027961   PANDIT A, BEGUM Y, CHATTERJEE K, SWARNAKAR S (CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur-700 032, Kolkata, Email: snehasiktas@hotmail.com) : Hormonal regulation of endometriosis and clinical significance. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2018, 55(5), 351-60.

Worldwide almost 10 % of reproductive-aged women are affected by endometriosis and suffer from dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. Endometriosis is a gynecological condition in which endometrial cells are deposited outside the uterine cavity and eventually develop into functional endometrial glands and stroma. It is an estrogen-dependent disease and is critically modulated by other hormones of the reproductive system. Estrogen promotes the cell survival and pro-inflammatory roles for both endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. Overexpression of ER-β promotes invasion of endometriotic lesions as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, estrogen stimulates the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which supports angiogenesis in the ectopic lesions. Progesterone counteracts estrogen and inhibits the growth of the endometrial glandular cells. Progesterone resistant endometrial cells confer apoptotic-resistance and aggravate disease condition. Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of uterine muscles by upregulating PGF2α secretion via calcium-mediated pathways leading to dysmenorrhea in endometriosis. On the contrary, gonadotropin and its receptor produce amenorrhea by inducing mitochondrial apoptosis and reducing angiogenesis. Scientists are now exploring these hormone-dependent pathologies of endometriosis to develop anti-endometriotic drugs, which mostly include androgen-based drugs and/or potential estrogen inhibitors. This review highlights the role of some important hormones e.g. estrogen, progesterone, prostaglandin, oxytocin, gonadotropin and melatonin in endometriosis progression and their pharmaceutical potentials.

2 illus, 100 ref

027980   SAHA M M, MUKHERJEE D, GHOSH U, DAS S K (Biochemistry Dep, The West Bengal Health Sciences Univ, Nadia-741 235, West Bengal, Email: drsubirkdas@gmail.com) : Application of cell-free fetal DNA for early evaluation of preeclampsia to reduce maternal mortality by low-cost method- A prospective cohort study. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2018, 55(5), 334-40.

Adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia are the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the world and its incidence is increasing. It has been observed in some studies that cell-free fetal DNA (cff DNA) is increased in maternal serum associated with preeclampsia. In the present study, we have tested whether the elevated amount of cff DNA in maternal plasma is associated with PE and development of new marker by the low-cost method to predict preeclampsia. Twenty-one pregnant women within the age group of 20–30 years attending for routine antenatal checkups at (G & O) antenatal OPD after 20 weeks with fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of preeclampsia were included in our study. Age-matched pregnant women without hypertension were included as controls. A complete clinical history and anthropometric observation showed that gravida (total number of pregnancy in a patient including present pregnancy), gestational age, gestational age at birth, birth weight in preeclampsia subjects were non-significantly lower than normotensive subjects. Blood analysis showed lower platelet count and higher creatinine level, bilirubin level, and liver enzyme activities in preeclampsia subjects in comparison to normotensive subjects. Identification of cell-free fetal DNA (cff DNA) in maternal plasma by using two in-house methods (phenol-chloroform-isopropanol and NaI) was found comparable and its content (GE/µL) in preeclampsia subjects were significantly higher than the normotensive subjects. Correlation analysis showed that APGAR score was significantly negatively correlated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and significantly positively correlated with gestational age and gestational age at birth; whereas, cff DNA was significantly positively correlated with blood pressure but significantly negatively correlated with platelet count. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that APGAR score, which is one of the indicators of physiologic maturity of the infant is severely affected by the causative factors of preeclampsia and cell-free fetal DNA quantification may be a promising marker for future adverse pregnancy outcome.

2 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

027996   SHIREEN, CHUGTAI A, HASAN W, MAHDI A A, ISLAM N (Biochemistry Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh-202 002, Email: nxi7@hotmail.com) : Effect of resveratrol on the biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in monocyte cultures from PBMC's of patients with myocardial infarction. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2018, 55(5), 328-33.

Globally, one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity is ischemic heart disease (IHD). It has been established that in cardiac disorders, there exists a synergistic correlation between the oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. The stabilization and regulation of the oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in these patients is essential for the better management of the disease. Hence, the aim of this study was to study the effect of natural antioxidant, resveratrol, on the oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in cultures of monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the patients with myocardial infarction. Monocytes isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC’s) of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and healthy controls were employed in culture studies (with and without resveratrol). The 24 h cultures were subjected to evaluation of cytokine/ interleukins levels i.e. TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 as well as oxidative stress markers like MDA and Glutathione. The patient’s samples exhibited a significantly decreased level of intramonocyte glutathione as compared to samples of healthy subjects. On the other hand, significantly increased levels of MDA were observed in culture supernatants of monocytes isolated from PBMC’s of patients with MI in comparison to those of healthy controls. A significant degree of amelioration in intramonocyte glutathione levels coupled with decreased MDA levels (culture supernatants) were observed in cultures treated with resveratrol (20 ug/mL). Furthermore, 24 h culture supernatants of untreated patients cells exhibited augmented levels of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. However, co-culturing with resveratrol exhibited a significant decrease in the levels of all the IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α. Resveratrol—a potent polyphenol from grapes and also a natural antioxidant regulates the oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers and may be used as a prophylactic antioxidant in high risk patients.

3 illus, 33 ref

027903   DAS U, SAHA T, DAS S K (Biochemistry Dep, The West Bengal Health Sciences Univ, Nadia-741 235, Email: drsubirkdas@gmail.com) : Trianthema portulacastrum L. extract protects against gamma radiation induced human red blood cell membrane damage in vitro. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2018, 55(5), 321-7.

Radiation-induced oxidation of membrane lipids and proteins appear to be responsible for damaging the red cell membranes. The membrane integrity of circulating red blood cells (RBCs) is compromised by the deleterious action of γ-radiation in humans. Trianthema portulacastrum L. is an inexpensive, non-toxic herb commonly used in ayurvedic medicine due to its significant pharmacological activities. Methanolic extract of different parts of T. portulacastrum L. contain carbohydrates, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids; whereas saponin is present only in root extract, while cardiac glycosides are absent in root extract. Here, we explored the radio-protective role of leaf, stem, root and whole plant extracts of T. portulacastrum L. against the γ-radiation induced membrane damage of human red blood cells (RBCs). The RBCs on γ-irradiation (4 Gy) exposure showed elevated TBARS level while inhibited ATPase activities in the membrane ghosts. Treatment of RBCs-with different extracts of T. portulacastrum L. at different doses (50 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL, 200 µg/mL) 1 h prior to the exposure of γ-radiation significantly mitigated these changes in the RBC membranes due to presence of antioxidants in the extracts.

1 illus, 2 tables, 59 ref

028005   VAIDYANATHAN K, GOPALAKRISHNAN S (Biochemistry & Scientist Dep, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, Thiruvalla- 682 041, Kerala, Email: drkannanvaidyanathan@gmail.com) : Novel biomarkers for inborn errors of metabolism in the metabolomics era. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2018, 55(5), 314-20.

Inborn errors of metabolism arise due to deficiency of enzymes in metabolic pathways. Recent years have seen the onset of novel technologies like proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and urinomics. In the past many novel biomarkers have been developed like succinyl acetone for tyrosinemia, a number of organic acids for organic acidurias, acylcarnitines for the detection of fatty acid oxidation disorders and organic acidurias etc. With the advent of the -omics technologies, the number of novel biomarkers has increased dramatically. The use of techniques like mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy has led to a faster diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism and smaller sample requirement. Hundreds of markers can be detected in a single urine sample, making diagnosis easier. There is an urgent need for implementing such techniques into routine practice in India.

1 illus, 1 table, 54 ref

027912   EL-PATAL M A, ASIRY M A, ALSHAHRANI I, BAYOUMY S Y E, WAKWAK M A A, KHALIL M A M (Pediatric Dentistry Dep, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: mohamed.elpatal2@yahoo.com) : The effect of fiber-reinforced composite versus band and loop space maintainers on oral Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus mutans levels in saliva. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2018, 36(3), 301-7.

Orthodontic bands have been shown to alter oral microbial flora that lead to convert caries‑free patients to moderate or high caries risk individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of conventional band and loop space maintainers versus fiber‑reinforced composite (FRC) resin space maintainer on the salivary cariogenic microflora (Lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans) in children over a period of 6 months. The study sample was divided equally into two groups: Group A: 25 patients received FRC (INFIBRA®: Reinforcing ribbon, Bioloren, Italy) space maintainer and Group B: 25 patients received band and loop space maintainers. The saliva samples were collected from the patients before the insertion of the space maintainer and at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postinsertion. The Lactobacillus acidophilus isolated was 1.7 colony‑forming unit (CFU) (×10⁶) and 1.8 CFU (×10⁶) in Group A and Group B, respectively, prior to the insertion of space maintainers. There was no significant increase in L. acidophilus over the follow‑up of 6 months in both the groups (P > 0.05). However, the Streptococcus mutans isolated before insertion in both Group A and Group B was 2.6 CFU (×10⁶), which over a period of 6 months showed significant increase to 3.13 CFU (×10⁶) in Group B (P < 0.05) and no increase was seen in Group A. S. mutans level increased considerably in patients with band and loop space maintainer over the follow‑up of 6 months. No significant increase in the L. acidophilus count was observed over the same period in both the groups.

2 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

027907   DINAKAR C, SHETTY U A, SALIAN V V, SHETTY P (Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Nitte (Deemed to be Univ), Mangalore - 575 018, Email: dr.chethana23@gmail. com) : Root canal morphology of maxillary first premolars using the clearing technique in a south Indian population: An in vitro study. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2018, 8(3), 143-7.

The success of root canal therapy requires a good knowledge of root canal morphology. Literature review shows variations in a number of roots and canal morphology in studies done across the globe. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the root canal morphology in maxillary first premolars using the clearing technique in a South Indian population. Two hundred and twenty‑five extracted noncarious, nonfractured, sound maxillary first premolars were collected, cleaned, and were injected with India ink to stain the root canals. Teeth were then decalcified and cleared using methyl salicylate. Teeth were then viewed under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the number of roots, root canal morphology based on the Vertucci’s classification, variations, and additional features such as accessory root canals, lateral canals, furcation canals, isthmus, and apical delta. Nearly 52.88 % of maxillary first premolars were single rooted, 44.88 % had two roots, and 2.22 % had three roots. Vertucci’s Type IV root canal configuration was the most common type in maxillary first premolars and was seen in 66.51 % of cases followed by Type II in 13.4 %. Type I was seen in 9.76 %, Type VI in 6.51 %, Type VIII in 2.32 %, Type III in 0.46 %, Type V in 0.46 %, and Type VII in 0 % of teeth. The majority of the maxillary first premolars included in our study were single rooted and Vertucci’s Type IV was the most common type of root canal configuration.

3 illus, 1 table, 30 ref

027913   ELGAMILY H M, EL-SAYED H S, ABDELNABI A (Restorative and Dental Materials Dep, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt, Email: hanaa_elgamily@yahoo. com) : The antibacterial effect of two cavity disinfectants against one of cariogenic pathogen: An in vitro comparative study. Contemp Clin Dent 2018, 9(3), 457-62.

Bacteria residing in the oral cavity penetrate freely through the resultant fissures under the fillings, which might lead to the development of secondary caries. Nowadays dentistry, different nanotechnological materials with antibacterial activity are being developed for oral cavity disinfection. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of a new cavity disinfectant NanoCare Plus Silver Gold® (NanoCare) in comparison to (0.2 %) chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate disinfectant against Streptococcus mutans growth and colony count using Agar well diffusion method and contact test, respectively, and also, to assess the nanoparticles (NPs) size distribution and Zeta potential of a NanoCare disinfectant. A total of 36 samples of cavity disinfectants were divided into two main groups (G) (n = 18); G1: NanoCare, and G2: CHX. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (C) (n = 9) according to the antimicrobial test that the samples were subjected to. A chlorohexidine group demonstrated the higher mean inhibition zone values than NanoCare group where P ≤ 0.05, as well both groups had a significant decrease in bacterial colony count where P ≤ 0.001. The particles size distribution in NanoCare sample was found that 99 % of particles number with an average size of 29.07 nm and 1 % was 136.7 nm, while the Zeta potential value was −6.5 mV. NanoCare cavity disinfectant displayed good antibacterial property against S. mutans. The innovative incorporation of NPs into this cavity disinfectant could be used to improve the antimicrobial capacity of the material and help to decrease secondary caries risk.

3 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

027991   SHAH S, BARGALE S, DAVE B H, DESHPANDE A, KARIYA P B, KARRI A (Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Dep, K M Shah Dental College, Vadodara, Gujarat, Email: swash_9@yahoo.co.in) : Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of (between) 0.2% chlorhexidine and herbal mouthwash on salivary Streptococcus mutans: a randomized controlled pilot study. Contemp Clin Dent 2018, 9(3), 440-5.

The chemomechanical plaque control measures are helpful in controlling dental plaque and thus caries, especially in pediatric age group. This study aims to compare effectiveness of herbal mouthrinse containing Terminalia chebula to that of 0.2 % chlorhexidine against children’s salivary mutans streptococci levels. A double‑blind, randomized, controlled study design will be framed for conducting this study. A total of 45 participants were randomly categorized in Group 1, Group 2, or Group 3 (control group, experimental group, or negative control). Baseline unstimulated saliva was collected. All the participants were instructed regarding the use of mouthrinse for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks, again unstimulated saliva was collected. After collection, saliva samples were sent for microbiological analysis. The mean colony‑forming units (CFU/ml) were determined. Paired t‑test, ANOVA test, and post hoc test were applied for statistical analysis. Statistically significant difference in CFU count has been observed in 0.2 % chlorhexidine and Oratreat groups at 15 days as compared to baseline (P < 0.001). At 15 days, reduction in CFU count has seen more in Oratreat group as compared to 0.2 % chlorhexidine group, and the difference is statistically significant (P < 0.001). 0.2 % chlorhexidine and Oratreat mouthwash reduce the salivary Streptococcus mutans count. Oratreat herbal mouthwash has proved to be better as compared to 0.2 % chlorhexidine mouthwash.

2 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

027906   DELGADO A H S, CARVALHO J, BORRECHO G, NASCIMENTO T, SILVA M E, FÉLIX S A, MENDES J J (Campus Univ, Caparica, Portugal, Email: aldelgado@egasmoniz. edu.pt) : In situ multispecies colonization of an acrylic resin: Comparison to oral microbiome and potential for inflammatory response. Contemp Clin Dent 2018, 9(3), 400-5.

Conventional acrylic resin is prone to microbial colonization and may cause inflammatory and allergic response. This study aims to research the initial microbial adhesion in situ and tissue response to an acrylic resin used in prosthodontics. Disks of a commercial acrylic resin were prepared and included on the surface of individual intraoral splints fabricated for 50 participants. The splints were used for 4 h, under clinical conditions. Beforehand, each participant was swabbed to provide a control for microbiological comparison. A cytological control sample was also taken from the palate. After the time elapsed, each splint was removed and growth of anaerobes, aerobes, Pseudomonas, oral streptococci, staphylococci, yeasts, and Streptococcus mutans was determined by plate counts and compared to the oral microbiome. A cytological sample was taken from the contact zone, stained using the Papanicolaou technique, analyzed in light microscopy, and classified accordingly. Means and standard deviations were calculated, and a nonparametric Wilcoxon test was employed to compare experimental groups. The significance level was set at 0.05 (95 % confidence interval, and statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Nuclear‑cytoplasm ratio increase was found in 84 % of the smears retrieved from the contact zone. Over 60 % showed nuclear alterations. With exception to yeasts and Pseudomonas, all microbial groups colonized the resin. No statistically significant differences were found between the oral microbiome and the acrylic resin’s colonization except regarding yeasts (P > 0.05). Cellular alterations were found but a diagnosis of inflammation is inconclusive. Microbial adhesion to the acrylic resin was substantial, with multiple species adhering.

3 tables, 30 ref

027896   CHOPRA D, DWIVEDI R (Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge and Oral Implantology Dep, Dr. Rammanohar Lohia Awadh Univ, Lucknow- 227 105, Email: drdevendra45@gmail.com) : Sustenance of salivary response in human population and suggestions for elderly denture wearer: An in vivo study. Indian J Dent Sci 2018, 10(3), 146-52.

The purpose of this study was to confirm whether psychic stimulation of salivation occurs in human also and to formulate certain guidelines for complete denture wearers. Armamentarium used for this study includes preweighed cotton packets, two glass beakers, stopwatch, electronic digital balance, cotton tweezers, and hot fresh snacks. After this, the mopping protocol for the participants was made, and each participant was told to follow the instructions for all the 6 days of observations. The collected data of salivary flow as per the protocol were tabulated in terms of increase in cotton weight for all the steps. Similar tables were prepared for all the forty participants. As the sample size was small, a nonparametric analytical plan was adopted. Wilcoxon signed‑rank test (nonparametric variant of paired t‑test) and Mann–Whitney U‑test (nonparametric variant of Student’s t‑test) were used. For baseline secretions (day 1 without thought of food) values for all steps were overall higher in males, mean value is 2.99 ± 1.14 g as compared to 2.08 ± 0.82 g for females for Step 1 (0 – 3)mts, in males as compared to in females for Step 5(12 – 15)mts. Overall, a significant difference between two genders was observed for baseline flow during all the steps except for Step 5 (P < 0.05) with males showing significantly higher flow as compared to females. It was observed that there was a significant difference between baseline and stimulated salivary flow in all the participants on all the days of observation, except for the Step 4 and 5 where it was near to baseline. The findings generally suggest that yes there is an enhancement of salivary flow with the thought of food, but it lasts for 6–9 min after which it turns to base level.

4 illus, 6 tables, 33 ref

027886   BILAL H A (Oral Pathology Dep, Al Andalus Medical Sciences Univ, Tartus, Syria, Email: h.bilal@au.edu.sy) : Expression of desmosomal proteins and their implications during enamel organ morphogenesis. Indian J Dent Sci 2018, 10(3), 139-45.

The present article is between the fewest that describe the expression of desmosomal proteins in human tooth organ and to implicate desmosome and its components in tooth morphogenesis. Although present in all epithelia, desmosomes are particularly down regulated in undifferentiated, dedifferentiated and malignant cells. In the present article, using immunohistochemical staining, we report the expression patterns of 6 desmosomal components; Desmoplakin, plakoglobin, desmoglein, plakophilin-1, plakophilin-2, and plakophilin-3. The dental, oral and ectodermal epithelia were investigated in 7 and 9 weeks' human embryos. The expression of these components appeared to associate with cell differentiation, stage of development and epithelial type. The fundamental desmosomal proteins, desmoplakin, plakoglobin and desmoglein, produced almost identical profiles, suggesting that desmosomes are absent or under developed in negative and weak reacting areas respectively. Whilst the accessory component plakophilin-1 was always absent, plakophilin-2 and -3 were strongly labeled in the embryonic epidermis and moderately expressed in the oral epithelium. In the developing enamel organ, gradients of fundamental protein expressions were produced being strong towards the oral epithelium and weak/negative around the inner enamel epithelium. These gradients were also produced using antibodies to plakophilin-2 and -3 although the majority of enamel organ cells were unlabeled. Mirror image symmetry was foundwas found for the distribution patterns of these markers. Furthermore, the left-right asymmetry was found both for the maxillary and mandibular tooth germs, thus bringing further evidence implicating desmosome and its components in the mechanisms regulating tooth morphogenesis.

3 illus, 46 ref

027897   CHOUDHARY E, INDUSHEKAR K R, SARAF B G, SHEORAN N, SARDANA D, SHEKHAR A (Paediatric Dentistry Dep, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad, Haryana, Email: diveshsardana@gmail.com) : Exploring the role of Morinda citrifolia and Triphala juice in root canal irrigation: An ex vivo study. J Conserv Dent 2018, 21(4), 443-9.

The present ex vivo study explores the role of Indian medicaments in endodontic irrigation in an attempt to search for a safe alternative to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCL). To evaluate the efficacy of commercial preparations of Morinda citrifolia juice (MCJ) and Triphala juice against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. The study was conducted on 84 permanent extracted human teeth. After decoronation and biomechanical preparation, inoculated (with E. faecalis and C. albicans) root sections were divided randomly into four experimental (MCJ, Triphala juice, 1 % NaOCl, and 2 % chlorhexidine [CHX]) and two control groups (preservative control and distilled water). Colony‑forming units (CFUs) obtained for each group were counted at baseline (S₀) and after irrigation at 1 and 3 days (S₁ and S₂, respectively). Mean of Log CFU at S₀, S₁, and S₂ was compared for each irrigant using Friedman’s two‑way ANOVA. There was a significant decrease in microbial counts of both microbes in all groups at S₁, but only CHX could demonstrate further decrease in the microbial counts of both microorganisms at S₂. The overall antimicrobial effects of different irrigants were maximum for CHX, whereas MCJ and Triphala juice also showed significant reductions. The herbal irrigants hold the promise of becoming efficient irrigants and warrant further research.

2 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

027967   PRABHAKARAN P, MARISWAMY A B (Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics Dep, JSS Dental College and Hospital, Mysore - 570 015, Email: annapoornabm10@gmail.com) : A scanning electron microscope evaluation of efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and Allium sativum in smear layer removal in root canals with the use of modified evacuation system: An ex vivo study. J Conserv Dent 2018, 21(4), 401-7.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most widely used endodontic irrigant. Although it fulfills most of the requisites of an ideal irrigant, it has certain drawbacks, chiefly severe soft‑tissue damage. Allium sativum (garlic extract) is a proven antimicrobial agent that has the ability to dissolve inorganic tissue with minimal toxicity. However, its ability to remove smear layer (SL) is not known. Conventional hand‑held syringe irrigation is ineffective in removing canal debris. The use of newer irrigation systems is limited owing to their high cost. Modified evacuation system (MES) may prove to be an effective yet economical alternative. This study aims to evaluate the SL removing capacity of garlic extract as an alternative to 5 % NaOCl and the use of modified evacuation system for removal of irrigant along with debris from root canals. Sixty‑eight single‑rooted mandibular premolars were divided into 8 Groups: Two control Groups A and B (4 samples each) and six experimental Groups C to H (10 samples each). Garlic extract was prepared at a concentration of 64 mg/ml. MES was set up using 21‑gauge flat‑end needle fixed onto chair side high‑volume evacuation system. Control groups were irrigated with normal saline, Groups  C and D with 5 % NaOCl and 17 % ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Groups E and F with garlic extract and 17 % EDTA and Groups G and H with plain garlic extract. MES was used in Groups B, D, F, and H. Scanning electron microscope analysis was done to view SL at coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Chi‑square test. Groups A and B showed least scores. At coronal and middle thirds, Group D shows better results, followed by Groups F and H. Apically, Group F showed better results. Groups C and H, and E and G showed similar results. All groups with MES showed better results. A. sativum has an SL removal capacity. MES is effective in debris removal.

2 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

027997   SIBILIA, BROSKO K A, HICKLING C J, THOMPSON L M, GRAYSON K L, OLSON J R (Biology Dep, Richmond Univ, Richmond, Email: jrolson@ vcu.edu) : Thermal physiology and developmental plasticity of pigmentation in the Harlequin bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). J Insect Sci 2018, 18(4), 4.

Traits that promote the maintenance of body temperatures within an optimal range provide advantages to ectothermic species. Pigmentation plasticity is found in many insects and enhances thermoregulatory potential as increased melanization can result in greater heat retention. The thermal melanism hypothesis predicts that species with developmental plasticity will have darker pigmentation in colder environments, which can be an important adaptation for temperate species experiencing seasonal variation in climate. The harlequin bug (Murgantia histrionica, Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Hahn 1834)  is a widespread invasive crop pest with variable patterning where developmental plasticity in melanization could affect performance. To investigate the impact of temperature and photoperiod on melanization and size, nymphs were reared under two temperatures and two photoperiods simulating summer and fall seasons. The size and degree of melanization of adults were quantified using digital imagery. To assess the effect of coloration on the amount of heat absorption, we monitored the temperature of adults in a heating experiment. Overall, our results supported the thermal melanism hypothesis and temperature had a comparatively larger effect on coloration and size than photoperiod. When heated, the body temperature of individuals with darker pigmentation increased more relative to the ambient air temperature than individuals with lighter pigmentation. These results suggest that colder temperatures experienced late in the season can induce developmental plasticity for a phenotype that improves thermoregulation in this species. Our work highlights environmental signals and consequences for individual performance due to thermal melanism in a common invasive species, where capacity to respond to changing environments is likely contributing to its spread.

6 illus, 1 table, 64 ref

027915   ENOC W N, DAISY M G N, WILBRODA O A, ALPHONSE W W, JOSEPH N J N, MAINA M J K (Biochemistry and biotechnology Dep, Kenyatta Univ, Kenya, Email: jkmmaina@gmail.com) : Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids rich fraction of Solanum incanum (Lin) root extracts in mice. J Phytopharmacol 2018, 7(4), 399-403.

Solanum incanum (Solanaceae) is a common perennial shrub-like herb that grows up to 0.9-1.2 m high which is a widely used as folklore remedy for ailments such as stomach-ache, headache, painful menstruation, angina, fever, sore throat and other painful conditions, sexually transmitted diseases, skin infections, burns wounds, pneumonia and rheumatism by various African communities. Crude root extracts of the herb were shown to exhibit antinociceptive and ant-inflammatory effect. In spite of all these uses of S. incanum, there’s no enough science-based information on the effect of purified extracts of the herb on these signs and symptoms. Hence the main objective of the study was to evaluating the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects flavonoids rich fraction from S. incanum root in mice. In this study 6.5, 12.5 and 25 mg of flavonoids rich fraction S. incanum roots extract, diclofenac and the normal saline (vehicle) was injected subcutaneously in Swiss Albino mice 30 minutes prior to induction of pain and inflammation. Pain and inflammation were induced using dilute formalin solution that was injected in the animal’s left hind paw. The time spent in pain behavior (lifting, leaking and biting the injured paw) was measured and recorded for the first 5 minutes and between 15-30 minutes after formalin injection. Acute edema was used as an acute inflammatory model. The paw diameter was measured prior to injection with formalin and then after two hours. Significant analgesic and antiinflammatory activities (p < 0.05) were exhibited by 6.5 and 12.5 mg doses. These findings indicated S. incanum root extracts contains flavonoids with antinociceptive and inflammation effects

2 illus, 2 table, 29 ref

027879   BABU V J, SIREESHA T S M, MALE C KVLSN A, SWATHI V, BALAIAH S, REDDY D S (Pharmacology Dep, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Guntur-522503, Email: dsreddy7[at]gmail.com) : Evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of ethanolic extract of Gomphrena serrata by using Swiss albino mice. J Phytopharmacol 2018, 7(4), 373-5.

Epilepsy is characterised by abnormal behaviour which is leading to tonic flexon, tonic extension, clonus and stupor. Many novel therapeutic regimens were used to treat these disorders through different ways including altering neurotransmission, but so far there is no specific treatment approach which is satisfactory to the patients in terms of complete cure. Our approach is to make understand the herbal medicines usage towards epilepsy. The ethanolic plant extract of Gomphrena Serrata at 400 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg were given to albino mice which were treated with maximum electric shock of 30 mA current and pentelene tetrazolium in two different techniques. The results with these extract doses showed significant results which indicated decrease in clonic extension and stupor. Whereas there is no decrease in the tonic flexon observed with all doses. All these results were compared with the standard drug Phenytoin at 25 mg/kg I.P. However, the ethanolic plant extract of Gomphrena serrata at 600 mg/kg showed marked increase in the therapeutic activity which is equivalent to Phenytoin and can be compared. Apart from these the ethanolic plant extract of Gomphrena Serrata at 400 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg showed significant decrease in the recovery times when compared to control group.

14 ref

027914   EMMANUEL A M, ROGER K K, TOUSSAINT D G, KOFFI K (Université Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, Email: jocelinaffy[at]gmail.com) : Acute and subacute toxicity of the aqueous extract of Amaranthus viridis (Amaranthaceae) leaves in rats. J Phytopharmacol 2018, 7(4), 366-72.

Amaranthus viridis is a plant of the family Amaranthaceae, used by traditional medicine in the treatment of several diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological activities of A. viridis. To assess these activities, two types of test were performed: Acute and subacute toxicity test. Phytochemical analysis performed on the aqueous extract of A. viridis revealed the presence of polyphenol, flavonoids, tannins, sterolpolyterpenes, Saponosids, cardiac glycosides, traces of alkaloids and leucoanthocyanines. The aqueous extract of Amaranthus viridis showed no evidence of single dose toxicity (2000 mg/kg) when studying acute toxicity. The subacute toxicity study of the aqueous extract of A. viridis at doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg showed no signs of toxicity on biochemical, hematological or histological parameters. The results showed that A. viridis does not cause toxicity at the doses studied.

3 illus, 5 tables, 27 ref

027952   MUTHEE J K (Clinical Studies Dep, Nairobi Univ, Kenya, Email: john.kaunga[at]gmail.com) : Anthelmintic efficacy and safety of selected medicinal plants against mixed gastrointestinal nematodes in artificially infected sheep. J Phytopharmacol 2018, 7(4), 360-5.

There has been widespread resistance to anthelmintics by pathogenic helminths to an extent where there is multi-drug resistance against all major classes of conventional anthelmintics. This world-wide phenomenon calls for urgent search for different approaches to the control of helminthosis including novel anthelmintic products. The purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy and safety of selected plants, which are frequently used in the treatment and control of helminthosis, in artificially infected sheep under controlled laboratory conditions. The selected plant species were, Albizia anthelmintica Brongn, Embelia schimperi L., Myrsine africana L. and Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez. Thirty six male Dorper lambs, aged between 6 and 8 months, artificially infected with mixed gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) under controlled laboratory conditions, were used for the study. Efficacy was determined using percentage fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT %) and percentage total worm count reduction (TWCR %). Safety of the remedies was assessed using health, hematological and biochemical parameters. The FECR % against the mixed gastrointestinal nematodes was -55, 7.6, 34.2, 69.3 and 83.3 % for Albizia anthelmintica, Embelia schimperi, Rapanea melanophloeos, albendazole and Myrsine africana respectively. TWCR % of 60.7, 44.6, 66, 69.7 and 35.6 percent were recorded for Albizia anthelmintica, Embelia schimperi, Myrsine africana, Rapanea melanophloeos, and albendazole groups respectively. It was concluded that some of the remedies like M. africana have good efficacy at safe levels and should further be evaluated to determine the most optimum dosages. The gastrointestinal nematodes used in this study were resistant to albendazole.

3 tables, 31 ref

027911   EGONG O C, JOHN A E, UBONG I A, NDUKA K A, EDET O U (Physiology Dep, Calabar Univ, Nigeria, Email: akaninyeneime1[at]gmail.com) : Thermoxidized palm oil diet (TPO)-induced haematological derangements in rats is ameliorated by Aloe vera and garlic. J Phytopharmacol 2018, 7(4), 353-9.

Therapeutic effects of garlic/Aloe vera on TPO-induced derangements in some haematological parameters and cytoarchitecture of the bone marrow in rats were studied. 30 male wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were grouped into five (n=6): Control, TPO (TPO diet), TPO+G (TPO/Garlic), TPO+A (TPO/Aloe) and TPO+G+A (TPO/Garlic/Aloe). 15 g of thermoxidized palm oil was mixed with 85 g of rat chow to prepare TPO. Aloe gel and garlic juice were orally administered at doses of 6 ml/kg and 2 ml/kg respectively following lethality studies. After 3 months, rats were sacrificed and blood collected via cardiac puncture for analysis. From the result, TPO/Aloe showed a significant increase in food/water intake compared to control. TPO, TPO/Garlic and TPO/Garlic/Aloe had a significantly reduced body weight when compared to control but significantly higher in TPO/Aloe compared to control and other three groups. RBC, PCV and Hb was significantly decreased in TPO compared to control but was significantly higher in TPO/Garlic, TPO/Aloe and TPO/Garlic/Aloe compared to TPO. Total White blood cell was significantly lower in TPO/Garlic, TPO/Garlic/Aloe when compared to TPO but significantly higher in TPO/Aloe when compared to TPO/Garlic and TPO/Garlic/Aloe. MCV, MCH and MCHC showed a significant increase in TPO compared to control but decreased in TPO/Garlic, TPO/Aloe, TPO/Garlic/Aloe when compared to TPO. Histology of the bone marrow showed normal morphology in Control, TPO/Garlic, TPO/Aloe and TPO/Garlic/Aloe while some histological derangements were seen in TPO. Garlic and Aloe vera showed therapeutic efficacy in ameliorating haematological derangements caused by TPO consumption.

10 illus, 11 ref

028014   VIJAYASHANKAR U, RAJESHWARI L (Physiology Dep, JSS Medical College, Karnataka, Email: raj0522004@gmail.com) : Effect of rice mill dust on peak expiratory flow rate among rice mill workers of Mysore district. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1240-3.

Inhalation of different pollutants exposed from the industries cause damage to the membrane structure and mechanical efficiency. This leads to an alteration in the functional properties of the lungs resulting in various respiratory diseases. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of exposure of rice husk dust on peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) among rice mill workers in Mysore District. The comparative cross-sectional analytical study was conducted during December 2013–December 2014 in various rice mills in Mysore district. The study was conducted on 50 non-smoking rice mill workers aged 18–45 years were selected as a study group and 50 healthy, age, sex, and anthropometrically matched subjects of same socioeconomic status who were not exposed to rice mill industries were selected as control group. Computerized spirometer (RMS-Helios 401 and Transducer No.400-666) was used to measure PEFR. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20, and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05, applying unpaired t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The mean PEFR was significantly (P < 0.001) lower among rice mill workers (5.65 ± 1.84) than the controls (8.11 ± 1.41). The PEFR was found to significantly decrease with an increase in the length of exposure to rice mill dust (P = 0.03). Our study showed that duration of exposure has a direct relationship with the reduction in PEFR.

3 tables, 18 ref

027994   SHANMUGANATHAN P, KUMARAPPAN M (Pharmacology Dep, Sri Balaji Vidhyapeeth (Deemed to be Univ), Pondicherry, Email: padmavathis@mgmcri.ac.in) : Evaluation of diuretic, saluretic and natriuretic activity of hydrochlorothiazide in combination with misoprostol in Wistar rats. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1226-9.

Renal vasodilatation by prostaglandins is well proven facts. Furosemide is better diuretics due to their additional effect on intrarenal hemodynamic changes brought about by increase in local prostaglandin synthesis. No such changes occur with thiazide group of diuretics. Hence, we want to analyze the diuretic effect of hydrochlorothiazide in combination with prostaglandin analog misoprostol. This study aims to evaluate the diuretic, saluretic, and natriuretic activity of hydrochlorothiazide in combination with misoprostol. Four groups of Wistar rats with six animals in each group were grouped. One group served as the control and the other three groups received furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and hydrochlorothiazide with misoprostol, respectively. Urine output, urinary electrolytes, saluretic activity, and natriuretic of all groups were estimated and then compared with the standard and control groups. There was a statistically difference in the urinary output between groups as determined by oneway ANOVA (F = 33.413, P ≤ 0.001 and F =260.267, P = 0.001) at 5 and 24 h, respectively. The Lipschitz value showed that standard group and test Group 4 indices were >2.0 showing potent diuretic action. There was a statistically significant difference in the urinary excretion of all the electrolytes between groups as determined by one-way ANOVA (F = 645.087, P ≤ 0.001; F = 360.49, P ≤ 0.001; and F = 366.974, P ≤ 0.001) for the levels of Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻, respectively. It has been found that the saluretic activity was significant in all three groups when compared with control group. However, they do not show significant changes in natriuretic activity. This study has shown that the diuretic activity and diuretic index of hydrochlorothiazide can be increased when it is given in combination with prostaglandin analog misoprostol and also found to be almost equivalent to standard drug furosemide effect. There was also a significant effect in the excretion of electrolytes in urine and significant saluretic activity that favors their use in edematous conditions. Saluretic activity of hydrochlorothiazide with misoprostol was also similar to furosemide. Since both the drugs are already approved and safely used for many decades, we can further do a clinical trial to confirm these findings and can be used as a combination of old drugs for a new indication.

3 tables, 9 ref

027876   ALI O M, AMER H H, ABDEEN E, KHALLAF O H (Chemistry Dep, Taif Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: dr.hamada1435@gmail.com) : Preparation, spectroscopic, and biological characterizations of novel α-aminophosphonates bearing paracetamol. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1219-25.

α-Aminophosphonate derivatives have an important biological activity against bacteria, fungi, and anticancer activity. This study aims to study preparation, spectroscopic, and biological characterizations of novel α-aminophosphonates bearing paracetamol. A series of α-aminophosphonate analogs and arylidene derivatives were synthesized, monitored by thin-layer chromatography, purified by chromatographic methods, and the structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods such as H nuclear magnetic resonance. The synthesized compounds were tested for their antibacterial activity by hole well method against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), the antibacterial activity was evaluated based on inhibition zone size around dishes against Gram-positive. Compounds 7e, 8a, 7c, 8b, and 8g are showed different degree of inhibitory effect against S. aureus; on the other hand in Gram-negative, the compounds 7a, 7c, 7d, 7e, 8a, 8b, and 8g are showed different degree of inhibitory effect against E. coli. In this study, we concluded that the results showed that increasing the zone inhibition in compared with amoxicillin and tetracycline against E. coli and S. aureus. Most of the compounds tested against microbes showed a moderate to high effect while few compounds showed a low antimicrobial effect. In this study, we recommended that α-aminophosphonate and arylidene derivatives used as antimicrobial agents.

1 table, 29 ref

027992   SHAMNANI G, GUPTA V, JIWANE R, SINGH S, TIWARI S, BHARTIY S S (Physiology Dep, RKDF Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Madhya Pradesh, Email: piyurekha@gmail.com) : Prevalence of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder among medical students and its impact on their academic and social performance. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1205-8.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a disorder affecting large number of population in terms of their physical and psychological well-being. A large number of college drop outs are because of PMS. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of presence of different symptoms of PMS and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) among medical college girls and its effect on their social and academic life. This study was conducted in a medical college in 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd year MBBS student girls by providing them a questionnaire regarding the presence of different symptoms of PMS and PMDD and its impact on their academic and social performance. The prevalence of PMS was reported to be 65 % in the present study. The most common somatic symptom was body pain (52 %) and the most common affective symptom was irritability (50 %). In spite of this, only 12 % of individuals with PMS become absent in class and 32 % avoid joining social functions. The prevalence of PMDD among the study population was 12 %. It is concluded from the present study that PMS and PMDD are very common problems among medical students affecting their educational and social activities.

29 ref

028017   ZAFARZADEH A, SHAHRYARI A, TAZIKI S, AHMADI N, MIRKARIMI K, CHARKAZI A (Environmental Health Engineering Dep, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, Email: dr.shahryari@goums.ac.ir) : Assessment of cadmium and lead concentrations in different types of cosmetics products consumed in Iran. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1200-4.

A safety assessment of cosmetic is necessary for evaluating the health risks associated with the use of these products. The aim of this study is to assess the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentrations in different types of cosmetics products consumed in Iran. This study was design to evaluate the content of Cd and (Pb) in 11 different types of cosmetics including lipstick, nail polish, eyeliner, eye pencil, eyeshadow, makeup cleaner, mascara, pancake, tattoo, hair dye, and hair gel belonging to German, French, Turkish, Chinese, and Iranian brands, from September 2016 to March 2017. The content of Cd and Pb were measured with a polarograph following nitric acid digestion. Out of 264 sample, the mean and standard error level of Cd and Pb were 3.69 ± 0.72 and 9.07 ± 1.126 μg/g, respectively. The average content of Pb in lipstick, tattoo, and nail polish was higher than the permitted limit of 10 μg/g. The mean content of Cd was also at level above the permitted limit of 3 μg/g for eye pencil, lipstick, and tattoo. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference between Cd (P = 0.038) and Pb (P = 0.013) among different types of the cosmetics. Results indicated that several samples contain high levels of Cd and Pb that can be associated with health effects at sufficiently exposures. Regular monitoring of toxic metals, along with increased public awareness is necessary to provide a level of protection for women, especially for pregnant and lactating women.

4 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

027985   SANTHI S A, SAMSON R, SRIKANTH, PETHURU D (Saveetha Univ, Tamil Nadu, Email: Samirthasanthi@gmail.com) : Effectiveness of physical activity on selected biochemical parameters of patients on hemodialysis. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1194-9.

Lack of physical activity is considered as a major risk factor for global mortality, especially for cardiovascular diseases. Regular assessment of physical functioning is recommended for patients on hemodialysis. This study aimed to observe the effectiveness of physical activity on selected biochemical parameters of patients on hemodialysis. The present experimental study was conducted at dialysis unit at Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pondicherry. A total of 14 patients including males and females who were undergoing hemodialysis at selected hospital and who fulfill the selection criteria were included in the present study. Results showed that physical activity of the extremities for 15 min duration leads to positive changes in the selected biochemical parameters and also increased hemoglobin levels significantly. The exercise program could also increase the hemoglobin. Further detailed studies with higher sample size are recommended to support the use of exercise programs during a hemodialysis.

5 tables, 24 ref

027908   DIXIT R, PATIL P R (Pharmacology, SVS Medical College, Telangana, Email: rohitdixit.mbbsmd@gmail.com) : Alcoholic extract of Azadirachta indica (Neem) root has no anticonvulsant activity in rodents. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1171-4.

Although roots of neem plant have established pharmacological activities such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticarcinogenic, there are contradictory results as far as anticonvulsant activity is concerned. Hence, the present study was undertaken to explore the anticonvulsant activity of neem roots. The objectives of this study were to study the anticonvulsant activity of alcoholic extract of neem root. In maximal electroshock method (maximal electroshock seizure), a total of 30 albino rats of either sex weighing 200–250 g were used and divided into six groups. The control group received 2 ml of distilled water orally daily for 15 days. The standard group received phenobarbitone 20 mg/kg i.p. The test groups received orally neem leaf extract at the dose of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg for 15 days. Convulsions were produced by 150 mA current for 0.2 s on day 1, 3, 5, and 10 using electroconvulsiometer. Change in duration of hind limb extension was measured. In the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) method, PTZ at a dose of 60 mg/kg i.p was given to produce convulsion in all mice. A total of 30 mice were divided into five groups of six animals. The control group received orally 2 ml of distilled water daily for 15 days. The standard group received diazepam 4 mg/kg i.p. daily for 15 days. The test group received orally NLE at the dose of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg for 15 days. The onset of clonic convulsions and the total number of clonic convulsions in 20 min was observed. The mean duration of hind limb extension in test group before the highest dose of neem extract (800 mg) administration was 8.7 ± 0.3 and after 15 days it was 8.8 ± 0.21. The mean onset of convulsions and mean number of convulsions in 20 min in the test group with highest dose of neem extract (800 mg) administration was 3.44 ± 0.24 and 42 ± 0.76, respectively, and there was no significant difference when compared to the control group. The alcoholic extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) root is not having any anticonvulsant activity in rodents.

2 tables, 17 ref

027932   KAMBLE S, HIREMATH S (Physiology Dep, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, Email: drshilpa1987@gmail.com) : Insulin resistance and blood lipid levels during fasting. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1158-61.

Fasting is observed by Muslims during Ramzan. Here, they do not consume food and drinks. It is observed for 29–30 days. The fast begins early in the morning and lasts until evening. This study tries to assess whether intermittent fasting (during Ramzan) can alter the insulin resistance and blood lipid levels in healthy individuals.  A total of 30 healthy volunteers were subjected to anthropometric and biochemical assessment before the beginning of Ramzan and then at the end of fasting immediately after the month of Ramzan. Biochemical parameters were measured by standard laboratory methods, and statistical analysis was done by Student’s t-test. After the completion of Ramzan fasting, subjects experienced decrease in their body weight and body mass index. There was slight decrease in low-density lipoprotein and increase in high-density lipoprotein levels and not much significant changes in insulin resistance. Our study found that fasting during Ramzan produced reduction in body weight but no significant effect on fasting/postprandial glucose levels and blood lipid levels.

3 tables, 12 ref

027982   SALIHA C K, AVADHANY S T (Physiology Dep, St. John’s Medical College, Karnataka, Email: salihac.k111@gmail.com) : Comparing the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin and capsaicin on chronic stress-induced albino rats. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1153-7.

Stress is considered as a risk factor for many diseases. It is mainly because stress can suppress the immune system in our body by different mechanisms and also progress the inflammatory reactions. In this study, we compared the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effect of two commonly used spices: Curcumin and capsaicin. Forty-two male albino rats were examined in this study. Rats were divided into seven groups as control, acute stress, chronic stress, acute stress, and chronic stress with curcumin and acute and chronic stress with capsaicin. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for the inflammatory and immunity markers. Results showed that exposure of chronic stress shows a significant change in CD4 and CD8 percentages and the selected inflammatory markers. Myeloperoxidase and C-reactive protein level increased significantly in the same group. Treatment with curcumin and capsaicin reverts the markers toward control group, but the change was not significant. The results also show that there is no significant difference between the activity of curcumin and capsaicin. Acute stress showed immunomodulatory effects.

1 table, 20 ref

027939   KUDYAR P, GUPTA B M, KHAJURIA V, BANAL R (Pharmacology Dep, Government Medical College, Jammu and Kashmir, Email: pals2511@gmail.com) : Comparison of efficacy and safety of escitalopram and vilazodone in major depressive disorder. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1147-52.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a worldwide prevalent psychiatric ailment associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Escitalopram is an effective selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), and vilazodone is a newer SSRI and partial serotonin receptor agonist approved for MDD. The aim was to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of escitalopram and vilazodone in patients of MDD. The present, randomized study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching institute, and 50 patients between 18 and 55 years of either sex diagnosed with MDD based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition criteria were included in the study. Patients were assigned randomly into two groups to receive orally either escitalopram (10 mg) or vilazodone (20 mg) and baseline scores of Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM–A) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) were recorded. These were then assessed at 6 weeks for post-drug scores and compared with baseline using Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon signed-rank test statistical analytic method. Intergroup comparison was also done. Average age of the patients taken was 39.74 ± 8.6 years with a male:female ratio of 19:31. The HAM-D score was significantly lowered by both escitalopram and vilazodone (P < 0.0001). HAM-A score was also similarly lowered by escitalopram (P < 0.0001) and vilazodone (P < 0.0001). On intergroup comparison, escitalopram was found to cause more lowering of HAM-D score and HAM-A score than vilazodone (P < 0.0001). Biochemical profile (blood sugar, serum urea, creatinine, hemoglobin, and total leukocyte counts) was not altered with either of the drugs over 6 weeks. No significant adverse drug reactions were noted with the drugs. Both drugs are effective in decreasing depression and anxiety scores in patients of MDD. On comparison, escitalopram was found better than vilazodone.

1 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref

027924   ISMAIL T A, NASSAN M A, ALKHEDAIDE A Q, SOLIMAN M, MOHAMED D I (Laboratory Technology Dep, Turabah Univ, Saudi Arabia, Email: mohamedsoliman8896@yahoo.com) : Molecular, biochemical, and pathological impacts of energy drinks on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway in Wistar rats. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1140-6.

Energy drinks (EDs) are widespreaded among young adolescents and adults to enhance physical and mental performance with numerous public health hazards. This study was conducted deeply to explore the mechanism by which EDs affect blood pressure (BP) and health status of the kidney. To examine impacts of EDs on rats, 60 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Control group was given water only; the remaining rats were administered orally red bull, code red, and power horse at a dose of 10 mg/kg once daily. After 60 days, rats were sacrificed and blood samples collected. Kidney tissues for all groups were harvested. Serum was collected for examining biochemical parameters related to kidney functions. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was carried to examine the molecular changes in genes implicated in BP regulation and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) pathway. Finally, histopathological examination for the kidney was investigated. At biochemical level, consumption of EDs showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum levels of glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, and phosphorus as compared with control group. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in expression of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin type 1 receptors, desmin, erythropoietin (EPO), nitric oxide synthase-1, transforming growth factor β1, and kidney injury molecule-1 in rats administered EDs for 2 months as compared with control group. However, ACE2, angiotensin type 2 receptors, MAS receptor, and beta-2 macroglobulin (B2m) were not changed in ED-administered groups compared with control rats. Marketed EDs have initial hazardous effects on renal function and certainly increase BP through high caffeine content with the concern of the amount of sugar added in these drinks.

6 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref

027926   JADHAV V, HIREMATH S (Physiology Dep, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, Email: vishalaxij@gmail.com) : Alterations of lipid profile in subclinical hypothyroidism. Natn J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1120-3.

Thyroid hormones regulate a wide array of metabolic parameters and exert effects virtually on every organ system. Subclinical hypothyroidism is more common than overt hypothyroidism, and an apparently asymptomatic condition defined by slightly increased serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations, but normal serum-free T3 and free T4 hormone levels. The aims of this study were to find a correlation between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and the parameters of lipid profile. Study was carried out in 25 newly diagnosed subclinical hypothyroid subjects and compared with age- and sex-matched controls. Statistical analysis was done using regression analysis with alcula software. SCH was more common in females and incidence increased as age advanced. Mean cholesterol, total triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and very LDL (VLDL) increased proportionately with TSH level and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) decreased as TSH increased. SCH appears to be associated with dyslipidemia, that is, increased total cholesterol, TG, LDL, and decreased HDL.

5 illus, 10 ref

027987   SEBASTIAN S, PURANIK N (Physiology Dep, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, Email: drstephy06@gmail.com) : Dysautonomia in heavy drinkers for more than 5 years of alcoholic consumption with intact liver function. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1115-9.

It is known for long that alcoholic liver cirrhosis is characterized by autonomic dysfunction due to the underlying liver pathology. However, alcohol can have a direct effect on the autonomic functions even before the liver functions are altered. We have undertaken this study to test and compare the autonomic function status in apparently healthy alcoholics with normal liver function tests with age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. Thirty healthy non-alcoholics with normal liver function as controls and 30 apparently healthy alcoholics for more than 5 years with normal liver function tests were taken for this study. Autonomic function tests for both parasympathetic and sympathetic functions were performed in both these groups, and the results were compared. Parasympathetic function tests were within the normal range except for the resting heart rate (HR) which showed a significant increase (P < 0.01) in the study subjects compared with the controls. Sympathetic tests showed a very significant increase in blood pressure (BP) response to postural change and a significant change in handgrip test. Resting HR and BP response to postural change were increased and BP response to handgrip test has shown a significant change in study subjects compared to controls which suggest that both sympathetic and parasympathetic functions are altered in them. We will conclude this study with the findings that alcohol has a direct effect on the autonomic nervous system even without any liver function tests alteration.

2 tables, 19 ref

027972   RAJ J B, KALAIVANI R (Microbiology Dep, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry, Email: kalaimicro21@gmail.com) : In-vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Costus pictus D. Don aqueous leaf extract. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1107-9.

With the extensive use of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance has become a serious threat to public health. Traditional plant medicine may serve as an alternative to this issue as they are relatively safe and has additional beneficial effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial effect of Costus pictus D. Don aqueous leaf extract. Antimicrobial effect of Costus pictus D. Don aqueous leaf extract was tested by modified agar well diffusion method in triplets. 10 different types of bacterial isolates were studied. Zone of inhibition >8 mm was considered to be active. Marked antimicrobial activity of Costus pictus D. Don aqueous leaf extract was observed against all the bacterial stains used, especially above 40 µl. Aqueous leaf extract of Costus pictus D. Don showed dose-related antimicrobial effect on the bacterial stains studied.

1 table, 10 ref

027968   PRASAD Y P S, HARI P, SHAJINA M, MIRSHAD P V, RAHIMAN O M F (Physiology Dep, MES Medical College, Kerala, Email: mediresearchdirect@gmail.com) : Hematinic and antioxidant potential of aqueous extract of Sesamum indicum seeds against phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in albino rats. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1092-6.

More than 2 billion people around the world are suffering from anemia. Majority of populations in developing countries are depending on dietary supplementation and herbal medicine for the management of the anemic condition. The seed of Sesamum indicum L is used for its nutritional, medicinal, and industrial purposes in many parts of the world, which is also used as hematinics agent in the traditional system. This study investigated the hematinic and antioxidant potential of aqueous extract of S. indicum L. supplementation therapy in a rodent model of hemolytic anemia induced by phenylhydrazine (PHZ). About 36 adult albino rats were selected, of which six were considered to be normal controls. Anemia was induced by intraperitoneal administration of PHZ in remaining 30 rats. On the basis of hemoglobin (Hb) estimation after 2 days of PHZ administration, 24 rats were selected as anemic and randomly classified them into four groups. Groups II and III served as negative and positive control, while Groups IV and V were administered with the aqueous extract of Sesamum for 14 days. Rats were sacrificed at the end of 14th day, and their blood samples were collected. After the injection of PHZ rats developed hemolytic anemia reflected by a significant decrease in red blood cell (RBC) count, Hb concentration, and hematocrit percentage. Interestingly, therapy with S. indicum had significantly reversed these deteriorating effects on PHZ on RBCs, HGB, and HCT. In addition, sesame therapy significantly reversed the decreases in serum levels of total glutathione and activities of superoxide dismutase. The result of this study thus indicated that S. indicum is effective remedy to manage anemia in humans.

4 tables, 15 ref

028009   VASANTHAN S, JOSHI P (Physiology Dep, Pacific Medical College & Hospital, Rajasthan, Email: joshiprabal@gmail.com) : Effect of aluminum toxicity and Bacopa monnieri on plasma cortisol level in Wistar albino rats. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1088-91.

Aluminum is used as cooking utensil, and aluminum foil is used in covering and packing the food. It was known that aluminum is highly reactive, particularly during high temperature. Aluminum accumulates in the brain and other vital organs and causes damage to the tissues. The aim is to study whether aluminum exposure can alter the plasma cortisol level and also to study if aluminum exposure induced alterations in cortisol level could be normalized by the treatment of Bacopa monnieri. A total of 24 animals were divided into four groups. Group 1 is control receiving saline, Group 2 receives aluminum, Group 3 receives Bacopa, and Group 4 receives aluminum and Bacopa. After 30 days, blood sample was collected and plasma cortisol level was estimated. Aluminum-treated animals showed a significant increase (df 3, 23; f = 9) when compared with control animals. Whereas, Bacopa alone treated group as well as aluminum- and Bacopa-treated group showed no significant changes compared with control groups animals. Moreover, aluminum-treated animals which received Bacopa showed a significant decrease in cortisol level from aluminum alone treated animals. Aluminum exposure-induced raise in blood cortisol level for 30 days indicates that aluminum may act as a chemical stressor. The aluminum-treated animals receiving Bacopa showed a significant decrease in the cortisol level.

1 table, 27 ref

027929   JOSHI P, KUMAR A, ARORA N (Physiology Dep, SGT Medical College, Haryana, Email: lion2ch@gmail.com) : Study of effect of examination stress on lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase level. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(8), 1084-7.

In day–to-day life, stress comes in various forms, and for medical students, academic stress poses one of the many challenges that they have to contend with during their graduation years. A review of the literature reveals the paucity of information about the effect of academic stress as a brief naturalist stressor on oxidative markers. Thus, this study was undertaken to determine the effect of examination stress on lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in medical students. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of examination stress on lipid peroxidation and SOD level. This study was conducted in 80 normal healthy subjects of both sexes (40 males and 40 females) in the age ranging from 18 to 25 years in the Department of Physiology of MLN Medical College, Allahabad. The plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) activity was determined according to the method given by Utley et al. and SOD activity was determined by using the method of Marklund and Marklund. During the high-stress period, the participants showed significantly higher levels (P < 0.01) of the MDA activity, a measure of lipid peroxidation as compared to low-stress period, while a marked (P < 0.001) decrease in the antioxidant SOD activity was observed in both sexes. The finding of this study shows that examination stress apparently shifts the delicate pro- and anti-oxidation balance to a more pro-oxidative state. This may lead to increased allostatic load and risk of chronic reactive oxygen species-related diseases. These findings may also lend support to the anecdotal practice of some individuals consuming antioxidant-rich supplementation during an examination period.

4 tables, 18 ref

027993   SHAMNANI G, RUKADIKAR C A, GUPTA V, SINGH S, TIWARI S, BHARTIY S S, SHARMA P (Physiology Dep, Chirayu Medical College and Hospital, Madhya Pradesh,, Email: charuj11@yahoo.com) : Serum magnesium in relation with obesity. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 1074-77.

Obesity is the leading public health crisis of our time. A chronic imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure will eventually lead to obesity. Several micronutrients are found to be involved in the development of obesity. Magnesium is found to have some role in the development of obesity. Objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation of serum magnesium with different parameters of obesity such as body weight, basal metabolic rate, waist circumference (WC), and waist-hip ratio on the basis of the hypothesis that subjects with hypomagnesemia are more prone to develop obesity. This is a population-based cross-sectional study. A total of 130 apparently healthy adults of age between 25 and 65 years, were recruited with prior ethical approval and written informed consent. Serum magnesium was found to have significant negative correlation with body weight (r = −0.30, P = 0.003) and WC (r = −0.21, P = 0.03). Correlation with rest of the parameters was not significant. On the basis of results it is concluded that hypomagnesemia can be proved to be one of the important predictors of obesity.

3 tables, 22 ref

028006   VAISHNAV B S, VAISHNAV S B, VARMA J, PRABHAKARAN A, CHOTALIYA M (Obstetrics and Gynaecology Dep, Pramukhswami Medical College, Gujarat, Email: smrutiv@charutarhealth.org) : Cognitive style assessment of Indian medical faculty - A step toward achieving cognitive integration in teaching practices. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 1065-9.

Prodigious growth of medical knowledge necessitates pedagogical shift of focus from knowledge-based teaching to metacognitive teaching. Teachers’ knowledge about their cognitive style can be used in implementing practices which synergize the same with medical students’ cognitive styles for the better educational outcome. The present study was carried out to determine cognitive styles of medical teachers and enhance their awareness about metacognition based teaching practices, with a view to derive logical implications for enhancing teaching-learning process. Cognitive style assessment of teachers was carried out using “Alert Scale of Cognitive Style.” Pre-session awareness, post-sensitization awareness, relevance, usefulness, and applicability of cognitive styles were tapped using single Likert- type questions. Analysis was done to know cognitive style preferences, their association with age, gender, handedness, subject specialization, and teaching experience. Faculty members were sensitized about cognitive styles and methods of synthesizing them in teaching. Of 88 participants studied, left, middle, and right brain cognitive styles were observed in 32 %, 56 %, and 12 %, respectively. Cognitive style was not found associated with any factors. Mean awareness about cognitive styles was 3.6 before the sessions. Post-sensitization mean rating for awareness, relevance, usefulness, and applicability of cognitive style was 6.57, 6.81, 6.89, and 6.73, respectively. Study significantly enhanced cognitive style awareness, which was low before the intervention. Sensitization sessions helped teachers for orienting them to combining analytical and synthesizing processes in teaching. Cognitive diversity among teachers is an institutional resource for pedagogic interventions.

3 tables, 14 ref

028018   ZAINUDIN R M, ZAINI F, MONA R, FIRDOUS J, MUHAMAD N (Preclinical Dep, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL RCMP), Malaysia, Email: noorzaid@unikl.edu.my) : Does Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. enhance GLUT4 translocation in the skeletal muscle of induced type II diabetic rats?. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 1061-4.

GLUT4 acts as the insulin-responsive glucose transporter, thus promoting the uptake of glucose from circulation into muscle and adipose tissue. The present study was conducted to determine the effect Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. extract on GLUT4 translocation in the skeletal muscle of type II diabetic rats using immunofluorescent technique. Male Wistar rats aged 10 weeks (180–220 g) were divided into four groups: Normal control group (vehicle receiving group), positive control group (diabetic rats treated with 5 mg/kg metformin), negative control group (diabetic rats not receiving any treatment), and treated group (diabetic rats treated with 1 g/kg O. stamineus Benth. aqueous leaf extract). The rats were treated daily for 14 days where the fasting blood glucose level was measured daily; meanwhile, serum insulin was measured before (after injected with STZ-NAD) and after they get treated (at the end of 14 days). At the end of the treatment, the rats were sacrificed and soleus muscles were dissected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and processed for immunofluorescence technique. The findings showed significantly reduced (P < 0.01) mean fasting glucose concentration in positive control and treated groups. Relative pancreas weight and serum plasma concentration were similar in all groups. In the diabetic rats treated with O. stamineus Benth., improvement in the translocation activity of GLUT4 was observed. Our findings suggest that O. stamineus Benth. has the potential in the treatment of Type II diabetes mellitus though the improvement of GLUT4 translocation activity

2 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

027969   PRIYA A S K, PRASATH S G (Physiology Dep, Velammal Medical College and Hospital, Tamil Nadu, Email: kaniethapriya@gmail.com) : Comparison of effect of aspartame (artificial sweetener) and aspartame sweetened diet drink on autonomic reactivity of volunteers. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 1057-60.

Obesity is the single most important risk factor in the onset of various diseases. Dieting is considered as an important part of today’s daily life; the aim of our study is to explore the effects of aspartame on autonomic reactivity and compare it with the effects of aspartame-sweetened diet drink in human volunteers. To study and compare the effect of aspartame and aspartame-sweetened diet drink on autonomic reactivity. This is a comparative study done in the department of physiology. After getting an Institutional Ethical Committee clearance and explained informed and written consent from all the participants. The study duration was for 2 months and the study population was 120 volunteers of age 20–30 years of both genders were randomly chosen and included in the study. They were divided randomly as 80 volunteers in the study group and 40 in the control group. The study Group A in whom aspartame (artificial sweetener) diluted in water was given. Group B in whom diet drink was given and Group C as controls who was fed with plain water and tested for various parameters of autonomic reactivity. The findings in our study showed increased sympathetic activity after consumption of aspartame diluted in water and also showed further increased sympathetic activity in subjects who consumed aspartame-sweetened diet drink than the controls. Aspartame is causing various health hazardous to humans, it is no safer to consume aspartame as a sugar substitute.

3 tables, 17 ref

027921   HERNAIS K D A, CAMARA T T, PLES M B, VITOR II R J S (Biology Dep, De La Salle Univ, Philippines, Email: rodeljonathan.vitor@gmail.com) : The muscular effect of Cobra energy drink on toad (Bufo marinus = Rhinella marina) gastrocnemius fatigue time and contraction force. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 1026-30.

Cobra energy drink is one of the most popular beverages in the Philippines used by many for its energy-boosting effects. It is known to contain ingredients such as caffeine, B-vitamins, taurine, and ginseng, which are all said to improve muscle performance. Caffeine helps aid muscle contraction through the opening of calcium ion channels, while B vitamins aid in the production of adenosine triphosphate needed by the muscles during exercise. In addition to this, taurine helps maintain contractile functions while ginseng protects the muscles from exercise-induced oxidative stress. The objectives of the study are to determine the effect of Cobra energy drink on the contraction force and fatigability of the gastrocnemius muscle of toad. Cobra energy drink was administered in four different concentrations (100 % v/v, 75 % v/v, 50 % v/v, and 25 % v/v). Each treatment concentration had four replicates each and a total of 16 toads were used. For each toad, both legs were used, one leg for the treatment and the other one for the control. The factors measured are as follows: Mean force, maximum force, and fatigue time. These parameters were measured using the PowerLab/4ST. Based on the results gathered, 100 % v/v showed an increase in muscle contractility by garnering a positive result for all three factors while the rest of the treatments gave negative means for all three factors. Means for 100 % v/v were considered statistically significant from all the other treatments while the rest showed no significant differences. Moreover, no significant differences were detected from all treatments in fatigue time including the 100% v/v. However, the results imply that as the treatment concentration increased, muscle contractility also increased. 100 % v/v showed the most promising results in muscle contraction and fatigability due to it gaining positive values for all three parameters while the other treatments gave negative results. It can be said that Cobra energy drink had a beneficial effect on the muscle in terms of muscle contractility due to the significant differences detected in muscle contractility and fatigability.

1 table, 25 ref

027983   SALVI S, JOSHI A (Physiology Dep, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Maharashtra, Email: shslvi@gmail.com) : Platelet aggregability, prehypertension, and heart rate in male smokers: An unwelcome circumstance for prothrombotic activity. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 1005-9.

Smoking makes the blood stickier and the blood cells clump together due to which there is reduced blood flow which further leads to blockages in the heart. Cigarette smoking globally known risk factor for public health and being responsible for many illnesses such as hypertension, lung cancer, coronary heart disease, and stroke. It has a negative impact on endothelial function which leads to thrombotic episodes by enhancing platelet aggregation and also important for developing hypertension. There are various mechanisms by which it affects the cardiovascular system. Nicotine, main ingredient, is said to increase cardiac output by increasing both heart rate (HR) and myocardial contractility. Considering above known facts, the objectives were assessed in the form of platelet aggregability by method given by O’Brien and early prediction of hypertension in smokers and non-smokers by measuring blood pressure (BP) and resting HR. Platelet aggregability was measured by method given by O’Brien and BP was recorded using sphygmomanometer taking the average while radial pulse was taken for HR. Our result shows that platelet aggregability and systolic BP with diastolic BP to be highly significantly P < 0.0000 in smokers along with statistically significant P < 0.05 resting HR. The study thus highlights the endothelial damage with increased sympathetic activity which leads to increased platelet activation and aggregation in smokers, prehypertension also worsens platelet activation, appropriate prevention measures needs to be implemented to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

3 tables, 25 ref

027892   CAGAMPAN D M, LACUATA K A, PLES M B, VITOR II R J S (Biology Dep, De La Salle Univ, Philippines, Email: rodeljonathan.vitor@gmail.com) : Effect of Ehretia microphylla on the blood cholesterol and weight of ICR mice (Mus musculus). Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 983-7.

Simvastatin has been widely used in controlling blood cholesterol levels and weight; however, side effects such as muscle pain, muscle damage, liver damage, and hyperglycemia may occur. Studies have shown that intake of herbal medicines may be supplemental and may even be more effective than medicines available in the market. The objectives of this study are to assess the effects of administration of aqueous leaf extract of Ehretia microphylla in ICR mice on blood cholesterol levels and weight. A total of 35 ICR mice were designated into five groups which are the negative control group, positive control group, low dose, mid dose, and high dose. All groups were fed with lard-coated feeds to increase blood cholesterol level and weight. The positive control group was treated with 2.0 ml of simvastatin, while the negative control remained untreated. The treatments, namely, the low dose, mid dose, and high dose were treated with 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg of the E. microphylla extract, respectively. After 14 days of treatment, statistical analysis indicated that the E. microphylla extract had anticholesterolemic effect. There was a significant difference in the high-dose group. There was also no significant difference observed in the other groups, namely, the low dose and the mid dose. Furthermore, the positive group treated with simvastatin had a significantly lowered cholesterol level compared to the high-dose group. There are inconclusive results on the effect of E. microphylla on weight. E. microphylla has anti-hypercholesterolemic effects, which may be attributed to the different phytochemicals present in it.

2 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

027899   CUEVA J T D, PLES M B, VITOR II R J S (Biology Dep, De La Salle Univ, Philippines, Email: rodeljonathan.vitor@gmail.com) : Relationship between chikungunya virus prevalence, rainfall, and urbanization in the Philippines. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 977-82.

The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is regarded as a new virus even though it has infected people in the Philippines since the 1960’s and has been instigating sporadic outbreaks since. This virus is commonly mistaken for dengue due to similarities in symptoms since they do share similar vectors of transmission, the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. This study is done to determine the prevalence rates of CHIKV in each region of the Philippines and to determine if rainfall and urbanization play a key role in prevalence, as some studies on dengue may suggest. CHIKV data were obtained from the National Epidemiological Center of the Department of Health, 2010 regional levels of urbanization from the National Statistics Office official website and rainfall data from the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. The collected data were analyzed using STATA v.12. Results show that nationwide prevalence of CHIKV from January to July of 2012 and 2013 increased by 38.62 %. No linear relationship was established between prevalence rates and rainfall per region as well as the level of urbanization. The highest prevalence rates were obtained from regions V, X, and XI for 2012 while regions IV-B, VI, and CARAGA had the highest prevalence for 2013. ARMM had no confirmed cases reported for both years. There is no correlation between the amount of rainfall and urbanization in the prevalence of CHIKV in the Philippines during the period studied.

7 illus, 25 ref

027909   DUGURAN D R, LOPEZ M J C, VALENZUELA M T C E, PLES M B, VITOR II R J S (Biology Dep, De La Salle Univ, Philippines, Email: rodeljonathan.vitor@gmail.com) : Protective potential of ginseng and silymarin on the liver and kidney of ethanol-treated mice (Mus musculus). Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 969-76.

Alcohol use and abuse have been rampant worldwide, and therapeutic regimen has been sought for to ameliorate changes brought about by such. Herbal medicines have been mostly used due to their inherent properties and non-toxic effects in the body. The objective of this study was to determine if ginseng and silymarin can provide protective effects to prevent liver fibrosis and renal destruction in mice (Mus musculus). Thirty laboratory mice were randomly placed in six groups, each with five mice. Treatments were introduced for the next 3 weeks (21 days). Food pellets were mixed with 0.10 mL silymarin or 0.10 mL ginseng with 20 % ethanol v/v water was given. Group 1 was given local food pellets and mineral water, Group 2 was given local food pellets and 20% ethanol, Group 3 given ginseng food pellets and mineral water, Group 4 given silymarin food pellets and mineral water, Group 5 given ginseng food pellets and 20% ethanol, and Group 6 given silymarin food pellets and 20 % ethanol. At the end of the treatment period, the mice were sacrificed through cervical dislocation, and the liver and kidneys were extracted and processed for histological analysis. Both liver and kidneys showed extensive damage in the group treated with 20 % ethanol. Silymarin and ginseng were both able to protect the liver, though there were more protective effects when treated with silymarin as compared to ginseng. It can be concluded that silymarin and ginseng may have protective effects against hepatic and renal insults and damage.

15 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

027880   BAGEWADI H G, RAJESHWARI, PATIL B V (Pharmacology Dep, Gulbarga Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, Email: rajeshwarineela6@gmail.com) : Behavioral assessment of antidepressant activity of Memantine - a NMDA receptor antagonist in animal models: An experimental study. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 964-8.

Around 5–10 % of patients on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors discontinue therapy because of side effects. Therefore, research for newer antidepressants with greater effectiveness has to be explored. The present study is undertaken to evaluate the antidepressant activity of Memantine in Swiss albino mice. They were divided into four groups containing six mice in each group. First group mice were given normal saline (control) 10 mL/kg, Fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) as standard for the second group and for third group Memantine 3 mg/kg (test drug), and Memantine plus Fluoxetine (3 mg/kg + 20 mg/kg) for the fourth group intraperitoneally daily for 15 consecutive days. Duration of immobility was observed for 4 min in forced swimming test. Duration of locomotor activity was observed in photoactometer. Results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey’s test. Memantine significantly reduced the immobility time in forced swim test compared to control (P < 0.001). Memantine showed no significant effect on locomotor activity in photoactometer. Memantine showed synergistic antidepressant effect with Fluoxetine when combined together. N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, Memantine has showed significant antidepressant activity in experimental models of depression in mice.

4 tables, 29 ref

027962   PANNEERSELVAM N, SHANMUGASUNDARAM J, SUBRAMANIAN V, KADHIRVELU P (Pharmacology Dep, Meenakshi Medical College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, Email: jaiku23@rediffmail.com) : A study on antidepressant-like effect of dihydroxy flavones in mice and their mechanisms involved. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 940-6.

In the treatment of depression, drugs with a quick onset of action and high margin of safety are intensely being searched. Previous studies indicate flavonoids as a potential source for such drugs. Hence, in the present study, four dihydroxy flavones have been selected for investigation. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential antidepressant effect and the mechanism of action of dihydroxy flavone derivatives in mice. Mice were subjected to forced swim test and tail suspension test for 6 min. The period of immobility in these animals was recorded after treatment with different doses of 3,7-dihydroxy flavone, 3,3’-dihydroxy flavone, 6,3’-dihydroxy flavone, and 5,6–dihydroxy flavone. Interacting drugs such as para chlorophenylalanine, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, L-arginine, and naloxone were employed to delineate the role of various mechanisms involved in the action of these dihydroxy flavones in forced swim test. A dose-dependent reduction in the immobility period of mice was recorded in both forced swim test and tail suspension test for dihydroxy flavones indicating the antidepressant-like effect of these compounds. However, 6,3’-dihydroxy flavone was found to be less effective than the other three compounds. Various interacting drugs differentially modulated the reduction of immobility period produced by dihydroxy flavones in forced swim test. Monoaminergic, opioid, and nitric oxide pathways were evident in the action of dihydroxy flavones. The present study identified the potential antidepressant effect of a few dihydroxy flavone derivatives involving novel mechanisms.

2 tables, 38 ref

027945   LLOREN K K S, VITOR R J S (Biology Dep, De La Salle Univ, Philippines, Email: rodeljonathan.vitor@gmail.com) : S100 can be used as a tumor marker in canine mammary tumors. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2018, 8(7), 928-39.

S100 protein has been localized in different normal and tumorous tissues. Furthermore, its use in tumor localization and identification has already been established. The aim of this study is to determine the localization and distribution of S100 immunoreactive cells in different canine mammary tumors (CMTs). The localization of S100 protein was demonstrated in sections of ten different classifications of CMTs and one normal lactating mammary gland by immunohistochemistry. 10 CMT samples were obtained from tumor resections in different veterinary clinics and hospital in Metro Manila, Philippines, and one normal lactating mammary gland was obtained from an anatomy cadaver for comparison. S100 was observed to be positive in the endothelial cells of blood vessels in all the samples which make it suitable as a marker for CMT. Other cells that have been observed to be moderate-to-high immunoreactivity are spindle-shaped cells, chondrocytes and stromal cells which may serve as tumor markers. A positive immunoreactivity on some neuroendocrine cells and epithelial cells was also observed in neuroendocrine differentiated carcinoma. Based on the results in 10 CMT, this study suggests that S100 immunohistochemistry can be used as a marker to confirm CMT.

23 illus, 2 tables, 54 ref

027931   KAMAL M M, KULKARNI H R, MAKDE M M, MUNJE R (Pathology Dep, Government Medical College, Maharashtra, Email: majiri0288@gmail.com) : Can fine needle aspiration cytology be used as a proxy gold standard to diagnose tuberculous mastitis?. J Cytol 2018, 35(3), 159-62.

To assess the performance of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of tuberculosis mastitis. Diagnostic test performance evaluation using two methods—as compared to an alloyed gold standard as well as in the absence of a gold standard. Alloyed gold standard combined the results of acid fast bacilli in cytology smears, histopathological confirmation, and response to treatment. Bayesian estimation of test parameters was done in the absence of the gold standard. FNAC was carried out in 6,496 consecutive cases of breast lump and 104 cases of granulomatous mastitis were detected. Both methods of test parameter estimation identified a high specificity of FNAC for the diagnosis of tuberculosis mastitis (98.9 % and 98.4 %, respectively). Estimation of sensitivity was falsely high (100 %) using the alloyed gold standard because of a workup bias and falsely low (8.41 %) using the Bayesian estimation because of low prevalence. Likelihood ratios by both methods suggested that FNAC has good discriminatory capability. In situations where prevalence of tuberculosis is high and where facilities for histopathological evaluation do not exist, FNAC can offer an optional alternative to base the therapeutic decision for starting antitubercular treatment.

3 tables, 24 ref