemia is observed in patients of age group of 21-40 i-e (31.25%). The hematological parameters are different due to age and the body required rotten diet containing iron supplements. The prevalence of anemia increases with passage of time and in different age groups. Recent studies showed that anemia is a wide spread problem and it requires special attention of public/private sector through awareness, health education and dietary guidance.

1 illus, 7 tables, 20 ref

017581   Sharma S;Thakur A (Biosciences Dep, Himachal Pradesh Univ, Summer Hill, Shimla-171 005, Email: thakuranitabiosci21@gmail.com) : Biochemical studies on the mice heart regarding lead acetate inducd oxidative stress. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(3), 1388-92.

Lead is important heavy metal and due to widespread use in industry, it has become an important pollutant that exerts toxic effects on human health. Lifestyle factors (e.g. cigarette smoking), proximity to industrial areas, lead mines, lead based paints and leaded gasoline significantly contribute to lead pollution of the air, food, water and soil. Several antioxidant enzymes and molecules have been used to evaluate lead-induced oxidative damage. Present study aimed to evaluate the lead acetate induced cardio-toxicity. Lead acetate is known to induce changes in free radical scavenging enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Healthy looking mice showing no sign of morbidity were divided into three groups. Group I was designated as control whereas group II and group III received lead acetate having doses 10 mg/kg body weight of lead acetate, daily and 150 mg/kg body weight of lead acetate, weekly respectively. Study was performed after 24 hours, 40 and 80 days stages. Lead acetate significantly decrease antioxidant enzymes and increase oxidative stress along with cardiac tissue damage.

31 ref

017580   Sharma G (NO, Surjeet Memorial College of Education, Ferozepur, Punjab) : Yoga for stress management among youth. Int J physc Educ Sports Hlth 2017, 4(5), 1-3.

Stress has become one of the biggest challenges of the world. In spite of million of the dollars being spent for development of management program to deals with stress, we are no towards solving even the pinch of the problem. If in early seventies stress used to be in the executive word only, today it has spread everywhere. Even small kids, small students, small children come and say oh maa I am so stressed up, I am so tensed up, I am so bored. In a multi ethnic society like India 30% of the youngsters, teenagers suffer from depression. We are very concerned. Why we have not been able to tackle the problem of stress? In this article we study how yoga can be very helpful tool in managing stress. It's practiced not only for stress management but also for good physical and mental health and to live in a more meaningful way.

7 ref

017579   Satria M H;Muslimin (NO, Universitas Bina Darma, Jl. Ahmad Yani No. 03 Plaju Palembang South Sumatera, Indonesia) : The influence of the extracurricular activities of volleyball against the social behavior. Int J physc Educ Sports Hlth 2017, 4(5), 30-5.

This research aims to know the influence of activity of ektrakurikuler against the social behaviour of volleyball elementary. This research using quantitative deskriftif research methods with the kind of outstanding research into the survey. Engineering data retrieval with question form, and then be - 86 - tested. The sample used was 20 participan who follow the extracurricular which then serve as the subject of the research. Data collection techniques are used namely in the form of data about the behavior. These are used for data collection which is now closed, the respondent simply asked to select answers available. Technique of data analysis so that it can be drawn the conclusion using frequency distribution calculations by calculating the mean and standard deviation for the normal curve is compared to. The results showed that the social behavior. In detail as many as 10 (50%) students have a very high social behavior, 8 (40%) participant have high social behavior, and 2 (10%) participant have moderate social behavior and noparticipant who enter in the criteria of low and very low (0.0%). The average values obtained of 26.25 located at intervals of 15 - 20, the social behavior of students extracurricular participants volleyball in elementary.

1 table, 18 ref

017578   Sakshi Rani;Manjeet Kaur (Univ Institute of Engineering and Technology, Maharshi Dayanand Univ, Rohtak, Haryana-124 001, Email: chabra.sakshi89@gmail.com) : Parameter optimization for lipase production by Bacillus megaterium using response surface methodology. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2015, 52(5-6), 311-15.

Lipases have diverse commercial applications and microorganisms serve as potential source of production. In this study, we carried out lipase production in shake flask culture using Bacillus megaterium, isolated and characterized earlier in our laboratory. Optimization of batch culture conditions of incubation time, pH and temperature was done by conventional approach. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used in this study for Optimization of three variables using central composite design (CCD). The variables optimized for lipase activity were incubation time (24-96 h), pH (6-8) and temperature (30-60°C). The analysis of variance revealed that the established model was significant at (P <60>0.01). Maximum lipase activity 0.92 U/mL was observed at 45°C temperature, pH 5.6 after 48 h of incubation time. This study will form basis for media optimization and higher production of lipase at pilot scale.

4 illus, 3 tables, 25 ref

017577   Rawat C;Singh R (Human Development & Family Studies Dep, G.B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar-263 145, Email: ritu.singh07@gmail.com) : Paradox of gender difference on emotional maturity of adolescents. J hum Ecol 2017, 58(3), 126-31.

The current study has been designed and formulated to find out if gender difference has any impact on the emotional maturity of adolescents. One hundred and sixty (160) adolescents from Uttarkashi and 160 adolescents from U.S Nagar, that is, 80 boys and 80 girls from both the districts of Uttarakhand were selected using Simple Random Sampling without Replacement as respondents for the present study. A self-outlined socio-demographic questionnaire was employed to study the socio-demographic traits of respondents and emotional maturity was assessed through standardised Emotional Maturity Scale. Z-test was employed to analyse the statistical differences in: emotional maturity of respondents across gender. Results revealed that boys of both the districts were more emotionally stable, emotionally progressive, socially adjusting, had adequate personality and were more independent as compared to girls. The prominent reason for the significant difference in emotional maturity across gender was observed to be a patriarchal system, gender bias, family climate, traditions, and confounding factors.

2 tables, 13 ref

017576   Rao V R (NO, , Genome Foundation, Hyderabad, Email: profraovr@gmail.com) : Genetic basis of unity. Indian J phys Anthrop Hum Genet 2015, 34(2), 301-7.

Out of Africa expansion of anatomically modern humans and Palaeolithic continuity of the present day Indian populations is the most parsimonious explanation as of now, based on maternal and paternal haploid DNA lineages and high density autosomal DNA markers. Archaeological dating corroborate with DNA clock of expansion to about 1,60,000 ybp (years before present). The route of this expansion, whether north via Levant or south via horn of east Africa to Indian coast to east- Asia to euro-Asia is an intense debate. However, large amount of empirical data from India generated on complete mtDNA sequences of more than 3000 samples from 37 tribal populations by Anthropological Survey of India, irrevocable in support of the southern route. Now, it is increasingly believed that the southern-route is the only expansion by which modern humans moved out of Africa and peopled all other non- African continents. Further support to this tantalizing proposition, even pointing out that Indian populations have ancestral foot prints to Chinese, has come from high density DNA mapping of - 85 - large number of populations from Asia- Pacific region by international collaborative study.

9 ref

017575   Rajendran R;Radhai R;Savitha R;Karthik Sundaram S;Kongarasi K;Geethdevi C;Rajalakshmi V (Microbiology PG and Research Dep, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore-641 014, Email: textilemicrobiology@gmail.com) : Antimicrobial property of the cotton fabric imparted with Michaelia champaca leaf extract loaded nanoparticles. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(3), 1235-44.

In the present work ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and benzene extract of the Michaelia champaca leaves were screened for their antimicrobial activity. The ethanolic extracts of M. champaca leaves were proved to have the maximum antimicrobial activity; thus the ethanolic leaf extract was selected and the nanoparticles were synthesized using ionic gelification method. The nanoparticles were characterized physically and chemically using TEM and FTIR respectively. The herbal extract loaded nanopartricles were coated on to the non woven cotton fabric using the pad dry cure method. The antimicrobial activity of the untreated and treated (M. champaca leaf extracts coated fabric and leaf extract loaded nanoparticles coated fabric) fabric were assessed by the standard AATCC 147, AATCC 30 and laundering durability. The herbal leaf extract loaded nanoparticles coated fabric showed the better antimicrobial activity and particularly highest wash durability when compared with other treated fabric. The controlled and sustained releasing property of the herb extract loaded nanoparticles could be attributed to its very effective antimicrobial activity. These particles could further have numerous applications in the field of medical textiles. The study revealed that the fabric coated with herbal extract loaded nanoparticles could act against microorganism in the fabric.

30 ref

017574   Rai N;Chaubey G;Thangaraj K (NO, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, Email: thangs@ccmb.res.in) : Human ancestry and people of India: genetic and non-genetic evidence. Indian J phys Anthrop Hum Genet 2015, 34(2), 273-81.

Due to its important geographical location and juxtaposition to the transcontinental admixture and migrations to and from both East and West, India has played a major role in shaping the peopling of old world, in both prehistoric and historic times. The archaeological evidence suggests the presence of hominin in this region since the Middle Pleistocene. The issue of ancient settlers and impact of various migrations are highly debatable; however there is a consensus between different disciplines of humanity that modern humans arrived to India from Africa. Linguistic, Archaeology and Genetic studies of the subcontinent largely portray different pictures. In recent years autosomal studies in human populations have revealed new insights about the prehistoric origin and migrations of - 84 - anatomically modern humans (AMH). In this review we have analyzed the genetic and non-genetic evidence available so far to build a consensus on peopling of South Asia. The geographic position and multiple line of evidence suggest that South Asia played a pivotal role in the colonization of the old world (Field et al., 2007; Petraglia and Allchin, 2007; Atkinson et al, 2008; Petraglia et al., 2010). Therefore, studying South Asia may provide the opportunity to re-evaluate and refine the models related to the evolutionary history of the modern humans.

1 illus, 53 ref

017573   Rahimi M;Seyfabadi J;Owfi F;Ansari Z (Marine Biology Dep, Faculty of Marine Science, Tarbiat Modares Univ, P.O. Box 46414-354, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran, Email: jseyfabadi@gmail.com) : Standard classification of intertidal habitats in North Qeshm island (persian gulf). Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(9), 1172-80.

As a new approach to ecological classification, the "Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS)" was applied to 141 km of the northern intertidal stretch of Qeshm Island during 2010. Biotic Cover and Surface Geology as the two components of the classification were used. Considering the extent and geomorphology of the area, 9 sites were designated using GPS. Density and distribution of biotic community were determined using 0.5x0.5 m quadrate and sediment was sampled up to 15 cm below the surface. Totally 32 codes were determined for 40 habitats (biotopes), and their positions were displayed on map by GIS. Acar spp., Barbatia sp. (molluscs), and Zoanthus sp. (cnidarian) can be regarded as the rocky substrates' specific biotopes, while Stichodactyla sp. (cnidarian) and Halophia sp. (seagrass) can be regarded as the sandy substrates' specific biotopes.

4 illus, 6 tables, 28 ref

017572   Nurgul S;Selda T O (Nutrition and Dietetic Dep, Suleyman Demirel Univ, Faculty of Health Science, 32260, Turkey, Email: nurgulsenol@sdu.edu.tr) : The histomorphological changes in Carassius carassius (linnaeus, 1758), liver and kidney tissues of some heavy metals. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(9), 1123-7.

Heavy metal concentrations were investigated in liver and kidney tissues of Carassius carassius. Liver and kidney tissues of these fish was exposed to routine histological process. The concentrations of metals which included Fe, Zn were determined liver and kidney tissue samples using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Fe and Zn levels in liver and kidney were measured as 1296.10±57.91, 507±24.92, 997.81±41.53 and 408.23±10.38. Toxic effects of heavy metals in liver and kidney tissues histopathological evaluation was performed with a light microscope.

3 illus, 25 ref

017571   Nayyef H J (Trop. Biol. Res. Unit, College of Science, Baghdad Univ, Iraq, Email: hanan_j_n@yahoo.com) : Occurrence of protozoal parasites in Rattus rattus rodent in Baghdad and outskirts, Iraq. Int J Sci Nat 2017, 8(2), 386-9.

The aim of present work is estimating common parasitic infections in Rodents distributed in Baghdad and outskirts. Protozoan parasites prevalence in the rat (Rattus rattus) may consider as a health problem. Eighty five rats were trapped and screened for protozoan parasites. Direct smear method and different parameters were used in this work. Results showed that all trapped rats were infected with parasite in a different percentage with combination among parasites types. Percent of male infected rats with parasites were (27.06%) more than female (23.53%). Fourkinds of protozoa were discovered in this work includes Cryptosporidium parvum - 83 - (79.06%), Entaomeba histolytica (7.69%), Isospora (31.25%) and Hymenolepis nana (23.07). Multiple parasitic infection noticed per host and high prevalence in the male rats.

4 tables, 26 ref

017570   Mushrif-Tripathy V;Yhome R R (NO, Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune, Email: veena.mushrif@dcpune.ac.in) : Overview on development of palaeopathology in the Indian sub-continent. Indian J phys Anthrop Hum Genet 2015, 34(2), 283-300.

The basic research interest is to reconstruct biological dynamics of earlier living human populations and clearly a sample of dead people is not the same as a sample of living people. What is less clear is how significant this difference is and what mechanisms can be used or developed to minimize the effect of this difference on the interpretation of our data (Ortner, 2003).

4 illus, 114 ref

017569   Mohd-Zamri N H;Sinin N J;Abu-Bakar N (School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Sains Malaysia Univ, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia, Email: natashaa@usm.my) : Preparation and - 82 - in vitro characterization of resealed erythrocytes containing TMR-dextran for determination of hemoglobin uptake and transfer by the malaria parasite. Int J pharm Sci Res 2017, 8(3), 1038-47.

The hemoglobin uptake and transport by the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum are preferable targets for antimalarial drug development. There is a need for alternative approaches to investigate the endocytic process of live and intact cells under non-disruptive conditions as previous findings were mostly based on morphological analysis of thin-section electron micrographs. In the present study, resealed erythrocytes containing TMR-dextran, the host cell cytoplasm marker, were prepared and characterized. Fresh erythrocytes were collected in EDTA anticoagulant vacutainer tubes, which proved to maintain a normal biconcave disk shape of the cells. Using a modified hypotonic dilution method, washed erythrocytes were lysed in 3 volumes of hemolysis buffer, which permitted the retention of 33.56 ± 7.84% of the original hemoglobin content of the cells. Resealed erythrocytes containing TMR-dextran were invaded by the parasites with similar efficiency to unlabeled cells, and able to support the parasite growth and development. Live cell fluorescence imaging of the endocytic process revealed the appearance of TMR-dextran-containing small endocytic vesicles with intense signals at early ring stage. These compartments coalesced in the early trophozoite stage to form a central digestive vacuole. A larger spherical structure within TMR-dextran labelled ring and trophozoite stage parasites was often observed, which is likely to resemble the previously described "Big Gulp". It is therefore concluded that resealed erythrocytes incorporated with TMR-dextran, which were proved their biological applicability, can be a model for the endocytic study of P. falciparum.

40 ref

017568   Mohammed M T;Rahman S A H A (NO, , Biology Dep, College of Science, Al-mustanririah Univ, College of Science- Al) : Relationship between anemia in pregnant women and some social parameters in Baghdad. Int J Sci Nat 2017, 8(2), 358-63.

The study was carried out four months in the province of Baghdad including many hospitals in Bagdad during 1st of the November 2016 until 28 February 2017. 120 pregnant women included in the present study ranged in age from 14-42 years were randomly selected. Pregnant women were divided into three groups according to the different periods of pregnancy every trimester include 40 pregnant women divided to 20 pregnant women with anemia and 20 without anemia after taking a blood film and hemoglobin as a good indicator for diagnosis of anemia, also, history taken by previously diagnosis and by physical examination. The results of the study the association between anemia in the pregnant and some social factors, such as: maternal age, age at marriage, age at first pregnancy, the maternal gravidity, parity of residence, abortion and place fetal loss. On the other hand occupation, monthly income and maternal education.

4 tables, 31 ref

017567   Mintah J K (Health Dep, Physical Education and Recreation Faculty of Science and Technology Ed, Ghana) : Rationalization of self-reported aggression among male and female university soccer players. Int J physc Educ Sports Hlth 2017, 4(5), 36-40.

The purpose of this study was to find out the type of aggression used by university male and female soccer players and the rationalizations they give for the use of each type of aggression. Sixty-four university soccer players, 26 males and 38 females, participated in this study. Participants responded to the Bredemeier Athletic Aggression Inventory short form and the Mintah-Huddleston Aggression Justification Inventory. Overall, participants disagreed with the use of both hostile and instrumental aggression. But, female soccer players disagreed more with the use of hostile and instrumental aggression than their male counterparts. Female soccer players agreed more with the use of instrumental rationalization than males. Thus, it could be concluded that university soccer players disagree with the use of hostile and instrumental aggression in sport.

2 tables, 28 ref

017566   Jose J (NO, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Science Univ, Wayanad, Kerala) : Natural threat; elephant Vs man and vice versa. Int J Fauna biol Stud 2017, 4(5), 36-8.

Elephant-human conflict is common phenomena of recent years. Anthropogenic reasons are the main ingredients of this conflict, some climatic factors also catalyse these conflicts. Sustainable development is the main solution to the conflict.

1 illus, 7 ref

017565   Jeya Bharathi M;Balachandar D;Kumar K (Plant Pathology Dep, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai-612 101) : Preparation and storage of bioinoculants from azospirillum brasilence ( dobereiner, 1978), bacillus megaterium ( enrenberg, 1835 ) var. phosphaticum and pseudomonas fluorescens (migula, 1985). Bioinfolet 2017, 14(3), 316-19.

Liquid bio-inoculant's were prepared using Nitrogen fixing Azospirillum brasilense, Phosphorus solubilising Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens. The results obtained indicated that the inoculants supplemented with 10 mM of phosphate buffer (pH - 81 - 7) + 10% glycerol supported maximum survival of Azospirillum (0.17 x 10¹⁹ MPN/mL), Bacillus (25 x 10¹⁹ cfu/mL) and Pseudomonas (21 x 10¹⁹ cfu/mL) population at room temperature.

1 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

017564   Gbaye O A;Afolabi O J;Simon-Oke I A;Lasisi A O (Biology Dep, Federal Univ of Technology, Akure, Nigeria) : Abundance and spatial distribution of mosquitoes across three ecological zones of Ondo state Nigeria. Int J Mosquito Res 2017, 4(5), 23-7.

The study was undertaken in three ecological zones of Ondo State to determine the abundance and spatial distribution of mosquitoes in the ecological zones of the state. Twenty (20) sampling sites randomly distributed across each of the zones were sampled using aspirators, dippers and pipettes. The results revealed 12 mosquitoes species belonging to 3 genera, these include 5 species of Culex (Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. andersoni, Cx. duttoni, Cx. pipiens and Cx. trigripis), 4 species of Aedes (Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. vittatus and Ae. palpalis) and 3 species of Anopheles (An. gambiae, An. arabiensis and An. funestus). The study further showed that Cx. quinquefasciatus was the most predominant Culex species observed in Idanre and Ese Odo, while Cx. andersoni was the predominant Culex species in Ondo, Ifon and Ikare Akoko. Ae. aegypti was the most dominant in all the locations except Ese Odo. An. gambiae has the highest occurrence in all the ecological zones. The results of this study show that the area is rich in mosquitoes, and the abundance of the mosquitoes especially the An. gambiae is of public health importance.

5 tables, 13 ref

017563   Driem G V (NO, Berne Univ, Institut fur Sprachwissenschaft, Langgassstrasse 49, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland, Email: george.vandriem@isw.unibe.ch) : Mongoloid myth. Indian J phys Anthrop Hum Genet 2015, 34(2), 167-91.

Scholarly ideas and scientific hypotheses tend to become digested by society at large and become part of popular lore. However, there is often a considerable time lag between the dawning of scientific insights and their popular acceptance. Consequently, some ideas live on in the popular imagination long after they have outlived their usefulness in scholarly discourse. In this way, obsolete conceptual frameworks can determine the content of popular discourse and shape political agendas and even societal developments. One such idea is the myth of the Mongoloid race, which continues to play a role today in the psyche of many people, especially in northeastern India. New insights from both historical linguistics and population genetics enable us to dispel the Mongoloid myth and at the same time highlight the importance of the Eastern Himalaya as a cradle of ethnogenesis in the primeval past.

10 illus, 77 ref

017562   Chaubey G (Evolutionary Biology Group, Estonian Biocentre, Riia23, Tartu, Estonia-51010, Email: gyanc@ebc.ee) : East asian ancestry in India. Indian J phys Anthrop Hum Genet 2015, 34(2), 193-9.

It has been suggested that Indian populations constitute the second largest diversity of human populations just after Africa. Based on the mitochondrial DNA evidence it was suggested that the prehistoric South Asia (including Southeast Asia) carried half of the world populations 20-40 thousands years ago. Such scenario led some to conclude a complex and deep demographic history of the subcontinent with minor gene flow from East and the West. The relatedness of India to Central Asian, European, Middle Eastern, the Caucasus and to the East/Southeast Asians has been suggested, but none of the study has estimated the East/Southeast Asian ancestry among the extent population of India. Here the analysis of genome wide data on Indian and East/Southeast Asian demonstrated their restricted distinctive ancestry in India mainly running along the foothills of Himalaya and northeastern part. - 80 - Moreover, we have also identified the consistency of East/Southeast Asian ancestry over the population history of the subcontinent leading the entry of Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages.

1 illus, 30 ref

017561   Bhaskar L V K S;Patra P K (Biochemistry Dep, Sickle Cell Institute Chhattisgarh, Pt.JNM Medical College, Raipur-492 001, Email: lvksbhaskar@gmail.com) : Sickle cell disease is autochthonous and unique in Indian populations. Indian J phys Anthrop Hum Genet 2015, 34(2), 201-10.

Sickle-cell disease (SCD) is the most common and most serious form of an inherited blood disorder that affects red blood cells. The homozygous state of sickle allele (HbS) gives rise to SCD and the asymptomatic trait (SCT) is considered as a host genetic adaptation to malaria throughout the world. The objectives of this paper are to review the current epidemiology of SCD worldwide as well as looking at its origins and history in Indian populations. The natural history of sickle cell anaemia in India is entirely different from Africa. Co-inheritance of alpha thalassemia, presence of higher fetal haemoglobin (HbF) levels and autochthonous Arab-Indian haplotype are the important features of the Indian Sickle cell disease. The evolutionary forces along with the endogamy practices of Indian populations resulted in higher differences in HbS allele among Indian populations.

2 illus, 39 ref

017560   Azeez R A (Basic Science Dep, Baghdad Univ, College of Dentistry, Iraq) : The related changes between diabetic positive family history children's and salivary sialic acid, flow rate, age, gender in iraqi primary school. Int J Sci Nat 2017, 8(2), 245-50.

In this study we made an effort toward estimation Levels of salivary sialic acid biochemical parameters as signs of prophesy diabetes in children's family history diabetes mellitus type 2. Sialic acids appear in numerous human being body fluids containing tears, saliva, human milk, urine, serum, and gastric juice. Sialic acid was an important portion in all salivary mucins, name of sialic acid was taken from the Greek 'sialos' meaning saliva. Disturbance in a metabolic rate of sialic acid owing to inherited fault might impair physiological - 79 - functional and make happen disorder. Many of infrequent disorders that include sialic acid increase and lack in human beings have been explained. People with a positive family history of diabetes, containing children, might show early signs of faulty insulin actions. Our Study was conducted on 106 individuals between the age group of 6-13 years. Primary school children took part in this study, focusing on family history of diabetes mellitus, with diabetes family history was defined by 1st and second relatives, Quantitative determination of free and total Sialic acid was used to estimate the concentration of salivary Sialic Quanti ChromTM Sialic Acid Assay Kit (Cat<35> DSLA-100) from BioAssay Systems (USA). A significant correlation was observed between age (6-9), (10-13) years and sialic acid in study group(r=0.03; P<60>0.05) and in control group (r=0.01; P<60>0.0). A significant correlation was observed between age (6-9),(10-13) years and salivary flow rate in 1, 5 min in study group. (r=0.32; P <60> 0.05), high-level salivary secretion produced through increased age group. In the research with bigger samples was requisited and long time to support these findings.

3 illus, 4 tables, 23 ref

017559   Ashok Kumar (NO, PGT Physical Education, DAV Safidon, Haryana) : Impact of yoga practices on motor ability of the adolescent boys and girls. Int J physc Educ Sports Hlth 2017, 4(5), 25-9.

Yoga is an ancient Indian science which teaches man how to live in unity within himself and with those around him. It is recognized as one of the most important and valuable heritages of India. More than 2000 years ago, our ancestors developed it to bind the body, mind and spirit, as a harmonious whole. It has been growing in popularity with unbelievable rapidity over the years. Today the whole world is looking towards yoga for answers to the various problems the modern man is facing. Yoga is a way of life. It is an integrated system of education for the body, mind and inner spirit. This art of right living was perfected and practiced in India thousands of years ago but, as yoga deals with universal truths, its teachings are valid today as they were in the ancient times. Yoga is a practical aid, does not belong to one religion and its techniques could be practiced by the Buddhists, Jews, Christians, Muslims, Hindus and the Atheists alike.

1 table, 19 ref

017558   Agustiningtyas I;Lusiyana N (Microbiology Dep, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Indonesia) : Ovitrap survey and serotype identification of dengue virus on Aedes sp mosquito in potorono, Banguntapan, Bantul, Indonesia. Int J Mosquito Res 2017, 4(5), 32-7.

Dengue fever is caused by DENV transmitted by Aedes sp. Ovitrap is used to survey the density of Aedes sp population. The aim of the study was to survey the adult p of Aedes sp and to identify DENV serotype. Ovitraps were used to collect the eggs of Aedes sp in indoor and outdoor of randomly selected houses. Total of 100 ovitraps was provided in 4 areas, 95 ovitraps were collected after nine days. Dengue virus serotypes were determined by RT-PCR. Ovitrap index in RT 7, RT 13, RT 1, and RT 3 were 42,9%, 64%, 54.2%, and 20%, respectively. The results of RT-PCR in 4 areas showed negative DENV 1-4. Ovitrap index in 4 areas of Potorono, Banguntapan, Bantul is high with the most abundant mosquitoes was Aedes aegypti. Surveillance of adult Aedes sp mosquitos is necessary for vector management control of DENV transmission.

3 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

016688   Vijayalakshmi Selvakumar S;Subhashini Rajkumar G;Bhuvaneswari Manivel S;Chitra Devi Senthilkumar K (Microbiology PG & Research Dep, Shrimati Indhira Gandhi College, Trichy) : Calcium precipitating bacteria on biomimitic coating material. Int J pharm Res Biosci 2017, 6(2), 14-24.

The possible mechanism on calcium crystals formation by marine thermophilic bacteria has been explained. So many factors involved for crystal formation such as pH, temperature, salt etc. In the present study microbiological aspects of crystal formation. The natural bacterial growth curve and pH measurement were done. The Marine thermophilic calcium precipitating bacteria are rod shaped bacteria observed by Epi-fluorescence microscope and paint coated mild steel coupons with calcium precipitating bacteria harvested from B4 medium. The SEM studied for the calcium precipitating bacteria was around 1 μm cell. FTIR and XRD were analyzed and indicated the presence of calcium carbonate with the bacterial pellets. It indicates that the presence of calcium coat in the outer surface of bacteria found.

3 illus, 12 ref

016687   Thiyagarajan S;Bavya M;Jamal A (Microbiology Dep, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border Univ, Arar-91431, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: drsthiyagarajan@live.com) : Isolation of marine fungi Aspergillus sp. and its in vitro antifouling activity against marine bacteria. J envir Biol 2016, 37(5), 895-903.

Biofouling is considered as a main issue of concern in aquatic environment causing severe economic loss and pollution. The aim of the present study was to isolate marine fungus antagonistic to biofouling bacteria and to define antifouling compounds present in it. Using standard plate method five predominant biofouling bacteria viz., Methylococcus sp., Flavobacterium sp., Marinococcus sp., Serratia sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were isolated from marine solid substances on Zobell's agar. Tolerance range of these bacteria to NaCl was 2-10%. Isolation of fungi from mangrove and estuarine sediments and their screening identified Aspergillus sp. EF4 as a potential isolate. This isolate caused inhibition of all the five test bacterial cultures measuring zone diameters respectively of 11, 16, 12, 13 and 11mm. Subsequent to submerged fermentation using shaking flask method this fungus produced bioactive compounds within 5 days. The culture parameters optimized were raffinose as carbon source, yeast extract as lone nitrogen source, pH up to 9.0 and temperature up to 40°C. Antifouling compounds of culture filtrate were separated and detected by a three-step procedure involving thin layer chromatography, bioautography and preparative TLC. The in vitro assay involving glass slide-wooden stick-biofilm method revealed that these compounds could cause inhibition and destruction of bacteria to an extent of 2.16 x 10⁴ CFU ml^-1 and 2.46 x 10⁴ CFU ml^-1 respectively while growth of bacteria in control beaker was enumerated to be 4.41 x 10⁴ CFU ml^-1. High performance liquid chromatography of culture filtrate indicated probable principal antifouling compound as Fumonisin B2. Isolation of antagonistic marine fungus from Indian coast and detection of its antifouling compound would help in planning effective strategies for controlling biofouling in marine environment.

7 tables, 37 ref

016686   Swain A;Chatterjee S (Undergraduate Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru-560 012, Email: anshuman@ug.iisc.in ) : New formulation for determination of the competition coefficient in multispecies interaction for lotka-volterra type competition models. Curr Sci 2017, 112(9), 1920-6.

Determination of competition coefficients constitutes a vital part in the competition-based Lotka-Volterra-type population dynamics models. Various models have been proposed for the same, some of which were instinctive formulations, while some others were derived from dynamical and equilibrium relations pertaining to population dynamics. In this work, a new instinctive formulation to determine the competi-tion coefficient has been proposed based on various parameters that determine the intensity of interspecific competition like the availability of resources, relative importance of a particular resource for a species, energy expenditure per resource utilization, etc.

36 ref

016685   Surendra Kumar;Priya E;Solanki D S;Sharma R; Gehlot P;Pathak R;Singh S K (Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, Botany Dep, JNV Univ, Jodhpur-342 001, Email: drpg73@rediffmail.com) : Occurrence and characterization of hitherto unknown Streptomyces species in semi-arid soils. J envir Biol 2016, 37(5), 927-36.

Streptomyces the predominant genus of Actinobacteria and plays an important role in the recycling of soil organic matter and production of important secondary metabolites. The occurrence and diversity assessment of Streptomyces species revealed alkaline and poor nutrient status of soils of semi-arid region of Jodhpur, Rajasthan. The morphological and biochemical characterization of 21 Streptomyces isolates facilitated Genus level identification but were insufficient to designate species. Species designation based on 16S rRNA gene delineated 21 isolates into 14 Streptomyces species. Upon BLAST search, the test isolates exhibited 98 to 100% identities with that of the best aligned sequences of the NCBI database. The GC content of 16S rRNA gene sequences of all the Streptomyces isolates tested ranged from 59.03% to 60.94%. The multiple sequence alignment of all the 21 Streptomyces isolates generated a phylogram with high bootstrap values indicating reliable grouping of isolates based on nucleotide sequence variations by way of insertion, deletion and substitutions and 16S rRNA length polymorphism. Some of the Streptomyces species molecularly identified under present study are reported for the first time from semi-arid region of Jodhpur.

1 illus, 6 tables, 50 ref

016684   Singh G;Sharma P;Sharma S (Microbiology Div, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: geetasinghkartik@gmail.com) : Role of growth media on the phytopromotional potential of symbiotic fungus Piriformospora indica. J envir Biol 2016, 37(5), 889-94.

Piriformospora indica biomass generated in different growth media Rose Bengal medium, Kaefer's Medium, Enriched Soil Medium, Malt extract Medium and Czapek Dox was quantified and their bioinoculum potential was compared using moong bean (Vigna radiata) as test plant. Plant chlorophyll content in response to inoculations was lowest in Rose Bengal medium (2.772mg plant^-1) and highest due to inoculum produced on Enriched soil Medium (3.694 mg plant^-1). The highest nitrogen content (19.260 mg plant^-1) was recorded by inoculum produced on Kaefer's Medium - 110 - followed by Enriched Soil Medium (19.123 mg plant^-1), ME (18.19 mg plant^-1) and CD medium (17.71 mg plant^-1). The highest plant phosphorus uptake was registered in Enriched Soil Medium (17.153 mg plant^-1) followed by Kaefer's Medium (17.023 mg plant^-1). Maximum dry weight of plants was observed by inoculation with fungus cultured in Kaefer's Medium (3.416 g pot^-1) and Enriched Soil Medium (3.349 g pot^-1). Thus, growth medium used for the culture of fungus can influence its bioefficacy as plant growth promoting agent and Piriformospora indica can be grown on cost effective and simple mass multiplication medium which could augment its usage for commercial purposes.

2 tables, 29 ref

016683   Singh A;Sharma P K;Majumdar D K (NO, R V Northland Institute, Dadri, Greater Noida, Gautam Buddh Nagar-203 207, Email: amit21may@rediffmail.com) : Susceptibility and comparative bioassay study for determination of fluconazole concentrations in Candida spp. by broth macrodilution and disc diffusion methods. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(6), 377-82.

Fluconazole (FLZ) is a broad range antifungal agent clinically used to treat mycoses. Only few methods are available for quantifications of FLZ in biological samples. HPLC, though the method of choice, is expensive and laborious. Here, we proposed an economical simple method [broth macrodilution (BMD) and disc diffusion (DDT)] for quantification of FLZ. A comparative study for susceptibility and bioassay testing of fluconazole was conducted with six Candida isolates by broth macrodilution and disc diffusion method. Both the methods were performed according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) recommendations (M-27A). The endpoint of macrodilution (BMD) method and disc diffusion (DDT) method were minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC₉₀) and zone of inhibition after 48 and 72 h of incubation, respectively. The susceptibility and bioassay performance including the minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC90, and linearity coefficient (r²) were found satisfactory.

1 illus, 3 tables, 22 ref

016682   Silvester R;Alexander D;George M;Hatha A A M (Marine Biology Dep, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin Univ of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Cochin-682 016, Email: sanasilvester@gmail.com) : Prevalence and multiple antibiotic resistance of Vibrio coralliilyticus, along the southwest coast of India. Curr Sci 2017, 112(8), 1749-55.

Samples from two different estuaries (Cochin and Kumarakom) and a shrimp farm located along the southwest coast of - 109 - India were analysed for the presence of Vibrio species. V. coralliilyticus, a global marine pathogen had high prevalence in all the three sources. The incidence of V. coralliilyticus was very high in the Cochin estuary (40%) when compared to the shrimp pond (20%) and Kumarakom estuary (19%). The susceptibility of V. coralliilyticus strains to 20 different antibiotics and their plasmid profiles were also checked. All the tested strains exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance, showing resistance towards 5-9 antibiotics tested. Resistance was shown towards amoxycillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, oxytetracycline, trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, furazolidone, sulphamethoxasole, erythromycin, while all the strains were sensitive to streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, netillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxasole, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Multiple antibiotic resistance index varied from 0.25 to 0.55. Forty-three per cent of the isolates harboured 1-3 plasmids, with size ranging from 0.5 to 33 kb. Thus the present study demonstrates the high incidence, multiple antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiling of V. coralliilyticus from the southwest coast of India.

3 illus, 2 tables, 34 ref

016681   Shutenko A;Shutenko E;Sitarov V;Romaniuk L (NO, Belgorod State Technological Univ named after V.G Shukhov, Belgorod, Russia, Email: avalonbel@mail.ru) : Psychological possibilities and function of modern information technologies as the means for students' self-realization in university training. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(1), 130-44.

The objective of this study was to define the leading functions of information and communication technologies that stimulate the manifestation of various forms of students' self-realization in the educational process of the university. The socio-cultural approach that enables to reveal the role of information technologies as means for transferring the experience of culture and realizing students' essential forces is the leading approach to study this issue. The research has found attributive signs and modalities of students' self-realization (cognitive, communicative, creative, fame, praxis, pragmatic, influence, pugnacious, dedicative). Also was shown a two-contour model of information technologies functions, which activate these signs in the course of training (actual and potential functions). The implementation of the proposed functions will help to create an integrated informational and educational environment for students' self-realization.

2 illus, 26 ref

016680   Rana P D;Brahmbhatt B (MPT-Orthopaedic Condition, Parul Univ, Ahmedabad, Gujarat) : Effect of muscle energy technique versus positional release technique in computer workers with upper trapezius muscle spasm: A comparative study. Int J multidiscipl Res Dev 2017, 4(5), 29-35.

Upper trapezius muscle is most commonly affected in neck pain in about two thirds of people. To compare the effectiveness of Muscle - 108 - Energy Technique (MET) versus Positional Release Technique (PRT) in terms of subjective improvement in Pain, Range of Motion and Function in computer workers suffering from trapezius muscle spasm. Randomized comparative study. All computer worker with trapezius muscle spasm was screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then patient were allocated into two groups (30 subjects in each), MET+TENS and PRT+TENS by using computer generated random sampling. Outcomes were measured using Visual Analogue Scale, Neck Disability Index Score, Cervical ROM was measured using Universal Goniometer and Manual Muscle testing done for 3 sessions per week for 4weeks. Paired t-test and unpaired t-test was used to compare effectiveness of the techniques. A total of 56 subjects, 26 in MET+TENS and 30 in PRT+TENS group were enrolled. VAS and NDI score reduction was seen around 74% and 80% & 50 and 55% respectively (P<60>0.0001). In our study ROM was increased by 3-11% & 5-16% in MET and PRT group (P<60>0.0001). MMT was increased by 11-16% & 18-22% in MET and PRT group (P<60>0.0001).Group B is superior in all respects and our result suggest concludes pain relief and Group A delayed pain relief. VAS and NDI score was valid, well-constructed, reliable, consistent and valid (r=0.94, 0.92, 0.91, alpha=0.83 and r=0.89, 0.86, 0.86, alpha=0.75, respectively). PRT was more statistically and clinically superior for decreasing VAS, NDI score and improving ROM and MMT. PRT showed earlier pain relief as compared to MET. So, if patient requires prompt pain relief positional release technique is the best treatment which can be offered by Physiotherapist.

4 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

016679   Murugan Kumar;Jagannadham P T K;Sateesh V; Prasanna R;Saxena A K (NO, ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, Email: saxena461@yahoo.com) : Allelic variations in dnaK of thermotolerant bacilli inhabiting thermal springs. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(8), 527-31.

Abiotic stresses including high or low temperature are known to affect productivity in plants as well as microflora, and often heat shock proteins (Hsps) are induced in cells experiencing such heat stress. Hsp 70 which belongs to one of the five major families of Hsps, DnaK family, plays a vital role in the protection and recovery of cells damaged by heat stress. Further, the role of dnak gene encoding a protein related to Hsp70 in thermoregulation has been established already. In this study, we analyzed a set of thermotolerant bacilli for variation in the dnaK gene that codes for DnaK/Hsp70 protein. A part of the dnaK was amplified from seven different bacilli isolated from Manikaran hot springs, Himachal Pradesh, India. Phylogenetic analyses of dnaK in the set of strains generated four clusters, three representing highly thermotolerant strains and one, a moderately thermotolerant strain. However, analyses of deduced amino acid sequences generated only three clusters, two representing highly thermotolerant strains and one representing moderately thermotolerant strain. Comparison of DnaK of highly thermotolerant strain (M5) and moderately thermotolerant strain (M36) revealed polymorphism for 26 amino acids in the ATPase domain and for one amino acid in the substrate binding domain. It can be hypothesized that polymorphism in the DnaK could be linked to the difference in the temperature tolerance limit of the two strains.

3 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

016678   Munkueva I S;Mikheeva A S;Potaev V S; Sangadieva I G;Subanakov G Y (NO, Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude, Smolina Street, 24a, 670000, Russia, Email: dashi555@mail.ru) : Research of the interinfluence of the environment conditions and people's economic behavior. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 401-8.

People always have a certain national, ethnic, historical characteristics as well as centuries-old traditions shaped by environmental conditions and work lifestyle. As a result of all these factors economic mentality is formed. Forming historically for centuries, the mentality determines the national model of economic and social behavior. An analysis was made by leading scientists, economists, historians, sociologists, ecologists and philosophers, who attempted to describe the interaction of living conditions of the Eurasian people and their economic behavior based on ethnic and religious features. The authors came to the conclusion about the need to build a strategic axis of development in the Eurasian economy with the introduction of ethnic-economical practices in terms of "green" civilization. In the proposed motto "Eurasia is the territory of the "green civilization", the strategy of development for the entire twenty-first century is focused on quality reproduction of the most valuable resources - human and natural.

25 ref

016677   Jain V (Botany Dep, Government Meera Girls' College, Udaipur-313 001, Email: vartikajain31@gmail.com) : Ethno-biology of exhibits in a mega handicraft fair of Rajasthan. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2017, 16(3), 524-32.

Traditional arts and crafts are important means of socio-economic uplifting of communities as well as financial growth of states and country. A ten days mega handicraft fair is organized every year at the end of December in Shilpgram- The rural arts and crafts complex at Udaipur, Rajasthan where people from all over India associated with traditional arts come to exhibit and sell their products. An ethno-biological survey was done in the fair to explore about plant and animal based art and craft items. Information obtained from 35 sellers has revealed use of 45 plant and 7 animal products in form of various creative items of aesthetic, domestic and personal utility. The paper illuminates the importance of various plants and animal products in human life as well as emphasizes the need of such mega fairs on regular basis in different parts of country for development and preservation of traditional skills and also for raising the standards of economically backward sections of society.

45 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

016676   Ismail Z;Sam C K;Yin W F;Chan K G (Genetics and Molecular Biology Div, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Malaya Univ, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Email: kokgan@um.edu.my) : Tropical mangrove swamp metagenome reveals unusual abundance of ecologically important microbes. Curr Sci 2017, 112(8), 1698-703.

The tropical ecosystem is extremely rich in flora and fauna, but the tropical mangrove soil microbial diver-sity remains illusive. To address this knowledge gap, we characterized the metagenome of a Malaysian mangrove soil sample and its microbial ecological roles via next-generation sequencing (NGS). Shotgun NGS data analysis revealed high diversity of ecologi-cally important microbes from bacteria and archaea domains. Also, an unusually high number of archaea was detected together with high abundance of Del-taproteobacteria. In a functional study by the SEED classification in MEGAN, virulence factor genes were abundantly present, implying that the mangrove soil is a potential reservoir of pathogens.

7 illus, 23 ref

016675   Gurumayum S;Kalra K L;Kocher G S (Microbiology Dep, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: sushmagurumayum@gmail.com) : Mutagenesis of Pachysolen tannophilus and its protoplast fusion with Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ethanol production. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 322-9.

The study deals with mutagenesis of P. tannophilus MTCC1077 and protoplast fusion between S. cerevisiae G and P. tannophilus MTCC1077 to obtain variants and fusants capable of ethanol production from xylose. A total of 103 and 102 ethanol negative variants were selected from mutagenesis with UV and EMS respectively. The parent P. tannophilus MTCC1077 gave maximum ethanol yield of 0.339g/g with a - 106 - corresponding fermentation efficiency of 66.47% from 20g/l xylose when fermentation was carried out for 120hr at 30°C at a pH of 5.0 with 6% v/v inoculum and aeration of 100rpm. Two ethanol negative mutants Uvmut 62 and Uvmut 41 gave ethanol yields 0.347g/g and 0.350g/g respectively. Three ethanol negative mutants EMSmut14, EMSmut39 and EMSmut26 gave ethanol yield of 0.346g/g 0.350g/g, 0.364g/g respectively. S. cerevisiae G gave ethanol yield of 0.430g/g with fermentation efficiency of 84.21%. Protoplast fusion between S. cerevisiae G and P. tannophilus MTC1077 yielded two stable fusants FUS1 and FUS2 which gave yield of 0.244g/g and 2.273g/g respectively from mixture of glucose and xylose after 72 hrs of fermantation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study of parent strains and fusants revealed differences in the cell surface and also in budding pattern as compared to that seen with either of the individual parent strains. DNA contents of the two fusants were larger than that of any single parental strains, suggesting that these fusants have inherited genetic material from both parental strains.

6 illus, 28 ref

016674   Egorov V V (NO, Russian Academy of Sciences, Photochemistry Center, 7a Novatorov Street, Moscow, 119421, Russian Federation, Email: egorov@photonics.ru) : Dozy-chaos end of the human civilization. Ultra Scient phys Sci-Sect B 2017, 29(1-4), 87-96.

It is proposed to consider human beings and human community as very complex molecular physical systems in which dozy chaos plays a governing dynamic role. Dozy chaos is the cause of molecular quantum transitions and various chemical reactions, and as a result, the evolution of the entire molecular matter, up to the emergence of life, genome, and human being as such. It puts forward a concept of self-examination of dozy chaos, from which it is shown that mankind is likely doomed to failure in the short historical perspective as a result of the disastrous rise of egoistic inner contradictions, unless it learns to recode its genome from egoistic to altruistic by controlling dozy chaos on a global scale. It is argued that from the perspective of the survival of humanity in conditions of the existing egotistic human genotype, bipolar political arrangement of the world is preferable to both unipolar and multipolar arrangements of the world. It is shown that the gap between the high, and further growing rapidly, level of technological progress and an extremely low level of altruism of the human genotype, caused by our biological origin from the animal world, is the main and fatal source of our likely collective and common suicide in the near future.

1 illus, 19 ref

015792   Zulkifli S Z;Mohamat-Yusuff F;Mukhtar A; Ismail A;Miyazaki N (Biology Dep, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: syaizwan@upm.edu.my) : Biomagnification of selected toxic trace elements (CR, AS, CD, PB) in a mangrove ecosystem: Insights from stable isotope analysis. Pollut Res 2016, 35(2), 211-19.

The present study used a food chain model of the giant mudskipper (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) to demonstrate the mobility of the trace elements (Cr, As, Cd and Pb) in a mangrove ecosystem. Samples of sediments, P. schlosseri and its food items were collected, digested and determine the trace elements concentration. The mean concentrations of the trace elements were relatively low. In sediments, the concentration of As was found to exceed the Interim Sediment Quality Guideline-low (ISQG-low). The concentrations were correlated to nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ15N) to investigate mobility patterns. Data on d15N demonstrated clear separation of trophic levels in the food chain. Integration of P. schlosseri and its stomach contents data showed a strong relationship with r=0.89 for Cr, r=0.75 for As, r=0.93 for Cd and r=0.95 for Pb. These elements are in bio magnification pattern along the food chain of P. schlosseri. In this study, the stable isotope ratio is used to investigate the mobility of trace elements and other pollutants along the food chain in mangrove ecosystems.

2 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

015791   Tiwari D K;Tiwari M;Sahoo B R (NO, Mechanobiology Institute, National Univ of Singapore, 5A, Engineering Drive 1, Singapore-117 411, Email: dhermendratiwari@gmail.com) : Optical nanoscopy tools for biologists: advancement of fluorophores and optics for high resolutions and live imaging. Curr Sci 2017, 112(4), 714-24.

Optical nanoscopy has emerged as an important tool for live cell imaging at the nanoscale resolution in the field of life sciences. The 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this invention proves its importance in multidisciplinary areas of science. Several optical nanoscopic methods have been introduced in the past decade to achieve diffraction-unlimited resolution by implementing new optical setup or utilization of unique photoswitchable fluorophores, or both. In this review we extensively discuss the biological importance of nanoscopy and the latest advancements and types of fluorophores needed for imaging. This review will be a starter-kit for biologists working in the field of bioimaging.

5 illus, 1 table, 86 ref

015790   Tahir A;Lateef Z;Abdel-Megeed A;Sholkamy E N; Mostafa A A (Environmental Science Dep, Lahore College for Women Univ, Lahore-54000, Pakistan, Email: arifa.tahir@yahoo.com) : In vitro compatibility of fungi for the biosorption of zinc (II) and copper (II) from electroplating effluent. Curr Sci 2017, 112(4), 839-44.

The study describes the potential of mixed fungal isolates, i.e. Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizopus oryzae for the removal of zinc(II) and copper(II) from aquatic environments. Capacity of mixed fungal biomass to adsorb Zn(II) and Cu(II) were studied in batch sorption experiments as bioremediators. Optimal conditions from contact time, pH, initial metal ion concentration and temperature for remediation of Zn(II) and Cu(II) were studied. Typically, the uptake of Zn(II) and Cu(II) rises with increasing pH up to 4.0. Optimal metal concentration was 150 mg/l when the maximum removal of copper and zinc was 69.5% and 30.3% respectively, was observed at initial metal concentration. Maximum uptake for metals was achieved after 15 min. The maximum biosorption for copper and zinc by selected fungi was achieved at 7.0 g of biosorbent. IR spectrum of three fungal species showed the presence of C=O groups, amine and amide N-H - 129 - functional stretch.

10 illus, 34 ref

015789   Shadan N;Ziabari A A;Meraat R;Jalali K M (Microbiology Dep, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch of Guilan, Islamic Aza, Rasht, Iran, Email: ali.abd.ziabari@gmail.com) : Effects of Mg incorporation and annealin temperature on the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes of ZnO nanoparticles. Pramana J Phys 2017, 88(2), 105-110.

In this paper, Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by the facile sol-gel method. The crystalline structure, characteristic absorption bands and morphology of the obtained Mg-doped ZnO nanoparticles were studied by XRD, FTIR and TEM. The thermal degradation behaviour of the samples was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). The effect of Mg concentrations and annealing temperatures on the antibacterial properties of the obtained nanoparticles was investigated in detail.The results indicated that doping Mg ions into ZnO lattice could enhance its antibacterial activity. Antibacterial assay demonstrated that Mg-doped ZnO with 7 Mg content annealed at 400°C had the strongest antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes (98.7). This study indicated that the inhibition rate of ZnO nanoparticles increased with the formation of granular structure and the decrease of ZnO size due to the doping of Mg ions into the ZnO lattice.

3 illus, 11 ref

015788   Sahu S K;Singh R;Murugesan P;Muthuvelu S; Kathiresan K (Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Annamalai Univ, Parangipettai-608 502, Email: pmurugesaan74@gmail.com) : Biochemical studies on the live feed polychaete, Nereis sp., in relation to maturity stages. Indian J Geomar Sci 2017, 46(3), 591-6.

Biochemical composition (protein, lipids, carbohydrates and moisture content) and fatty acid profile of the Nereis sp. was analyzed on dry weight basis in relation to maturity stages. Hatchery bred polychaetes (Nereis sp.) were procured and segregated into four size groups based on the oocyte diameter as immature (4.0 - 9.0 cm), early maturing (9.1-13.0 cm), late maturing (13.1-16.0 cm) and matured (16.0 cm and above). With the increase in maturity stages/size groups, the oocyte diameter was found to increase in size with a minimum of 9.48 μm (immature) to a maximum of 325.82 μm (matured). The amount of protein was found to be maximum (74.47±1.08%) in immature group and minimum (49.3±0.85%) in matured. Percentage of lipid gradually increased from immature to late maturing group but in matured group it was considerably reduced. Carbohydrate composition was almost same in all the groups ranging from - 128 - 2.16±0.07 to 2.12±0.06%. Interestingly, fatty acid profile of Nereis sp. revealed significant differences among the various size groups. MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid) was the most abundant fatty acid constituting about 47% to 53% of the total fatty acid. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was found to be increased with the increase in size group. Among PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acid), arachidonic acid was the most dominant fatty acid and with the increase in maturity the concentration of PUFA declined abruptly. Present study led to an understanding of why polychaetes and especially Nereis sp. is one of the most important food sources in aquaculture sector worldwide.

49 ref

015787   Rajalakshmi R;Rajalakshmi S;Parida A (NO, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, 3rd Cross Street, Institutional Area, Taramani, Chennai-600 113, Email: drajayparida@gmail.com) : Evaluation of the genetic diversity and population structure in drumstick (Moringa oleifera L.) using SSR markers. Curr Sci 2017, 112(6), 1250-6.

Moringa belongs to the family Moringaceae comprising 13 species of which Moringa oleifera is more widely cultivated. It is an economically important multipurpose tree with immense nutritional value and has significant potential to address malnutrition. In the present study, a total of 97 accessions collected from different districts of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha were genotyped using 20 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assess the genetic diversity and population structure. A total of 140 alleles were detected with the polymorphic information content value of 0.6832 and gene diversity 0.7292. Population structure analysis through a model- based approach divided the accessions into two subgroups. Molecular variance analysis using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) summarized a 18.32% variation in the first 3 axes and analysis of molecular variance analysis indicates a 2% variance among the population with the remaining 98% variance attributed to variation within individuals. Cluster analysis based on unweighted neighbour-joining showed a clear separation of samples into two subgroups. Further comparison of the cluster subgroup showed high consistency with the STRUCTURE pattern and PCoA plot. The findings reveal a high diversity in the analysed genotypes from which a few distinct accessions could be utilized for further exploration based on their nutritional content and for conservation of nutritionally superior germplasm.

6 illus, 3 tables, 30 ref

015786   Paul S;Wong L S;Ong C H (NO, INTI International Univ, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, Email: lingshing79@yahoo.com) : Responses of carotenoids in cyanobacteria Anabaena cylindrica as potential bio-indicator for heavy metals detection. Pollut Res 2016, 35(2), 259-62.

Heavy metals have detrimental effect on humans and other organisms, therefore continuous monitoring is required. The main objective of this experiment is to study the effects of single and combined toxicity response of Anabaena cylindrica towards three heavy metals- copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The cells from day 7 culture with approximately 2.36 x 106 cell/ mL were immobilized with 1% agarose in cuvettes. The exposures to various concentrations of heavy metals were then carried out. The effects of heavy metals on carotenoids, produced during photo oxidative stress were measured using spectrophotometer at λ = 450 nm. The results showed the cells responded to single heavy metal by the - 127 - change of optical density (OD), while predominantly antagonistic effect was indicated on combined toxicity of heavy metals. The response of A. cylindrica to heavy metals showed the potential of the cyan bacteria to be utilized as bio-indicator for single and combined heavy metals detection in aquatic environment.

3 tables, 14 ref

015785   Panikar C S;Paingankar M S;Deshmukh S; Abhyankar V;Deobagkar D D (Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Studies, Zoology Dep, Savitribai Phule Pune Univ, Pune-411 007, Email: dddeo@unipune.ac.in) : DNA methylation changes in a gene-specific manner in different developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster. Curr Sci 2017, 112(6), 1165-75.

Although genomic DNA of Drosophila melanogaster has been shown to contain little cytosine methylation, the distribution of this genome-wide methylation patterns in different life stages remains to be elucidated. We have developed an immunochemical method using cDNA microarray to assess methylation. In the present work, this methylation microarray method was employed to identify DNA methylation in and around the genes in different life stages of D. melanogaster. This led to the identification of methylated genes in three stages of D. melanogaster, viz. embryo, pupa and adult. It is noteworthy that there was differential methylation in genes in different life cycle stages. Remarkably, a few functional annotation clusters showed negative correlation between transcription of a particular gene and its methylation status. In this analysis, some of the genes attributed to characteristic biological processes of particular life stage in D. melanogaster were found to be methylated in other life stages. The analysis while providing a methylation map also suggests that gene-specific DNA methylation is altered during the life cycle stages of D. melanogaster.

5 illus, 3 tables, 51 ref