014869   Abbas M;Nawaz R;Shahid M;Nawaz M;Alim M; Rafique Asi M (Chemistry and Biotechnology Dep, Agriculture Univ, Faisalabad-38040, Email: mshahiduaf@yahoo.com) : Evaluation of urinary excretion and renal clearance of deferiprone, creatinine, iron and zinc in human. Asian J Chem 2009, 21(6), 4583-92.

Iron chelators are used in medicine to protect patients from the consequences of iron overload and iron toxicity. Deferiprone (1,2-dimethyI-3-hydroxypyrid-4-one), which belongs to the family of a-ketohydroxy-pyridines, is an oral iron chelator that is used clinically, mainly in patients with thalassemia. The urinary excretion and renal clearance of deferiprone was investigated in 24 healthy male volunteers following oral administration of a single dose 500 mg. Concentration of deferiprone in plasma and urine was determined by high performance liquid chromato-graphy, iron and zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and the concentration of creatinine by chemistry analyzer. Total amount of deferiprone excreted in 24 h was 13.7 ± 1.24 mg. The renal clearance of endogenous creatinine was 0.90 ±0.11 mL/min/Kg and deferiprone was 0.29 ± 0.04 mL/min/Kg being about one third of the filtration clearance. The renal excretory mechanisms involved glomerular filtration, excreting only 2.73% of the oral dose of deferiprone through urine. Lower values of the deferiprone renal clearance than the GFR indicate that the excretion of the drug through kidneys involves glomerular filtration and extensive renal tubular back diffusion or reabsorption. The literature for excretion and renal clearance parameters of deferiprone is inadequate; however similarities and differences were both observed when the present findings were compared with the cited results.

4 illus, 4 tables, 31 ref

024331   Wanjari K;Baradkar V P;Mathur M;Kumar S (Microbilogy Dep, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai-400 022, Email: vasantbaradkar@yahoo.com) : Tuberculous synovitis in a HIV positive patient. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(1), 72-5.

Tuberculosis of the appendicular skeleton is an uncommon infection by tubercle bacilli. Thirty percent of the skeletal tuberculosis involves joints, the knee being the third most common joint affected. We report a case of tubercular synovitis of the knee joint in a 30-year-old HIV seropositive male. The diagnosis was done by Ziehl-Neelsen stain and culture on Lowenstein Jensen medium, of the synovial fluid along with the X-ray findings of the knee joint. The X-ray of the chest showed findings suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis. The patient was responding well to the antitubercular treatment at the last follow up.

4 illus, 9 ref

024330   Wanjari K;Baradkar V;Mathur M;Kumar S (Microbiology Dep, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai-400 022, Email: vasantbaradkar@yahoo.com) : Case of tuberculous pericardial effusion. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(1), 75-7.

Tuberculosis accounts for up to 4% of acute pericarditis and 7% cases of cardiac tamponade. Prompt treatment can be life saving but requires accurate diagnosis. We report a case of 30-year-old male who presented with fever, chills, and dry nonproductive cough since one month. The case was diagnosed by radiological findings, which were suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis, followed by acid fast staining and culture of the aspirated pericardial fluid. The patient was responding to antitubercular treatment at the last follow up.

3 illus, 9 ref

024329   Wani S A;Ahead F (Zoology Dep, PG Univ of Kashmir, Srinagar-190 006, Email: showkat_aish@yahoo.co.in) : Intestinal helminths and associated risk factors in children of district Pulwama, Kashmir, India. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(1), 81-2.

1 table, 5 ref

024328   Vissa V D;Sakamuri R M;Li W;Brennan P J (Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Dep, Colorado State Univ, Fort Collins, CO-80523-1628, USA, Email: vvissa@colostate.edu) : Defining mycobacteria: shared and specific genome features for different lifestyles. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(1), 11-47.

During the last decade, the combination of rapid whole genome sequencing capabilities, application of genetic and computational tools, and establishment of model systems for the study of a range of species for a spectrum of biological questions has enhanced our cumulative knowledge of mycobacteria in terms of their growth properties and requirements. The adaption of the corynebacterial surrogate system has simplified the study of cell wall biosyn-thetic machinery common to actinobacteria. Comparative genomics supported by experimentation reveals that superimposed on a common core of 'mycobacteriaF gene set, pathogenic mycobacteria are endowed with multiple copies of several protein families that encode novel secretion and transport systems such as mce and esx; immunomodula-tors named PE/PPE proteins, and polyketide synthases for synthesis of complex lipids. The precise timing of expression, engagement and interactions involving one or more of these redundant proteins in their host environments likely play a role in the definition and differentiation of species and their disease phenotypes. Besides these, only a few species specific 'virulence' factors i.e., macromolecules have been discovered. Other subtleties may also arise from modifications of shared macromolecules. In contrast, to cope with the broad and changing growth conditions their saprophytic relatives have larger genomes, in which the excess coding capacity is dedicated to transcriptional regulators, transporters for nutrients and toxic metabolites, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and catabolic pathways. In this review, we present a sampling of the tools and techniques that are being implemented to tease apart aspects of physiology, phylogeny, ecology and pathology and illustrate the dominant genomic characteristics of representative species. The investigation of clinical isolates, natural disease states and discovery of new diagnostics, vaccines and drugs for existing and emerging mycobacte-rial diseases, particularly for multidrug resistant strains are the challenges in the coming decades.

^iia5 illus, 9 tables, 175 ref

024327   Torun M M;Namal N;Demirci M;Bahar H (Microbiology Dep, Istanbul Univ, 34303 Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: mmtorun@istnbul.edu.tr) : Nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic resistance of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis in healthy school children in Turkey. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(1), 86-8.

1 table, 4 ref

024326   Suji Prabha M;Verghese S (Microbiology Dep, International Centre for Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Diseases, Front, Dr. K.M. Cherian Heart Foundation, R-30-C, Ambattur Industrial Estate Road, Chennai-600 101, Email: suji_prabha@sifu.com) : Polymerase chain reaction in detection of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) from porcine tissues. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(1), 68-71.

Pigs offer an unlimited source of xenografts for humans. The use of transplants from animal origin offers a potential solution to the limited supply of human organs and tissues. However, like many other mammalian species, pigs harbor porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV), which are encoded in their genomic DN A and are assumed to have been integrated into the porcine germline. The ability of PERV to infect human cells in vitro has heightened safety concerns regarding the transmission of PERV to pig xeno-graft recipients. Porcine tissues were analyzed using validated assays specific for PERV: polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (for PERV DNA) and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR (for PERV RNA). PERV-specific gag sequences were found in the porcine heart tissue samples using DNA-PCR and RT-PCR. PCR is a rapid and specific test for the detection of PERV from xenografts. These findings have demonstrated that the presence of both DNA and RNA forms of PERV in porcine tissues needs to be carefully considered when the infectious disease potential of xenotransplantation is being assessed.

2 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

024325   Sridevi S;Sudhakar G;Lakshmi Kalpana V; Lakshmipathi T (Human Genetics Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, Email: sridevisuvvari@yahoo.com) : Finger dermatoglyphic traits in Kalingas, an endogamous caste group in north coastal Andhra Pradesh. Indian J multidiscipl Res 2009, 5(3), 327-36.

An attempts to present the dermatoglyphic traits in Kalinga, an endogamous caste population from the north, coastal Andhra Pradesh. So far, several anthropogenetic studies have been carried out on several tribal and non-tribal communities in the state of Andhra Pradesh. However, the study population 'Kalinga' has not been touched so far. Hence, the observations made in this paper will add to the existing information on caste population of Andhra Pradesh. Finger ridge patterns, ridge counts, are the main traits studied among males and females belonging to kalinga community. The observations (dermatoglyphic traits) were compared with available on other caste populations of the state.

4 illus, 7 tables, 10 ref

024324   Sridevi S;Sudhakar G;Lakshmi Kalpana V; Haritha P (Human Genetics Dep, Andhra Univ, Waltair, Visakhapatnam, Email: sridevisuvvari@yahoo.com) : Demographic profile of Kalingas-a backward gaste population of Andhra Pradesh. Indian J multidiscipl Res 2009, 5(4), 517-26.

The kalinga is a backward caste population mainly inhabiting the Srikakulam district in north coastal region of Andhra Pradesh. Although these are under backward communities their lifestyle, culture and traditions are similar to any other caste population in the region. In this paper, an attempt is made to study the demographic profile of kalingas which is an endogamous unit. The study is mainly focussed on aspects like age at menarche, marriage, first conception, menopause, consanguinity, fertility and mortality etc,.For the present purpose information is gathered from a sample of 205 house holds and the findings were discussed in the light of earlier works on caste populations in Andhra Pradesh.

1 illus, 6 tables, 27 ref

024323   Sridevi M;Mallaiah K V (Microbiology Dep, Acharya Nagarjuna Univ, Nagarjuna Nagar-522 510, Email: kvmallaiah@rediffmail.com) : Phosphate solubilization by Rhizobium strains. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(1), 98-102.

Forty-six Rhizobium isolates from legume root and stem nodules were examined for their phosphate-solubilizing ability on Pikovskaya's agar medium. Rhizobium isolates from root nodules of Cassia absus, Vigna trilobata and three strains from Sesbania sesban showed zone of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) solubilization. The isolate from C. absus showed maximum solubilization (620 μg/ml) after 12 d of incubation, while the Rhizobium sp. strain 26 (from S. sesban) showed the least amount (150 μg/ml) of phosphate solubilization. Among the carbon sources tested for their ability to solubilize TCP, maximum solubilization (620 μg/ml) was observed in glucose by Rhizobium isolate from C. absus. Phosphate solubilization increased with increase in glucose concentration steeply up to 2% and slowly above this concentration in four isolates. Among the nitrogen sources tested, maximum solubilization (620 μg/ml) was observed in ammonium sulphate by Rhizobium isolate from C. absus.

^ssc4 tables, 17 ref

024322   Sinha K;Tendolkar U;Mathur M (Microbiology Dep, L.T.M. Medical College and General Hospital, Sion, Mumbai-400 022, Email: kavityam@yahoo.com) : Comparison of conventional broth blood culture technique and manual lysis centrifugation technique for detection of fungemia. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(1), 79-80.

1 table, 5 ref

024321   Singh S;Pandya Y;Rathod J;Trivedi S (Microbiology Dep, PS Medical Colege, Kaaramsad, Gujarat-388 325) : Bilateral breast abscess: a rare complication of enteric fever. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(1), 69-70.

Breast abscess is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus in pregnant or lactating females. Salmonella spp. is occasionally associated with abscess formation in various organs, but breast abscess is a very rare complication. In enteric fever dissemination to multiple organ systems following bacteraemia can lead to localized abscess. We report a case of bilateral breast abscess due to Salmonella Typhi in an unmarried 35-year-old female without any predisposing conditions. She presented with fever and painful swelling of both the breasts. S. typhi was isolated from both breasts. Such rare cause must be suspected in females without any evident predisposing factors for effective management.

1 illus 6 ref

024320   Sima R;Aparajita D (Community Medicine Dep, IPGME&R, All Indian Insititute of Hygiene and Public Health, Kolkata, Email: mdsroy06@yahoo.com) : Physical activity pattern among the adolescents of a rural community in West Bengal. Indian J community Med 2009, 34(4), 366-7.

7 ref

024319   Shoae Hassani A R;Ordouzadeh N;Ghaemi A; Amirmozafari N;Hamdi K;Nazari R (Microbiology Dep, Science and Research Branch of IAU, Tehran, Iran, Email: ghaem_amir@yahoo.com) : In vitro inhibition of Helicobacter pylori urease with non and semi fermented Camellia sinensis. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(1), 30-34.

Helicobacter pylori is the etiological agent in duodenal and peptic ulcers. The growing problem of antibiotic resistance by the organism demands the search for novel compounds, especially from natural sources. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Camellia sinensis extracts on the urease enzyme that is a major colonization factor for H. pylori. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of nonfermented and semifermented C. sinensis methanol: water extracts were assessed by broth dilution method. Examination of the urease function was performed by Me Laren method, and, urease production was detected on 12% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from whole cell and membrane bound proteins. Rfianllsu-Both extracts had inhibitory effects against H. pylori and urease production. At a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml of nonfermented extract and 3.5 mg/ml of semifermented extract the production of Ure A and Ure B subunits of the urease enzyme were inhibited completely. A concentration of 4 mg/ml of nonfermented and 5.5 mg/ml of semifermented extract were bactericidal for H. pylori. C. sinensis extracts, especially the nonfermented, could reduce H. pylori population and inhibit urease production at lower concentrations. The superior effect of nonfermented extract is due to its rich polyphenolic compounds and catechin contents.

3 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

024318   Sharma K K;Kuhad R C (Lignocellulose Biotechnology Lab, Microbiology Dep, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi-110 021) : Evidence of laccases in archaea. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(2), 142-50.

Laccases (benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) are a diverse group of multicopper oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of a variety of aromatic compounds. Presents evidence for distribution of laccases among archaea and their probable functions. Putative laccase genes have been found in different archaeal groups that might have branched off early during evolution, e.g. Haloarcula marismortui ATCC 43049, Natronomonas pharaonis DSM2160, Pyrobaculum aerophilum IM2, Candidatus Nitrosopumilus maritimus SCM1, Halorubrum lacusprofundi ATCC 49239. Most of the archaeal multicopper oxidases reported here are of Type 1 and Type 2 whereas type 3 copper-binding domain could be found in Pyrobaculum aerophilum IM2 and Halorubrum lacusprofundi ATCC49239. An analysis of the genome sequence database revealed the presence of novel types of two-domain laccases in archaea.

2 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

024317   Satapathy D M;Malini D S;Behera T R;Reddy S S S;Tripathy R M (Community Medicine Dep, MKCG Medical College, Berhampur-760 004, Email: drdurgams@rediffmail.com) : Janani surakhya yojana and 'at birth' immunization: a study in a tertiary level health center. Indian J community Med 2009, 34(4), 351-3.

1 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

024316   Saraya S;Soontornpas C;Chindavijak B; Mootsikapun P (Microbilogy Dep, Mahidol Univ, Sri-Ayudhaya Rd, Rajadhevi, Bangkok 10 400, Thailand, Email: chesoo@kku.ac.th) : In vitro interactions between cotrimoxazole and doxycycline in burkholderia pseudomallei: how important is this combination in maintenance therapy of melioidosis?. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(1), 88-9.

1 illus, 5 ref

024315   Saha S K;Baqui A H;Darmstadt G L;Islam M; Arifeen S E;Santosham M;Nagatake T;Black R E (Microbiology Dep, Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh, Email: sksaha@bangla.net) : Addition of isovitalex in chocolate agar for the isolation of Haemophilus influenzae. Indian J med Res 2009, 129(1), 99-101.

The reason for lack of data on burden of Haemophilus influenzas type b (Hib) in developing countries was mainly failure of detection of this fastidious organism in laboratories. Use of isovitalex (IVX) was suggested as an essential supplement for growing this organism. This study was carried out to investigate the impact of IVX supplementation to chocolate agar for detection of Hib. Chocolate agar with and without supplementation of IVX was prepared. Clinical samples as well as reference strains of Hib were simultaneously cultured on both the media. H. influenzae isolates (N=194) were simultaneously grown on chocolate agar (CA) with and without isovitalex (IVX). Average colony size of H, influenzae on CA with IVX (CA-IVX) was larger only by 0.10 cm (range 0.05 to 0.16 cm) compared to CA alone. Addition of IVX to CA increased the cost of media by 2.1-fold. Isovitalex is not essential for the isolation and growth of H, influenzae almost halving the cost.

10 ref

024314   Reddy M;Harish Kumar Reddy Y;Srijana M; Raghavender C R;Gopal Reddy (Microbiology Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: gopalred1@gmail.com) : Optimization of physiological conditions for biodegradation of 2-picoline by Bacillus cereus GMHS. Indian J multidiscipl Res 2009, 5(3), 317-26.

Biodegradation of 2-picoline was studied using Bacillus cereus GMHS. After optimizing the physiological conditions, 2-picoline was degraded at 90% of 2mM. Among the various media used, peptone water medium supported the growth of the bacterium. However, biodegradation of 2-picoline was observed to be more supportive by mineral salts medium than other media. A pH of 6.5, temperature 37°C, inoculum size 5% and 2mM 2-picoline concentration was found to be optimal parameters for efficient biodegradation in 24 hours.

6 illus, 18 ref

024313   Raut S H;Varaiya A (Microbiology Dep, S.L. Raheja Hospital, Mahim, Mumbai-400 016, Email: amivaraiya@yahoo.com) : Differentiation of Candida dubliniensis on chrom agar and pal's agar. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(1), 55-8.

Difference in expression of putative virulence factors and in antifungal susceptibility among different Candida species has raised the need for species-level identification. The close relationship of Candida dubliniensis with C. albicans has led to misidentification of C. dubliniensis isolates as C. albicans. Phenotypic tests include ability to produce chlamydospore on casein agar, colony colour development on differential media CHROM agar Candida medium and ability to form hyphal fringe on Pal's agar, have been used to differentiate these two Candida species. Fifty isolates of Candida species were recovered from various specimens (blood, urine, tissue and respiratory secretions) from diabetic and cancer patients between April and July 2007. The isolates were tested for chlamydospore production on casein agar. These were also streaked simultaneously on CHROM agar, Pal's agar and a combination of CHROM agar supplemented with Pal's agar for identification and differentiation of C. dubliniensis from C. albicans. On CHROM agar, 19 isolates were identified as C. dubliniensis, nine as C. albicans, 10 as C. krusei, nine as C. tropical is and two as C. glabrata. One was indeterminate and later identified as C. dubliniensis. Out of the 20 C. dubliniensis isolates, 19 isolates exhibited hyphal fringe on Pal's agar. On CHROM agar supplemented with Pal's agar, 16 out of the 19 fringe-positive isolates exhibited fringe surrounding the bluish green-coloured colonies of C. dubliniensis. Additional identification tests like growth at 45°C and ability to reduce 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride were time efficient, inexpensive and easy-to-use methods for differentiation of C. dubliniensis and C. albicans isolates. CHROM agar when supplemented with Pal's agar gave definitive identification between C. dubliniensis and C. albicans.

1 illus, 14 ref

024312   Ramani S (NO, , 201, Tulip Neelkanth Gardens, Govandi East, Opposite Jain Mandir, Mumbai-400 088, Email: suda_ramani@yahoo.com) : Can we transplant conceptual frameworks of healthcare quality evaluation from developed countries into developing countries?. Indian J community Med 2009, 34(2), 87-8.

4 ref

024311   Rajagopal R (Zoology Dep, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110 007, Email: zoorajagopal@gmail.com) : Beneficial interactions between insects and gut bacteria. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(2), 114-19.

Insects are amongst the most successful of animals, both in terms of diversity and in colonizing all ecological niches. Recent studies have highlighted the benefi ciary roles that bacteria play in the success and establishment of insects. By adopting techniques like 16S rRNA sequencing one can now be in a position to understand the diversity of bacteria present in insect guts. It has been shown that some of these bacteria, like Wolbachia and Cardinium are involved in manipulating insect populations and distorting their sex ratio. Attempts have been made to culture these bacteria in insect cell lines, as they are recalcitrant to culture under normal microbiological conditions. The diversity of bacteria associated with insects and the functional role played by them in the insect is discussed.

^iia47 ref

024310   Rahi P;Vyas P;Sharma S;Gulati A;Gulati A (NO, Hill Area Tea Sciences, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 6, Palampur-176 061) : Plant growth promoting potential of the fungus Discosia sp. FIHB 571 from tea rhizosphere testesd on chickpea, maize and pea. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(2), 128-33.

ITS region sequence of a phosphate-solubilizing fungus isolated from the rhizosphere of tea growing in Kangra valley of Himachal Pradesh showed 96% identity with Discosia sp. strain HKUCC 6626 ITS 1, 5.8S rRNA gene and ITS 2 complete sequence, and 28S rRNA gene partial sequence. The fungus exhibited the multiple plant growth promoting attributes of solubilization of inorganic phosphate substrates, production of phytase and siderophores, and biosynthesis of indole acetic acid (IAA)-like auxins. The fungal inoculum significantly increased the root length, shoot length and dry matter in the test plants of maize, pea and chickpea over the uninoculated control under the controlled environment. The plant growth promoting attributes have not been previously studied for the fungus. The fungal strain with its multiple plant growth promoting activities appears attractive towards the development of microbial inoculants.

2 illus, 3 tables, 37 ref

024309   Ponamgi S P D;Rahamathulla S;Kumar Y N; Chandra M;Lakshmi N;Habibullah C M;Khaja M N (Center for Liver Research and Diagnostics, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Allied Hospitals, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad-500 058, Email: mnkhaja@rediffmail.com) : Prevalence of hepatitis c virus (HCV) coinfection in HIV infected individuals in south India and characterization of HCV genotypes. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(1), 12-6.

To determine anti-HCV antibodies and genomic subtype of HCV in 1487 confirmed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive samples.A total of 1487 confirmed HIV-positive samples were tested for anti-HCV antibodies by using a third generation ELISAkit (Ortho 3.0) and by RT PCR for HCV. HIV and HCV coinfected samples were selected for HCV genotyping by RFLP and subtyping with NS5-type specific primers.A total of 1487 HlV-infected serum samples were screened for HCV infection, of which, a 1443 (97.04%) were negative and 45 (3.02%) were coinfected. HIV-HCV coinfection was predominant in the age group 41-50 years (51.1%). HCV genotyping and subtyping was done for the 45 HCV RNA-positive specimens of which genotype 1 was observed in 31 (68.8%) and genotype 3 was observed in 14 (31.1%) subjects. Further subtyping analysis showed the genotype Ib in 23 (51.1%), la in eight (17.7%), 3a in 10 (22.2%) and 3b in four (8.8%) subjects. HIV and HCV seroprevalence is higher in South India, and the most prevalent genotype in coinfection was genotype 1b.

3 illlus, 2 table, 18 ref

024308   Paranjothi S;Vijayarani H (Biotechnology Dep, M G R college, Hosur, Krishnagiri (DT), Tamil Nadu, Email: micropps2005@yahoo.co.in) : Prevalence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in pregnant women attending a private hospital in Krishnagiri (dt). Adv Biotech 2009, 9(5), 38-40.

Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) carrier and infectivity status among 762 pregnant women in Krishnagiri district, TamilNadu, were determined through random testing of volunteer's antenatal clinics through different hospitals with-in the krishnagiri district. HBV carriage status was determined by the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Samples were confirmed by Enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELJSA) kit (Span Diagnostic Ltd, India). Maternal HBV infectivity status was determined by testing all HBsAg positive samples for the presence of hepatitis BeAg. Overall 33(11%) pregnant women were identified as carriers for HBV and 10ofthe33 (30.3%) pregnant women identified as HBV earner tested for HBeAg. Hence 33% of the entire study population was found to have high viral replication as well as high risk of transmitting HBV to their neonates. The frequency of HBV carriers vary with age, educational factors, and marital status. The study demonstrates the endemicity of HBV infection by both vertical and horizontal means of transmission. Free screening and immunization of all pregnant women and infants should be incorporated in the antenatal and postnatal programmes in hospital for the eradication of HBV infection among pregnant women.

4 tables, 9 ref

024307   Panigrahi A;Mishra K;Mohapatra B (Community Medicine, Kalinga Instiute of Medical Sciences, KIIT Univ, Campus-5, Bhabaneswar, Orissa, Email: dr.ansuman@rediffmail.com) : Status of iodized salt coverage in urban slums of Cuttack city, Orissa. Indian J community Med 2009, 34(2), 145-7.

For sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), it is necessary to consume adequately iodized salt on a regular basis and optimal iodine nutrition can be achieved through universal salt iodization. To assess the extent of use of adequately iodized salt in the urban slums of Cuttack.Using a stratified random multi-stage cluster sampling design, a cross-sectional study involving 336 households and 33 retail shops selected randomly from 11 slums of Cuttack was conducted in 2005. A predesigned pretested schedule was used to obtain relevant information and salt iodine was estimated qualitatively by using a spot testing kit and quantitatively using the iodometric titration method. Statistical Analysis: Proportion, Chi-square test. Results: Only 60.1% of the households in urban slums of Cuttack were using adequately iodized salt i.e., the iodine level in the salt was ≥ 15 ppm. Iodine deficiency was significantly marked in sample salts collected from katcha houses as compared with salts collected from pucca houses. Households with low financial status were using noniodized/inadequately-iodized salt. Both crystalline and refined salts were sold at all retail shops. Crystalline salts collected from all retailers had an iodine content <15 ppm and refined salts collected from one retailer had iodine content <15 ppm. About 48.5% of salt samples collected from retail shops were adequately iodized. Conclusion: In the urban slums of Cuttack, retailers were selling crystalline salts, which were inadequately iodized- this would be a setback in the progress towards eliminating IDD.

2 tables, 8 ref

024306   Pandiarajan C;Sevugaperumal R;Ramasubbu R; Mehalingam P (NO, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, Email: cercpr@gmail.com) : Optimization of protease enzyme production by Bacillus sp.. Indian J multidiscipl Res 2009, 5(3), 311-16.

A potential protease producing microorganism was isolated and identified as Bacillus species. The enzyme protease activity at different pH, temperature and substrate concentration was studied and found that protease from the isolate confer enzyme activity and stability over high pH (9-11) and temperature (55°C). Effect of various metal ions like Ca^{2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ increased and stabilized the protease activity. Enzyme stability with commercial detergents like Rin, Ariel, Surf XL and Tide were also studied and found that, the enzyme activity was more stable and compatible with Tide. These properties indicate the possibility of protease in the detergents and other industrial utilities.}

1 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

024305   Ogunjuyigbe P O;Ojofeitimi E O;Liasu A (Demography and Social Statistics Dep, Obafemi Awolowo Univ, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, Email: pogunjuyigbe@yahoo.com) : Spousal communication, changes in partner attitude, and contraceptive use among the yorubas of southwest Nigeria. Indian J community Med 2009, 34(2), 112-16.

This paper highlights the relevance of spousal communication on males' attitude towards their partners' contraceptive use. This was a cross-sectional study. Data for the study were obtained from a survey carried out in three states, Oyo, Osun, and Qndo, mainly inhabited by the Yorubas. The results show that men have a significant role to play in the adoption of contraception. About 37% of the respondents reported joint decision making on when to have another child, 40.8% on whether to stop having children, and 44% on what to do to stop childbearing. Communication between a husband and wife on reproductive matters was also recognized as a factor that may influence male participation in family planning. This study has shown that the male partner may be highly motivated to obtain contraceptives. The results therefore suggest that male involvement in family planning should be encouraged through inter-spousal communication.

4 tables, 15 ref

024304   Nithya K;Santhi N;Kalaiselvi K (Biochemistry Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Dep, Avinasilingam Univ for Women, Coimbatore-641 043, Email: nithya.karunanithi@gmail.com) : Molecular docking of withanolides against the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) using glide. Adv Biotech 2009, 9(5), 23-7.

Medicinal plants have an advantage in drug discovery based on their use by humans for more than thousands of years. The bioactive compounds obtained from these plants are normally non-toxic or less toxic to humans. Identification of novel natural anticancer compounds is a highly demanding avenue of cancer therapies. Withania somnifera, L., commonly known as Ashwagandha or Indian winter cherry, a commonly used herb in Ayurvedic medicine. Studies indicate Ashwagandha possesses antioxidant, anxiolytic, adaptogen, memory enhancing, antiparkinsonian, antivenom, anti-inflammatory, antitumor properties. Withanolides mediate their effects through suppression of the transcription factor NF-κB. Molecular modeling studies have predicted possible binding mode of the inhibitors to the DNAbinding region of subunit p50, starting from the crystallographic structure of the NF-ϕB homodimer. The present work aims at studying the interaction of withanolides with the DNA binding site of NF-ϕB through docking analysis.

3 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

024303   Nath A;Sharma N;Ingle G K (Poplation Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York City, New York-100 65, united states, Email: anath@popcouncil.org) : Knowledge and attitudes of medical students and interns with regard to female foeticide. Indian J community Med 2009, 34(2), 164-5.

1 table, 5 ref

024302   Narsian V T;Patel H H (Life Sciences Dep, Bhavnagar Univ, Bhavnagar, Gujarat-364 001, Email: narsianvarsha@yahoo.com ) : Relationship of physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soils with native population of mineral phosphate solubilizing fungi. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(1), 60-7.

Phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF) were enumerated in 78 rhizosphere soil samples collected from various sites of Bhavnagar district with agro climatic zone of hot, semi-arid region of Gujarat. 81% of samples were inhabited with indigenous PSF; the count varied ranging from 0.01 to 90 x 10^{3 PSF g-1. PSF population in the rhizosphere soils were maximal at pH 7.4-8.4, electrical conductivity (EC) 1-2 dS mr-1 wherein PSF population decreased with a rise in EC. Optimal moisture content ranged ≤10-30% where the abundance of PSF always decreased with increase in moisture levels while suitable organic matter content ranged from ≤0.5-4.5%. Available P range 100-300 mg kg-1 was the most suitable for occurrence of PSF as being noticed from number of soil samples harboring them in rhizosphere soils. Amongst the various rhizosphere soil properties studied, a highly significant positive correlation was established between PSF and soil available P as well as pH. A significant positive association observed between total fungal population and organic matter as well as soil available P. Both abundance and number of PSF were more pronounced in descending order in plant covers: oilseeds, flowers, orchards, vegetables, pulses and cereals.}

7 tables, 31 ref

024301   Muthumani V;Jensi J (Microbiology Dep, Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College of Arts and Science for Women, Perambalur-621 212) : In vitro study of antimicrobial activity of biocolour against two enteric pathogen. Indian J Nutr Diet 2009, 46(12), 515-17.

The study supported that the biocoloured food by nature itself has got prophylactic activity to check the growth of enteric pathogens. Further studies should be carried out to predict the chemical nature of the biocolourant and its ability for further use of biocolourants in food industries.

1 table, 5 ref

024300   Mathanraj S;Sujatha S;Sivasangeetha K;Parija S C (Microbiology Dep, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgranduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry-605 006, Email: sujathasistla@gmail.com) : Screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers among patients and health care workers of a tertiary care hospital in south India. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(1), 62-4.

Total of 200 subjects were screened for carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at different sites using oxacillin blood agar and mannitol salt agar with oxacillin. Overall carriage rate was 8.5%, with the highest rate in inpatients (15.6%) while the lowest was seen in health care workers (1.8%). The commonest site of colonization was the anterior nares. Oxacillin blood agar was found to be superior to mannitol salt agar with oxacillin for the isolation of MRSA. Male sex and prolonged hospital stay were found to be the major risk factors for MRSA colonization.

2 illus, 13 ref

024299   Malhotra S;Subodh B N (Psychiatry Dep, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh-160 012, Email: savita.pg@gmail.com) : Informed consent & ethical issues in paediatric psychopharmacology. Indian J med Res 2009, 129(1), 19-32.

Issues relating to informed consent and ethics in paediatric psychopharmacology limit research in this population. Children vary in their levels of cognitive development, and presence of psychiatric disorder may further impair their ability to give informed consent. In decisional impairment subjects, various methods used for consent are assent/dissent; inclusion of advance directives; and/or alternative decision-makers. India is emerging as a new market for clinical trials in recent years. Moreover, in India the socio-cultural realities are different from those in the western countries making it necessary for professionals to be cautious in conducting drug trials. In this review, issues regarding informed consent in children and adolescent with psychiatric diagnosis are discussed for information, discussion and debate by professionals, parents, society and legal experts to create awareness and to facilitate development of guidelines that are appropriate and applicable to the Indian system.

9 illus, 52 ref

024298   Madhusudan Reddy D;Harish Kumar Reddy Y; Srijana M;Raghavender C R;Reddy G (Microbiology Dep, Osmania Univ, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: gopalred1@gmail.com) : Role of metabolic inhibitors in indentification of intermediate metabolites of 2-picoline biodegradation. Indian J multidiscipl Res 2009, 5(4), 479-84.

2-picoline is a high volume chemical used in synthesis of many chemical intermediates. But, its use is restricted due to potential neurotoxieity and suspected carcinogenicity. Bacillus cereus GMHS, isolated by enrichment culturing from 2-picoline contaminated soil was used to degrade this chemical. Sodium azide and sodium arsenate at 5mM concentrations were used as metabolic inhibitors at 24 and 48 hours of incubation for identification of intermediate metabolites of 2-picoline biodegradation pathway. Intermediate metabolites thus accumulated were identified as 2-hydroxypicoline and 6-hydroxypieolinic acid respectively.

28 ref

024297   Liang W C;Wang X H;Lin M G;Lin L L (Applied Chemistry Dep, National Chiayi University, 300 University Road, Chiayi-60083, Taiwan) : 70-kDa molecular chaperone, DnaK, from the industrial bacterium Bacillus licheniformis: gene cloning, purification and molecualr characterization of the recombinant protein. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(2), 151-60.

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70/DnaK) gene of Bacillus licheniformis is 1,839 bp in length encoding a polypeptide of 612 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of the gene shares high sequence identity with other Hsp70/DnaK proteins. The characteristic domains typical for Hsps/DnaKs are also well conserved in B. licheniformis DnaK (BlDnaK). BlDnaK was overexpressed in Escherichia coli using pQE expression system and the recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity by nickel-chelate chromatography. The optimal temperature for ATPase activity of the purified BlDnaK was 40°C in the presence of 100 mM KCl. The purified BlDnaK had a V_max of 32.5 nmol Pi/min and a K_M of 439 μM. In vivo, the dnaK gene allowed an E. coli dnaK756-ts mutant to grow at 44°C, suggesting that BlDnaK should be functional for survival of host cells under environmental changes especially higher temperature. Authors also described the use of circular dichroism to characterize the conformation change induced by ATP binding. Binding of ATP was not accompanied by a net change in secondary structure, but ATP together with Mg^{2+ and K+ ions had a greater enhancement in the stability of BlDnaK at stress temperatures. Simultaneous addition of DnaJ, GrpE, and NR-peptide (NRLLLTG) synergistically stimulates the ATPase activity of BlDnaK by 11.7-fold.}

7 illus, 58 ref

024296   Kundu B S;Nehra K;Yadav R;Tomar M (Microbiology Dep, CCS HAU, Hisar-125 004, Email: nehra_kiran22@rediffmail.com) : Biodiversity of phosphate solubilizing bacteria in rhizosphere of chickpea, mustard and wheat grown in different regions of Haryana. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(2), 120-7.

Native population of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) was studied in the rhizosphere of chickpea, mustard and wheat grown in different regions of Haryana. A total of 193 PSB were isolated from 245 rhizospheric samples collected from south-west and north-east zones. The PSB count showed large variations (3-67 x 10^{5cfu/g) and biodiversity within the crop and place of sampling. Using biochemical analysis, the isolates were tentatively identified as belonging to four genera, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Klebsiella and Enterobacter. Phosphate solubilization of these isolates varied from 5.9 to 123.8% and 2.2 to 227.2 μg/ml in solid and liquid Pikovskaya's medium, respectively. Based on their morphological traits, all the isolates were placed into 20 groups, majority of them falling in the group having white, round and gummy colonies, irrespective of the crop or the region. The intrinsic antibiotic resistance pattern showed large variations among the isolates and most of the isolates were resistant to streptomycin, ampicillin and penicillin. The highest PSB number and greatest variability were found in the rhizosphere of chickpea, followed by wheat and then mustard.}

6 tables, 32 ref

024295   Kulkarni R D;Ajantha G S;Shubhada C;Jain p (Microbiology Dep, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad-580 006, Email: atul410@yahoo.com) : Isolation of Salmonella enterica serotype isangi from a suspected case of enteric encephalopathy. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(1), 65-6.

Nontyphoidal salmonella species are thought to be potentially infectious to humans and many are documented to cause human diseases. Authors isolated S. hangi from the blood of a 30-year-old man with complaints of diarrhoea, fever, and altered sensorium. The serotype of the isolate was confirmed at National Salmonella Centre (Vet.), Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izzatnagar, India. The isolate was not an extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producer and the patient responded well to ceftriaxone. We reviewed the literature concerning infections caused by salmonella; however, did not find any report related to S. Isangi infection in human beings from India.

6 ref

024294   Krishna B V S (Hospitals Div, Lothian Univ, Royal Infirmary of Edinoburgh, 51, Little France Crescent, Edinoburgh, EH16 4SA, United Kingdom, Email: bvsk@yahoo.com) : Prostatic abscess by Staphylococcus aureus in a diabetic patient. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(1), 89.

3 ref

024293   Kirti Kumari;Sharma P;Rup Lal (Zoology Dep, University of Delhi, New Delhi-110 007, Email: ruplal@gmail.com) : Swine flu virus H1N1: a threat to human health. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(2), 201.

4 ref

024292   Kingston J J;Thavachelvam K;Tuteja U;James T; Janardhanan B;Batra H V (Microbiology Div, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Sidhartha Nagar, Mysore, Karnataka, Email: h_v_batra@rediffmail.com) : Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae from cholera outbreaks in Chennai. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(1), 84-8.

Genotype and antibiotic resistance pattern of the toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains associated with cholera outbreaks vary frequently. Fifty-one V. cholerae strains isolated from cholera outbreaks in Chennai (2002-2005) were screened for the presence of virulence and regulatory genes by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Genotyping of the isolates was done by VC1 primers derived from enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-related sequence in V. cholerae. All the isolates possessed toxigenic genes, such as ctxA, ctxB, tcpA, ace, ompU, toxR and zot. Two different El Tor genotypes and one O139 genotype could be delineated by VC1-PCR. One of the El Tor genotypes was similar to the El Tor strains isolated from Bhind district and Delhi during 2004. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed greater variability among the isolates tested. All the isolates were found to be susceptible to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. Thiry-three per cent of the isolates were found to be resistant to more than 4 antibiotics and could be termed as multiple antibiotic resistant. Coexistence of 0139 serogroup along with the El Tor biotype could be identified among the strains recovered during the period 2002-2004. The O139 isolates were found to be more susceptible to the antibiotics tested when compared to the El Tor isolates.

1 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

024291   Khan A;Myrold D D;Misra A K (Molecular Genetics Lab, Botany Dep, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793 022, Email: arvindkmisra@nehu.ac.in) : Molecular diversity of Frankia from root nodules of Hippophae salicifolia D.Don found in Sikkim. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(2), 196-200.

Molecular diversity of Frankia was assessed directly from the root nodules of Hippophae salicifolia naturally occurring in North Sikkim. Amplicon restriction patterns (ARPs) were developed by digesting 16S-ITS-23S amplicons with RsaI. Three ARPs were detected, showing diversity among strains of Frankia that nodulate Hippophae. This was confirmed by sequencing one amplicon each for the three ARPs. Therefore, ARP can be used as a tool for screening amplicons for nucleotide sequencing.

2 illus, 17 ref

024290   Khajehei M;Ziyadlou S;Safarired M; Tabatabatabaee H R;Kashefi F (Midwifery Dep, Fatemeh (P.B.U.H.) College of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz Univ of Me, Shiraz, Email: mar_far76@yahoo.com) : Comparison of sexual outcomes in primiparous women experienceing vaginal and caesarean births. Indian J community Med 2009, 34(2), 126-30.

Study was to evaluate and compare postpartum sexual functioning after vaginal and caesarean births. This was a cross-sectional study that was carried out in postnatal health care in a hospital. A total of 50 primiprous women who had given birth 6-12 months ago and came to the hospital for postnatal care were asked to join the study. Forty of the women completed the entire questionnaire. Among these women, 20 delivered spontaneously with mediolateral episiotomy and 20 had elective caesarean section. Sexual function was evaluated by a validated, self-created questionnaire. A statistical evaluation was carried out by SPSS v.ll. A two-part self-created validated questionnaire for data collection was administered regarding sexual function prior to pregnancy and 6-12 months postpartum. The median time to restart intercourse in the normal vaginal delivery with episiotomy (NVD/epi) group was 40 days and in the caesarean section (C/S) group was 10 days postpartum. The most common problems in the NVD/epi group was decreased libido (80%), sexual dissatisfaction (65%), and vaginal looseness (55%). In the C/S group, the most common problems were vaginal dryness (85%), sexual dissatisfaction (60%), and decreased libido (35%). There were clinically significant differences between the two groups regarding sexual outcomes, but these differences were not statically significant. Postnatal sexual problems were very common after both NVD/epi and C/S. Because sexual problems are so prevalent during the postpartum period, clinicians should draw more attention to the women's sexual life and try to improve their quality of life after delivery.

3 tables, 22 ref

024289   Kapley A;Purohit H J (Environmental Genomics Div, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, CSIR, Nehru Marg, Nagpur-440 020) : Genomic tools in bioremediation. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(2), 108-13.

Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to remove pollutants from the environment. Generally, bioremediation technologies can be classified as in situ or ex situ. In situ bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site while ex situ involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Like so much else in biology, the ease and availability of genomic data has created a new level of understanding this system. Bioremediation capabilities of the microbial population can be analyzed; not only by physiological parameters, but also by the use of genomic tools, and efficient remediation strategies can be planned. PCR and DNA- or oligonucleotide-based microarray technology is a powerful functional genomics tool that allows researchers to view the physiology of a living cell from a comprehensive and dynamic molecular perspective. Explores the use of such tools in bioremediation process.

2 illus, 52 ref

024288   Kapil U (NO, All India Institue of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Email: umeshkapil@yahoo.com) : Multiple micronutrient supplements will not reduce incidence of low birthweight. Indian J community Med 2009, 34(2), 85-6.

14 ref

024287   Kamaraj G;Chinchkar S R;Lingala Rajendra; Srinivasan V A (NO, Indian Immunologists Limited, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh) : Combined vaccine against Brucella abortus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(2), 161-8.

Study was undertaken to study the immune response in calves vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain 19, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) vaccines in monovalent form and combined vaccine containing both antigen. The seroconversion of monovalent and combined vaccines was tested in seronegative cattle calves. IBR vaccine alone and combination with live Brucella abortus S19 vaccine elicited an anamnestic response on day 60 post booster but started declining from day 90 onwards against IBR. B. abortus S19 alone and in combination with IBR vaccine gave more than 2 log protection in mice two weeks post challenge. Fluorescence polarization assay analysis with sera samples of calves vaccinated with B. abortus S19 monovalent vaccine alone and in combination with IBR vaccine revealed the presence of B. abortus antibodies. The components of the combined vaccine did not show any evidence of interference in the development of immunity. This combined vaccine may provide economical and affordable biological for the control of brucellosis and IBR.

3 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

024286   Kale D S;Rank D N;Joshi C G;Yadav B R;Koringa P G;Thakkar K M;Tolenkhomba T C;Solanki J V (NO, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), CSIR, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: deepakkale@ccmb.res.in) : Genetic diversity among Indian Gir, Deoni and Kankrej cattle breeds based on microsatellite markers. Indian J Biotechnol 2010, 9(2), 126-30.

Study was conducted to examine genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and genetic relationship among Gir, Deoni and Kankrej cattle breeds using microsatellite markers. The number of alleles observed at different loci ranged from 5 (HEL5) to 8 (CSRM60) with a total of 46 alleles across three breeds. The overall heterozygosity and polymorphic information content (PIC) values were 0.730 and 0.749, respectively. Nei's standard genetic distance was least between Gir and Kankrej and highest between Deoni and Kankrej. In the analyzed loci, an overall significant deficit of heterozygotes across these breeds was found and it could be due to inbreeding within breeds. The overall genetic differentiation (F_ST) among breeds was moderate, but significantly different. All loci, except INRA035, contributed significantly to the overall differentiation. The highest F_ST values were found in HEL5 and lowest in INRA035. The overall N_em value indicated a high rate of genetic flow between the breeds, which is in agreement with their origin of close proximity in the geographical area.

1 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

024285   Kadi A S;Halingali B I (Statistics Dep, Karnatak Univ, Dharwad-580 003, Email: bihali@rediffmail.com) : Growth and problems of slums in Indian cities. Int J agric statist Sci 2010, 6(1), 61-77.

Deals with the size and structure of slums in Indian cities. Many of the demographic, social and economic characteristics of slum population have been studied. After presenting introduction in the Section 1, Section 2 gives the source of data used for the present study. Section 3 will give the size of slum population in India. In the next section we present size and distribution of urban slums. In Section 5 we have presented cities having slum population. Section 6 deals with slum population in cities with million plus population size. Section 7 deals with composition of SC and ST population in slum areas. We have presented the sex composition in cities and slum areas in Section 8. Section 9 and 10 presents literacyrates in slum and non slum areas and working slum population in million plus cities respectively. The last two sections devoted for the discussion of problem in slum area and relevant policies to eradicate slums in cities.

1 illus, 9 tables 14 ref

024284   Jun H;Bing Y;Keying Z;Xuemei D;Daiwen C (NO, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan-625 014, P.R. China, Email: chendwz@sicau.edu.cn ) : Strain improvement of Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 for increased cellulase production. Indian J Microbiol 2009, 49(2), 188-95.

Strain of Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30 was subjected to mutation after treatment with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG) for 6 h followed by UV irradiation for 15 min. Successive mutants showed enhanced cellulase production, clear hydrolysis zone and rapid growth on Avicel-containing plate. Particularly, the mutant NU-6 showed approximately two-fold increases in activity of both FPA and CMCase in shake flask culture when grown on basal medium containing peptone (1%) and wheat bran (1%). The enzyme production was further optimized using eight different media. When a mixture of lactose and yeast cream was used as cellulase inducer, the mutant NU-6 yielded the highest enzyme and cell production with a FPase activity of 6.2 U ml^{-1, a CMCase activity of 54.2 U ml-1, a β-glucosidase activity of 0.39 U ml-1, and a fungal biomass of 12.6 mg ml-1. It deserved noting that the mutant NU-6 also secreted large amounts of xylanases (291.3 U ml-1). These results suggested that NU-6 should be an attractive producer for both cellulose and xylanase production.}

5 illus, 2 tables, 37 ref

024283   Joseph J;Sharma S (NO, , Jhaveri Microbiology Center, Email: savitri@vpei.org) : In vitro culture of various species of microsporidia causing keratitis: evaluation of three immortalized cell lines. Indian J med Microbiol 2009, 27(1), 35-9.

Being intracellular parasites, microsporidia can only be propagated in cell culture systems. This study evaluated three cell lines to determine the most suitable host-parasite In vitro system. Confluent monolayers of vero, SIRC, and HeLa cell lines, grown in 24-well tissue culture plates, were inoculated with varying concentrations (1 × 10^{4 to 1 × 108 spores/ mL) of Vittaforma corneae, Encephalitozoon hellem, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, and Encephalitozoon intestinalis spores. Growth was compared quantitatively at weekly intervals. Encephalitozoon species showed the highest amount of growth when cultured in vero cell line, while there was no significant difference in their growth in SIRC and HeLa cell lines. In comparison, V. corneae showed the highest growth in SIRC cells, followed by vero cells. The analytical sensitivity was found to be 1 × 104spores/mL for vero cell line compared to 1 × 105 spores/mL for SIRC cell line and 1 × 107 spores/ mL for HeLa cell line. HeLa cells also showed rapid disruption of cells, and the spores could not be easily distinguished from cell debris. This is the first report of the comparison of vero, SIRC, and HeLa for the propagation of microsporidial spores. Vero cell line was found to be more sensitive than SIRC and HeLa cells, and we believe that the inclusion of vero cell line in the routine culture protocols of ocular parasitology laboratories would result in a significant increase in the diagnostic yield.}

3 illus 10 ref