009867   Mishra S K;Kansal A K;Agarwal P K;Agarwal N (WRD & M Dep, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667) : Assessment of design runoff curve number for Maithon watershed. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2012, 20(1), 50-5.

Estimation of storm event runoff is one of the major activities in applied hydrology for ungauged small watersheds. There exist a myriad computer models in the field of water resources and irrigation engineering and the most comprehensive and popular ones use the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number methodology to determine the rainfall-excess from rainfall event. The SCS Curve Number (CN) (SCS-CN) technique is one of the most popular and well accepted techniques for it is a simple approach for direct runoff estimation. Its parameter CN is a measure of water retention by a given combination of soil and vegetation and varies from 0 (no runoff) to 100 (all rainfall becomes runoff). In this study, considering each day's rainfall and corresponding runoff as an event, the SCS-CN method is employed to longterm daily rainfall-runoff data of Maithon watershed located in Jharkhand (India). A simple approach has been suggested for derivation of the design runoff CN for different durations, antecedent moisture conditions (AMCs), and return periods for use in the SCS-CN methodology. The derived design CN values are tested for their validity using the design runoff computed from observed data conventionally. The match between the CN-generated design runoff and the conventional one is found to be satisfactory for return periods up to 10-year return period for the studied watershed.

4 illus, 15 ref

009866   Mishra K;Garg P;Sudhir Kumar;Bhishm Kumar (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee) : Hydro-geological studies around Jhamarkotra mines, Udaipur, Rajasthan. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2012, 20(1), 155-8.

Mineral resources are potentially valuable substances for which reasonable prospects exist for eventual economic extraction. Southern part of Rajasthan state is very rich from mining point of view, as a number of valuable minerals like marble, copper, rock phosphate, sandstone, lead and zinc etc. are present in the area. Jhamarkotra rock phosphate mine, located about 26 Km from Udaipur city in the Udaipur District of Rajasthan, is the largest open cast mine in India and practically the only commercially exploitable deposit of rock phosphate in India. The mine, covering a total area of about 18.44 km² and is divided into 11 blocks. It is located between latitudes 24°27' - 24°29' N and longitudes 73°49' - 73°52' E. The top surface level in the mine area was about 780 m above mean sea level (MSL). The availability of rock phosphate is between 380 to 600 meters. The average annual rainfall of the area is about 577 mm. The major problem that mining activity is facing from time to time is the ingress of groundwater in the mining pit mainly in the 'D' and 'E' block. This problem is due to presence of groundwater in phosphate bearing dolomitic limestone rock. A detailed investigation has been carried out to find out the source and possible flow path of groundwater in the mine using multidisciplinary approach including hydro-geological investigations, remote sensing techniques, isotopic studies, and resistivity survey. Samples of pumped water from the mines, precipitation, surface water bodies and groundwater were analyzed for isotopic characteristics which indicate that the water in mine pit is basically groundwater and has no connection with any surface water body. To control ingress of groundwater and to lower the water level in mining area, sites for new tubewells are suggested.

4 illus, 1 table

009865   Mehta R;Vipin Kumar;Garvit K;Saini N (NO, Nation Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee) : Hybrid subtractive clustering technique for estimation of ground water table. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2012, 20(1), 70-6.

Groundwater scarcity and groundwater table decline at alarming rate create many problems for managers and planners. This problem will be worsening in future as demand for water would rise tremendously due to steady rise in human population. Optimal-exploitation of groundwater `in all the areas that are getting fast depleted' is required to estimate the groundwater table. Keeping this in view, different models have been developed for an Indian catchment located in North - East region of India. Groundwater studies have not been conducted much by researchers for the problematic area of Budaun district where the water table is continuously declining at a faster rate. The present study is taken up to study the groundwater availability in the district. Models have been developed for prediction of water table behaviour and a proper groundwater recharge plan for the problematic areas can be suggested. Over the last decade, soft computing techniques like Fuzzy logic and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are increasingly used in hydrological studies. Furthermore, their computational speed in simulating and forecasting is very welcomed in real time operations. It is robust and flexible in managing real world complex systems involving uncertainty and imprecise data. Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) provides a means of converting a linguistic control strategy based on operators' knowledge into an automatic control strategy. An important feature of fuzzy set theory is the symmetry between the objective function and constraints. During this study, a Neuro-Fuzzy approach such as ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System) subtractive cluster method (SCM) and ANN techniques have been used for monsoon (M) and non-monsoon (NM) periods in order to estimate the ground water tables. Input data of the network are composed by past measurements of nearby inflow and rainfall, and the quantity of water which has been pumped out from ground during that specific period. Input data are fuzzified with different degrees of membership. The models are developed and applied for Budaun district in Uttar Pradesh to get the optimum output during monsoon and non-monsoon period. Models developed by SCM technique give better results than ANN technique.

9 illus, 3 tables, 8 ref

009864   Lohani A K;Kar A K;Goel M (NO, , Roorkee) : Flood management in Mahanadi basin. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2012, 20(1), 111-14.

The Mahanadi basin is one of the major basins of eastern part of India. The total catchment area of the basin is 141,569 sq. km comprises major part of two states Chhatisgarh and Orissa. It lies between 800-30' to 860-50' of East Longitude and 19°-20' to 23°-35' of North Latitude. The major reservoir Hirakud with 83400 sq.km. of catchment lies at central part of the Mahanadi basin. The downstream part below Hirakund having a catchment of around 50,000 sq.km. contributes substantially to flood at delta and is devoid of any sound flood forecasting system. This part has three main tributaries like Jeera, Ong and Tel with catchments 2383, 5128 and 25,045 sq.km, respectively. Therefore, the contribution from the Tel catchment always remains predominant. Even the flood of 2008 is mainly due to the contribution of this tributary. It has produced a peak discharge of 33,762 cursecs during 2008. The river Tel joins at Patharla to the main river Mahanadi. Controlling flood through other structural measures is inadequate and difficult. The downstream part is devoid of a sound flood forecasting method. In order to protect the life and property, a non-structural measure like a workable flood forecasting model is needed to mitigate the destruction at delta by enhancing appropriate and timely relief measures. In this study flood problems in Mahanadi is discussed in detail. Furthermore, the paper stresses upon the various flood management practices being utilized to mitigate the flood problems in Mahanadi basin.

6 ref

009863   Katkar S;Gupta A;Ghosh S (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400 076, Email: subimal@civil.iitb.ac.in) : Transfer function based downscaling methods for assessing future rainfall using GCM output. Hydrol J 2010, 33(Jan-Dec), 9-16.

General Circulation Models (GCMS) are tools designed to simulate time series of climate variables globally, accounting for effects of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. They are good at continental and hemispherical spatial scales and incorporate a large proportion of the complexity of the global systems. They are however unable to represent local subgrid scale features and dynamics. Moreover, accuracy of GCMs is very poor in simulating hydrologic variables such as precipitation, evapotranspiration, etc. These limitations of the GCMs restrict the direct use of their output in hydrology. Downscaling, in the context of hydrology, is a method to project the hydrologic variables (e.g., rainfall and streamflow) at a smaller scale (both spatially and temporally) based on large scale climatological variables (e.g., mean sea level pressure) simulated by a GCM. Transfer function based statistical downscaling methods gain popularity among researchers because of their simplicity. In the study linear regression, Artificial Neural Network and Support Vector Machine are used as transfer functions in downscaling. The results obtained from all these three methods are compared. The proposed methodology is demonstrated with the projection of monsoon rainfall in meteorological subdivision of North-East India.

4 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

009862   Jha M;Tignath S;Singh B N (Civil Engineering Dep, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Drainage characterization of Pariyat watershed, Jabalpur, India. Hydrol J 2009, 32(3-4), 157-69.

Use of statistical morphometric analysis for the purpose and requirement of other disciplines may be far from the ground reality as it may be superfluous without corroboration by proper understanding of geology and geomorphology in the study. Such shortcomings are often noticeable in the work of those who are not quite well acquainted with the variety of geological and geomorphological factors involved in basin organization. The study attempts at the realization of such interpretations by considering drainage characteristics of twenty sub-basins of Pariyat watershed located in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh in Central India. Interpretations based on statistical-morphometric analysis of small third order sub-basins may help decide several water shed development considerations prior to reconnaissance survey. Using the Pearson paired product moment correlation coefficients, various linear and areal aspects are also analyzed for assessing the degree of interdependence among morphometric parameters. The parameters which themselves are sensitive to change with the other morphometric characteristics of watershed but their derivative parameters are passive to changes may be utilized for studying hydro-geomorphologic correlations.

009861   Jain S K;Vijay Kumar;Singh V (WRD & M Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee-247 667, Email: s_k_jain@yahoo.com ) : Comparison of ANN with other methods for rainfall runoff modeling of a catchment with limited data. Hydrol J 2009, 32(3-4), 256-78.

Two black-box rainfall-runoff models namely, the Linear Perturbation Model and an Artificial Neural Network and a conceptual catchment model were applied to determine their suitability to model rainfall-runoff process in a catchment having limited data. In case of the linear perturbation model, the memory length was selected as the minimum value beyond which there is no appreciable improvement in model performance. A three layer feed forward artificial neural network was trained using the back propagation algorithm. The conceptual model used here is based on linear storages and its parameters were determined using a combination of automatic and manual calibration. Performances of these three models were evaluated through several statistical criteria. Results show that the artificial neural network model performed significantly better than the conceptual and linear perturbation models in the situation where data are scanty and of poor quality. Further, the performance of the artificial neural network improved when the data of individual rainfall stations was used as input rather than the mean annual rainfall for the catchment.

009860   Goyal R K;Sharma M (NO, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan) : Groundwater status of arid tehsils of Sirohi district of Rajasthan state. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2012, 20(1), 146-8.

Western part of Rajasthan state known as Thar Desert is very poor in terms of natural resources. Low and erratic rainfall, high wind velocity and intense solar regimes are some major climatic constraints of this region. Groundwater is generally deep and saline in most parts and is not suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. Soils in the region are mostly sandy with low water holding capacity. Shifting of sand dunes due to high wind velocity is very common. Due to absence of other water resources like canal and rivers, agricultural and other allied activities are totally dependent on rain. Due to adverse climate conditions, drought occurs frequently in this region. Therefore, sustainability in production system can only be achieved through proper management and conversation of available natural resources like soil and water. For sound planning of soil and water resources, its assessment and quantification is the first step. Central Arid Zone Research Institute - Jodhpur has conducted a detailed survey of Sirohi district (Rajasthan) to assess the quantity and quality of groundwater. The paper present the details of the information collected during the survey.

4 tables, 3 ref

009859   Govindasamy C;Vanniyanathan V;Srinivasan R; Anantharaj K (Oceanography and Coastal Studies Dep, School of Marine Sciences, Alagappa University, Thondi Campus-623 409, Email: govindasamyocas@gmail.com) : Present status of hydrographical variables of Amirthi river in Amirthi forest, Vellore. Res Rev : J Ecol 2012, 1(2), 9-15.

Study was carried out to determine the water quality in terms of physicochemical characteristics variables in the running water ecosystem for a period of three months from January to March 2007. The post-monsoon variation of hydrography variables and dissolved nutrients such as PO₄-P, NO₃-N, NO₂-N, K, Mg and Ca were high at all the stations. In the running water, the Chloride (24 mgl^-1 to 1733 mgl^-1), Fluoride (0.2 mgl^-1 to 0.4 mgl^-1), Sulphate (12 mgl^-1 to 499 mgl^-1), Phosphate (0.02 mgl^-1 to 0.12 mgl^-1) and Tidy's test (0.4 mgl^-1 to 0.9 mgl^-1) were recorded during the study periods. In general, the concentrations of physicochemical variables were relatively high during the post-monsoon season at all the stations due to the receiving of nutrients subsequent to the monsoon season for the heavy rain fall in Amirthi river. In the Amirthi forest, the normal condition is retained. So, these results clearly indicate the local hydrography, seasonalty, spatial variability and physiochemical parameters are normal.

1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

009858   Govindasamy C;Srinivasan R;Ganapathy Selvam G;Anantharaj K;Krishnaveni K (Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies Dep, School of Marine Sciences, Alagappa University, Thondi Campus-623 409) : Nutritive evaluation and growth rate of Artemia parthenogenetica. Res Rev : J Ecol 2012, 1(2), 1-8.

Study establishes the supply of nutritionally balanced feed and attempt to different food fed with Artemia such as rice bran (RB), algae (Chlorella vulgaris) and RB + algae given for growth of Artemia parthnogenetica. The survival and growth rate of A. parthnogenetica was identified with three types of food and total growth rates were measured. The maximum (7.14± 0.16 mm) and minimum (6.24 ± 0.21 mm) growth was identified after 26 days with Artemia feed (RB + algae). This concluded that the combination of algae (mixture feed) can be applied in the cultivation of highest growth of A. parthnogenetica.

1 illus, 22 ref

009857   Goel M K;Sapra T R (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee) : Distributed basin-scale model for water resources assessment under different climate change scenarios. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2012, 20(1), 56-62.

A number of climate change scenarios predict rise in temperature and change in precipitation characteristics in the near future which may affect various components of water cycle, thereby changing the availability of water in space and time. To cope up with the emerging challenges due to climate change impact on water resources and develop adaptation strategies, it is important to carry out detailed modeling analysis at basin scale so that the current components of water cycle at/below the land surface could be evaluated and future components could be predicted in the light of various climate change scenarios. In the present modeling approaches, it is difficult to account for the effect of various developmental activities and climate sensitive parameters on water resources scenario in a river basin. Therefore, a need was felt to develop a detailed model to assess various components of the hydrological cycle in a river basin and to estimate the demands for various purposes. To evaluate various components of the hydrological cycle at the basin scale, a conceptual spatially distributed water balance model has been developed. In this model, focus is given to incorporate spatial variation of land-use, soil type, rainfall, evapo-transpiration, physiographic characteristics, cropping pattern, irrigation development, groundwater conditions, river network and hydraulic structures in a river basin. GIS is employed to link the spatial data with the simulation model and to project the model results in map form for easy visualization. The basin is divided into grids of uniform size (~ 1 km) and model computes various components of hydrologic cycle such as actual evapo-transpiration, overland flow, groundwater recharge, and residual soil water content at monthly time step for each grid. The model brings out total water availability in the basin; water consumed by different uses; and water storage in different hydraulic structures, in soil water zone, and in groundwater aquifer in a river basin. The present paper gives a brief description of the developed model. Using this model, it is possible to simulate various past, present or future hydrological scenarios in a river basin.

1 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

009856   Goel M K;Jain S K (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Email: mkg@nih.enet.in) : Operation analysis of Pandoh reservoir under different climate change scenarios. Hydrol J 2010, 33(Jan-Dec), 26-36.

Reservoir management involves allocating available water among multiple uses and users, minimizing the risks of water shortages and flooding, and optimizing the beneficial use of water. However, a number of climate change predictions project rise in temperature and change in precipitation characteristics which may change the inflow pattern to a reservoir and eventually affect its performance in the long run. In the study reservoir operation analysis has been carried out and impact of changing climate on the performance analysis of Pandoh reservoir has been evaluated. Pandoh reservoir diverts water from the Beas river in the Beas-Sutlej link for production of hydropower at Dehar Power Plant before it joins the Sutlej river. Using the historical observations from 1985 onwards, average diversion rate at the dam in different months has been worked out. Twelve different climate scenarios have been assumed corresponding to various precipitation and temperature change combinations and corresponding inflow series at the Pandoh dam has been worked out. Using these inflow series, reliability analysis of satisfying the diversion demands has been carried out. It is seen that daily time reliability of meeting full diversion demands is affected to the extent of 8 to 9%. Time reliability for meeting partial demands (90%, 80%, and 70%) and volume reliability of the Pandoh reservoir for various climate scenarios are also reported.

4 illus, 5 tables, 14 ref

009855   Cui L;Zhen-Yu W;Xiu-Hua Z (Biochemistry Dep, School of Food Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 202 Haihe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China) : Volatile constituents of essential oils from roots and ehizomes of Valeriana fauriei Briq. and V. alternifolia Bunge from Changbai mountain. J essential Oil Bearing Pl 2011, 14(3), 329-33.

The components of the essential oil from roots and rhizomes of Valeriana fauriei Briq. and V. alternifolia Bunge were analysed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Plants of V. fauriei Briq. (sample A) and V. alternifolia Bunge (sample B) were harvested in August 2009 on the Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province, China. 44 and 39 compounds were identified in V. fauriei Briq. and V. alternifolia Bunge, respectively. α-Selinene (16.7 %) and Bornyl acetate (10.8 %) were the major constituents of the essential oil from V. fauriei Briq.. The oil from V. alternifolia Bunge was also rich in Bornyl acetate (39.1 %) and Borneol (14.6 %).

1 table, 17 ref

009854   Chaudhary B S (Geophysics Dep, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136 119) : Critical issues in water resource management of Haryana state, India : geoinformatics is the solution. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2012, 20(1), 126-30.

The pressure on water resource availability is continuously increasing due to population explosion, industrialization, urbanization and climatic vagaries. Geoinformation technology which emphasizes on the synergistic use of Geographical Information System (GIS), space based Remote Sensing (RS), Global Positioning System (GPS) and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can easily help in tackling such problems in a better, faster, economic and more efficient manner. These techniques have an edge over the conventional methods due to the advantages of synoptic view, repetitive coverage, and multi resolution satellite data. This helps us in generation of water resources information on various scales. The effective planning for water resources conservation and management at district level can be made if the data is generated on 1:50,000 scale by using medium resolution satellite images. Haryana state may be divided in to three basins, namely the Yamuna basin, the Ghaggar basin and internal basin which are parts of Ganges and Indus system. In northern Haryana, the land area slopes from northeast to southwest, whereas in south, it slopes from southwest to northeast. This makes almost a latitudinal depression along Sirsa-Fatehabad-Hisar-Jind-Rohtak-Delhi axis. This saucer shaped physiography of the state is responsible for many problems related to water resources along this central axis. The ground water conditions in northern and southern parts of the state are fresh but facing the problem of water level decline due to over exploitation for intensive agriculture purposes. As a result, at present Haryana have problems of over drafting of fresh quality water in northern and southern districts and excessive canal irrigation in the areas of poor/ marginal ground water conditions due to highly water intensive & multiple cropping systems as a result of green revolution. This is creating the two diverse problems that of ground water table declining in the northern and southern part whereas the water logging and salinity in the central portion. This calls for integrated study of water resources in the state for its sustained use.

3 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

009853   Chalisgaonkar D;Jain S K;Bhunya P K (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand) : Web-ET: a web enabled tool for computing evapotranspiration. Hydrol J 2011, 34(3-4), 112-21.

Hydroinformatics supports the water resources engineers by utilising the modern Information and Communication Technology (ICT). For decades numerical modelling has been the core activity for hydroinformatics. With the popularity of World Wide Web (WWW), web enabled applications are gaining popularity in almost all spheres of our life. The adoption of WWW technology to hydrology is an important application of hydroinformatics. This opens a new potential for joint modelling in distributed environments and to set up and apply net based hydrological information systems. The web enabled applications offer hydrologists the opportunity to give a larger audience access to their products in a more structured manner and, at the same time, allows them to benefit from the achievements of others. Agriculture and urban landscape water management planning and regional water balance studies need computation of evapotranspiration (ET) very frequently. Numerous ET equations are used by practitioners according to availability of data. As an initiation in the direction of development of web based application, a web enabled software (Web-ET) has been developed. Web-ET provides standardised calculations of reference evapotranspiration for six common methods and equations that are currently in use. These include FAO Penman-Monteith equations, Hargreaves equations, Blaney-Criddle equation, Turc method, Thornthwaite method and temperature based method. The calculations are based on the weather data measurements provided by the user. When installed on a website, the users can use it with the help of a web browser, without actually having to install the software on their computer. The paper summarises the available innovative technologies of WWW and also demonstrates their application in hydroinformatics for ET computation using Web-ET.

9 illus, 9 ref

009852   Barman B C;Bhandari G;Sahu R B (Haringhta Central Lab, River Research Institute, West Bengal, Mohanpur, Nadia, Email: bcbrri@gmail.com) : River morpho-dynamics through physical model. Hydrol J 2009, 32(3-4), 188-207.

Meandering phenomena takes place over an alluvial plane due to fluvial hydraulic forces, influence of gravity and sediment transport. For an alluvial channel, the resistance offered by the bed and bank varies with the bed material and the saturation level of the bank-material and as such the probability of bed load movement depends on the mobilizing force at initial bed condition. In the study, a Physical Model has been developed considering Froude similitude. The model developed in this study replicates the hydraulic properties of a prototype River-Nagar in North Bengal (India) flowing along the Indo-Bangladesh border. In this study, theories of regime condition, meandering channel formations are taken into account for the prediction of river morphology in the prototype river. The longitudinal and cross-sectional profiles of the channel along with the hydraulic conditions at different discharges in the model are used for prediction in the prototype.

009851   Arya D S;Singh J (Hydrology Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, Email: dsarya@rediffmail.com) : Web-based resettlement and rehabilitation information system for water resources projects. Hydrol J 2009, 32(3-4), 241-55.

Resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R) of project affected families (PAFs) is one of the very important activities of large size water resources projects. The success of R&R programme of such projects depends on sharing of information about PAFs and fast retrieval. Discusses the development of an information management system for managing R&R activities using web technologies, Internet geographical information system (IGIS) and databases for the large projects. The information system was developed in a website format having two IGIS based subwebs: one for submergence sites of the project and another one for R&R sites. The data pertaining to PAFs, submergence sites and R&R sites were stored in MS Access database. Unique identification codes (IDs) were developed for all PAFs, submergence sites and R&R sites and as primary keys in database design. Active Server Pages (ASPs) were used to access data from database using Internet. The successful demonstration of the system has shown that the web-based information systems are very useful in R&R programme management of large size water resources projects especially if R&R programme is run by several administrative units. By adopting such system, delays may be averted which otherwise might cause additional financial burden to the project.

009850   Arunkumar K S;Joseph S (NO, Kerala State Council for Science and Environment, Sashtra Bhavan, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram-695 004, Email: ksarunvak@gmail.com) : Evaluation of the groundwater quality in the coastal zone of Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India. Hydrol J 2009, 32(3-4), 279-88.

Groundwater chemistry in the shallow aquifers of the coastal zone of Thiruvananthapuram district (Length= 70 Km), Kerala, India have been examined in detail. Results, in general, indicate that the groundwaters is more or less deteriorated. Except pH, TDS, chloride and Na, most of the other hydrochemical parameters analyzed are within the permissible limits of World Health Organization (WHO). Based on Hill-Piper trilinear diagram, it is confirmed that majority of the dug wells are characterised by high amount of Na and chloride, indicating the influence of saline water intrusion. Correlation analysis of hydrochemical attributes showed perfect correlation between electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS), which indicates that EC is a measure of dissolved solids in groundwater. The study further raises points for the need of action towards the sustainable utilization of precious resources.

008837   Singh A K;Kothari M;Purohit R C;Singh M; Adhikari R N (CSWCRTI, Research Centre, Chhalesar, Agra, Uttar Pradesh) : Effectiveness of stone barrier in channel flow on runoff and soil loss under different discharge rate and slopes in black soils of Karnataka- a laboratory study. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2010, 30(3), 20-9.

Investigation to study the effect of stone barrier under different slopes on runoff and soil loss in ertisols channel was conducted under the simulated conditions using 40 cm soil depth in tilting hydraulic flume. The designed and fabricated flume can be tilted through screw jacks in the range between 0.0 to 5.0 per cent slopes and is having perforated bed in staggered manner for collection of deep drainage besides arrangement for measurement of runoff and soil loss. Flume was kept at four slopes of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 per cent for a simulated flow of 5.0, 7.5 and 10.00 Ips (liter per second) for 15 minutes duration over 40 cm soil depth. Results of this study showed that runoff in the bare soil condition was in the range of 63.70 to 81.96 per cent and under the stone barrier condition 56.80 to 77.86 per cent of total flow under three discharge rates and four slopes. The stone barrier reduced runoff in the range of 5.0 to 10.83 per cent and soil loss in the rage of 37.15 to 62.50 per cent under three discharge rate and four slopes in comparison to bare soil condition. The results of this study can be useful for planning and design of stone barrier on waterways/channel in black soils of semi arid region in Karnataka to check sediment transportation from field to river system.

11 tables, 3 ref

008836   Samad Z;Abdullah A B;Khaleed H M T;Abu-Bakr M H;Arshad M R (School of Mechanical Engineering, Sains Malaysia Univ, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia) : Novel manufacturing method of propeller for autonomous underwater vehicle (auv) using cold forging process. Indian J Geomar Sci 2012, 41(3), 242-58.

Present article consists the design process of modular AUV propeller using cold forging process. Modular approach emphasis on enhancing parts manufacturability and assemblability by simplifying their configuration. In addition, details steps involve in manufacturing process are also described. Optimization using FEA takes place before product is manufactured. In this paper, error assessment was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the forged part. Based on the experiment conducted, the performance of the propeller is still within the specified design requirements even though the error is quite large.

7 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

008835   Sahu G;Satpathy K K;Mohanty A K;Sarkar S K (Environmental and Safety Div, RSEG, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam-603 102, Email: satpathy@igcar.gov.in) : variations in community structure of phytoplankton in relation to physicochemical properties of coastal waters, southeast coast of India. Indian J Geomar Sci 2012, 41(3), 223-41.

A comprehensive study on phytoplankton dynamics in the coastal waters of Kalpakkam showed a considerable increase almost 3 fold) in phytoplankton species composition (185 species) as compared to the earlier findings (60 species). Despite such a massive change in floristic composition, 4-10 times reduction in total cell count was observed during the present study, which varied between 1.7 x 10⁵ and 1.5 x 10⁶ cells I^-1. Another important feature of this study was the observation of Trichodesmium erythraeum bloom in the coastal waters. Concomitant with the bloom, a drastic fall in the number of phytoplankton species was noticed. The change in phytoplankton assemblages (density and species composition) during different seasons was significant and was found to be regulated by the change in water characteristics associated with monsoon. Diatoms dominated the phytoplankton assemblage followed by dinoflagellates. Asterionellopsis glacialls and Thalassionema nitzschioides were found to be dominant species among diatoms and dinoflagellates respectivaly, Prorocentrum micans and Protoperidinium sp. were the dominant forms. Salinity was found to be an important parameter influencing the species composition, standing stock and succession of phytoplankton at this location. Salinity apparently influenced the phytoplankton density positively. Nitrate was found to be the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth during late summer and pre-monsoon periods, whereas, the role of silicate and phosphate remained insignificant in this regard.

8 illus, 4 tables, 72 ref

008834   Praveen Thakur K;Vel Murgan A;Aggarwal S P; Hari Prasad V (NO, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun, Email: praveen@ijrs.gov.in) : Automatic extraction of information in a glacial terrain using remote sensing. Hydrol J 2011, 34(1-2), 65-75.

Remote sensing plays an important role to discriminate and delineate snow and ice cover in a glacial terrain which are used to estimate the snow melt run-off and also assist in environmental studies. The study area, Manasarovar Lake and the surrounding Himalayan region is the major source of water for Indus and Brahmaputra river system. Conventional methods for mapping, such as glacial terrain are difficult and time consuming. Attempted an automatic hierarchical multi-criteria modelling approach to extract various features in the study area using reflectance and indices derived from IRS Advanced Wide Field of view Sensor (AWiFS). The result shows that our model clearly discriminates between lake ice, water, wet snow and glacial ice. Inclusion of SWIR band and Normalised Difference Snow Index (NDSI) facilitate the discrimination of different water forms and glacial debris and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) helps to separate out vegetation, wet snow and glacial outwash. Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) separates dry and wet areas in the glacial terrain along with surface water. The validation of this algorithm in Tons glacier area shows an overall accuracy of 83.3%. With minor feature based analysis and corrections, the same model can be applied to other sensors having similar spectral bands.

5 illus, 7 tables, 23 ref

008833   Prasad K S S S;Sankar D B;Reddy Y V (Geology Dep, S.V. University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, Email: ksspsvu@gmail.com ) : Geochemistry and origin of banded iron-formation from the granulitic terrain of North Arcot district, Tamil Nadu, South India. Chem Sci Trans 2012, 1(3), 482-93.

Banded iron formations (BIF) form an important part of the Archean supracrustal belts of South India. Major, trace and rare earth elements (REE) chemistry of the banded iron formation of Kavuthimalai-Vediyappanmalai area, North Arcot district, Tamil Nadu region are utilized to compare with other world BIF and explore that this a separate type of Tamil Nadu type. The petrographic observation and the study of REE indicates that this BIF are derived from mantle through hydrothermal solutions and fumarolic activity in submarine conditions with an age of approximately 3800 m.y. old.

5 illus, 6 ref, 38 ref

008832   Mohanty S;Jha M K;Ashwani Kumar;James B K (NO, Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar-751 023) : Characterization of stream-aquifer system and dynamics of stream-aquifer interaction in Kathajodi river basin, Orissa. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2010, 30(3), 1-9.

Sustainable management of groundwater resources is the key concern worldwide, especially in developing countries. The present study was carried out in the Kathajodi River basin of Orissa, which is a typical river island surrounded by the Kathajodi River and its branch Surua River. It included streamflow analysis, hydrogeologic investigation, pumping tests and exploration of stream-aquifer interaction dynamics. The results of 4 years streamflow analysis indicated that the river flow is highly seasonal and it reduces to almost no flow during summer, thereby threatening river ecosystem. The lithologic analysis revealed that the study area is dominated by a confined aquifer system comprising medium to coarse sand. The aquifer exists at depths ranging from 15 to 50 m and its thickness ranges from 20 to 55 m over the basin. The analysis of time-drawdown pumping test data at 9 sites indicated aquifer hydraulic conductivity varying from 11.25 to 96.80 m/ day, which suggests significant aquifer heterogeneity. The results of the correlation analysis of ground-water levels with river stage and rainfall indicated a higher correlation between groundwater levels and river stage (r = 0.67-0.89) than that between groundwater level and rainfall (r = 0.33-0.66). This finding suggests a strong river-aquifer interaction in the basin.

5 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

008831   Mazumder S K (Aquagreen Engg. Management Pvt. Ltd., JCT Pvt. Ltd. & SWI Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi) : Public-private-partnership (PPP) in irrigation management. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2010, 30(3), 44-51.

There is a considerable loss of irrigation water in conveyance and distribution due to poor on-farm irrigation management. Various factors responsible for poor efficiency of the irrigation projects have been critically examined. Gross receipts from most of the projects are too low to meet even the working expenses of repair and maintenance. Considering the limited financial resources of the government, increasing cost of irrigation development and poor return from the irrigation schemes, many of which are fast becoming national liability, it is believed that limited private participation in irrigation management will bring relief to the government in guaranteeing our food and water security in future. Due to the various constraints of private ownership of water and the prevailing sociopolitical and economic conditions in our country, public- private- partnership (PPP) in irrigation management has been recommended. Role of consultants in PPP for improving performance of irrigation projects has been stressed.

2 illus, 2 tables, 27 ref

008830   Mallikarjuna P;Aruna J S;Hemanath K (Civil Engineering Dep, S.V.U. College of Engineering, Tirupati-517 502, Email: mallikarjuna_perugu@yahoo.co.in) : Probability distribution analysis of maximum hourly ranifall intensity. Hydrol J 2011, 34(1-2), 42-9.

Statistical analysis of hydrologic data derives importance in the planning and design of water resources projects which require information on different hydrologic events that are governed by probability distribution. The study attempts to select an appropriate probability distribution function to forecast maximum hourly rainfall intensity during southwest monsoon at Kurnool and Ananthapur raingauge stations located in the drought prone area of Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. The applicability of different probability functions for the maximum hourly rainfall intensity of the region is examined to arrive at a suitable distribution. The extreme value or gamma distribution for Kurnool region and log-normal or gamma distribution for Ananthapur region are recommended based on CDF plots and Smirnov-Kolmorgov statistic. The probability plots prepared based on the theoretical distributions recommended may be used to forecast the maximum hourly rainfall intensity of the region to a reasonable degree of accuracy.

^ccr4 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

008829   Krishne Godwa K;Manjunatha K;Yadupathyputty R;Manjunatha B M (Civil Engineering Dep, UBDTCE, Davangere-577 044) : Rainfall analysis of Bhadra command area (Karnataka). Hydrol J 2011, 34(1-2), 81-4.

Analysis of monthly and annual rainfall data of 17 stations located in 3 districts of Karnataka falling under the Bhadra Command Area (BCA) for a period 1975-2005 has been used in this study. Statistical parameters like mean, standard deviation, co-efficient of variation and co-efficient of skewness for monthly and yearly rainfall sets of data have been determined. The average depth of rainfall over the command area has been computed by arithmetic mean, Thiessen Polygon and Isohyetal methods. The co-efficient of variation (C_v) of annual rainfall varies from 14% to 83%. The co-efficient of variation (C) and coefficient of skewness (Cs) of annual rainfall are shown to be non-symmetrically distributed at all stations. The average depths of annual rainfall over the study field calculated from different methods were found to be 769.5mm, 612.20mm and 686.54mm respectively. The study shows that the monsoon (June-September) rainfall contributes about 55% of the mean annual rainfall. But the results of 3 yearly and 5 yearly moving average curves also showed increase in rainfall trend over the study area.

4 illus, 4 ref

008828   Joshi G I;Patel A S (Civil Engineering Dep, Faculty of Tech. & Engg., M.S.U. of Baroda, Vadodara) : Optimal solutions for prevention of Tapi river flood impacts-Surat to Hazira. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2010, 30(3), 10-19.

Subsequent to construction of Ukai dam, large urban developments have taken place along Tapi river banks. The GOG had developed an industrial zone at Hazira along RELIENCE, NTPC, HPCL, GAIL, ESSAR, and KRIBHCO. The natural ground levels in this zone vary from 4.0 m to 5.0 m. Some urban development projects have adopted the finished ground levels as low as 5.50 m. With the moderation of flood at Ukai reservoir, no major floods were experienced at Surat and Hazira till 1994. Floods of the order of 14870 m³/s (5.25 lakhs cfs), 19820 m³/s (7.00 lakhs cfs) and 28315 m³/s (9.10 lakhs cfs) were experienced during the year 1994, 1998 and 2006 respectively. Large portion of Surat area was inundated along with large scale flooding at Bhata, Bharatpur, Surat, and surrounding areas. There were heavy damages of industrial and urban properties costing about rupees 21,000 crores. CHARIMA mathematical model studies were carried out for prediction of water levels in Tapi creek under influence of flood and tide. This mathematical model, validated for September 1998 flood situation, is capable of handling unsteady floods in river channel network and was applied for predictions with 28315 m³/s (10 lakh cfs) flood discharge. On the basis of the results obtained ffrom these studies, necessary measures have been suggested for protection from the flood The measures such as review of Ukai reservoir operation policy, flood embankments, diversion of Tapi floods into adjacent creeks etc. have been discussed. The flood protection works carried out by SIC and SMC at Surat have been described. Flood level prediction studies carried out by CDO, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, and CWPRS Pune, have also been reviewed in light of possible flood in and around Surat Area. Hydraulic physical model study will helpful in addition with CHARIMA mathematical model for flood prediction and impacts on Surat city. Suitable short term and long termmeasures suggested fighting against natural disaster flood occurred in Tapi River.

14 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

008827   Gupta S;Kumar M;Bandyopadhyay A;Raghuwanshi N S;Singh R (NO, SGS India Pvt. Ltd, 250 Udhyog Vihar, Phase IV, Gurgaon-122 015, Email: arnabbandyo@yahoo.co.in) : Modelling of evapotranspiration using artificial neural networks. Hydrol J 2011, 34(1-2), 22-32.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) provide a quick and flexible means of creating models for many hydrological processes, and have performed well in comparison with the conventional methods in the past. The study aims at utilisation of the input-output mapping capabilities of the ANN in daily grass reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) estimation and other issues associated with the use of ANNs such as the effect of different normalisation schemes and length of training dataset on ETo prediction performance. The networks were trained with daily climatic data as input and the Penman-Monteith (PM) estimated ETo as target using the Cascade-Correlation (CC) and the Back-Propagation (BP) learning algorithms. The best ANN architecture was selected on the basis of weighted standard error of estimate (WSEE). The ANN architecture of 6-11-1 gave the minimum WSEE (0.29 mm d^-1) for the CC algorithm, whereas, 6-7-1 network, when trained with 5000 training cycles, gave the minimum WSEE (0.28 mm d^-1) for BP algorithm. Furthermore, when the effect of different normalisation schemes was evaluated, simple normalisation with linear scaling of data between 0.1 and 0.9 gave the minimum WSEE of 0.257 mm d^-1 for the BP algorithm and linear scaling between 0 and 1 gave minimum WSEE of 0.287 mm d^-1 for the CC algorithm. Also, the minimum length of training dataset for estimating ETo was found to be 5 years using both BP and CC.

6 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

008826   Gundekar H G;Arya D S;Goel N K (Hydrology Dep, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, Email: harigundekar@gmail.com) : Morphometric study of the Dudhana river basin (Maharashtra). Hydrol J 2011, 34(1-2), 33-41.

Watershed response to produce runoff by a rainfall event depends upon the watershed characteristic and each watershed has its exclusive characteristics. However, most of the watersheds lacks in the facility of recording runoff, in such a case, morphometric parameters of a watershed are valuable information to evaluate watershed capacity to produce runoff. Therefore, in the study a morphometric analysis has been carried out to determine the drainage basin characteristics of the Dudhana River, a sub-tributary of the Godavari River in the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. This catchment was divided into seven sub-basins for the analysis: viz. sub-basin 1 to 7. The drainage pattern of the sub-basins are dendrite and parallel. The basin is of seventh order stream and lower order streams mostly dominate the basin. The mean bifurcation ratio indicates that the drainage pattern is not much influenced by geological structures. The shape parameters also reveal the elongation of the basin and sub-basins.

4 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

008825   George C;Nisha P R;Saleena S (NO, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Sub Centre, Manimalakunnu, Oliyappuram P.O., Koothattukulam-686 679, Email: celine@cwrdm.org) : Infiltration modelling in Pooppara soil of Idukki district in Kerala State. Hydrol J 2011, 34(1-2), 50-4.

Infiltration tests were conducted at three locations in the Pooppara Tribal Colony area. Physico-chemical analysis of the soil samples shows that the soil type for the selected locations is sandy clay loam and is acidic in nature with low bio-manure. The steady state infiltration rate at the three locations varied from 6.6 to 24 cmh^-1. Four infiltration models namely Kostiakov, Modified Kostiakov, Philip two-term and Horton models were used to predict the infiltration rates at these three locations. The correlation coefficient and the relative errors between the observed and predicted infiltration rates were compared for selecting the appropriate model. It is observed that the Modified Kostiakov model, with R²<62>0.96 and relative error values under 16% emerged to be the best in describing the infiltration process of the Pooppara soil.

3 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

008824   Dhivya P;Sachithanandam V;Mohan P M (Ocean Studies and Marine Biology Dep, Pondicherry Univ, Brookshabad Campus, Port Blair-744 112, Email: pmmtu@yahoo.com) : New records on the opisthobranch fauna of the Andaman Islands, India. Indian J Geomar Sci 2012, 41(3), 215-7.

Out of 6000 species of opisthobranch, 164 species belongings to 6 orders and 35 families were reported till date in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Haminoea cymbalum (Quoy & Gaimard 1833) had been collected alive in Carbyns Cove, Andaman Islands. This species is the new record in Andaman waters.

4 illus, 9 ref

008823   Dhivya P;Sachithanandam V;Mohan P M (Ocean Studies and Marine Biology Dep, Pondicherry Univ, Brookshabad Campus, Post Bag No.26, Port Blair-744 112, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Email: pmmtu@yahoo.com) : New record of Carijoa riisei at wandoor-Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park [MGMNP], Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Indian J Geomar Sci 2012, 41(3), 212-14.

Present paper reports the first record of Carijoa riisei (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) in the Wandoor Jetty-Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Parks, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.

4 illus, 9 ref

008822   Dewan A K;Saikia P K (Zoology Dep, Nabajyoti College, Kalgachia, Assam, Email: kashemdewan00@gmail.com) : Kapla wetland complex - threatening wetland of western Assam. Indian J Life Sci 2012, 2(1), 87-90.

Kapla wetland complex situated in between Daulasal and Sarthebari, covering 91 hactre. The inlet is degenerated. The Beel lies in between 26°39'N and 90° 39'E. This is an unique avian habitat, flora and fauna make the area rich in biodiversity. Study revealed that 58 species and14 families of aquatic birds species were recorded fromKapla wetland, Assam.

1 table, 11 ref

008821   Devappa V M;Khageshan P (Civil Engineering Dep, R.E.C., Bhalki-585 328, Email: vemdeveapa@gmail.com) : Analysis of rainfall in assessing drought using remote sensing & geographical information system - a case study of Gulbarga district in Karnataka (India). Hydrol J 2011, 34(1-2), 1-12.

Rain is the only source of water on the earth and for conserving this precious resource, the base is the land. A proper planning for safe utilisation and saving of water is the need of the hour. Shortage of rainfall coupled with its erratic distribution during rainy season causes severe water deficit conditions resulting in various intensities of droughts. Drought varies in different parts of the world depending on the amount and reliability of rainfall received in a particular region. Gulbarga district is one of the drought prone districts of the Karnataka State. All the ten talukas of the Gulbarga district were identified as drought prone talukas. For the study of the drought situation, authors have taken into consideration 48 years of monthly rainfall data of all the ten talukas of the Gulbarga district, from 1961 to 2008, and using this data basic rainfall statistics have been worked out. Data created in GIS (Geographical Information System) is used as a base for analysing the rainfall and predicting the occurrence of droughts in the district. The basic rainfall statistics have been worked out considering the 48 year time period (from 1961 to 2008) monthly rainfall data of all the ten talukas of the Gulbarga district. The mean annual rainfall in this region varies between 776-791 mm. The results of 5 yearly average showed a decrease in the annual rainfall @ 3.44 mm per year. The lowest rainfall observed was 366.3, 494.3 and 513.5 mm in 1972, 1971 and 2003 respectively. It was observed that on two occasions the severe drought situation extended throughout the entire district.

7 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

008820   Chakraborty S;Sikdar P K (Environment Management Dep, Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, College Square (West), Kolkata-700 073, Email: p_sikdar@hotmail.com) : Groundwater resource assessment and management of the arseniferous aquifer of english bazar block, Malda district, West Bengal. Hydrol J 2011, 34(1-2), 55-64.

Quantification of natural groundwater recharge is a basic prerequisite for efficient groundwater resource management and is particularly vital in an area where shallow groundwater is mostly polluted with highly toxic elements. It is especially critical where large and concentrated demand for groundwater supplies exist such as in urban areas, industrial zones and irrigated fields. Groundwater in English Bazar block of Malda District, West Bengal occurs under unconfined condition in a thick zone of saturation within the alluvial sediments. Potential aquifers have been encountered in the depth range of 44-69 m and 73-89 m where coarse sand and gravel are encountered. The discharge of the well ranges between 215 and 218 m³/hr with drawdown varying from 1.52 to 4.73 m. Transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifers as computed by pumping test, ranges from 758 to 2969 m²/day and from 25.27 to 99.20 m/day respectively. Groundwater in this block is generally suitable for drinking as well as for agricultural use, except for some areas where arsenic concentration is above the permissible limit of 0.05 mg/l mostly in tubewells tapping the aquifer at depths between 15 m and 57 m. The annual groundwater recharge, net groundwater availability and groundwater draft estimated from GEC (1997) method is to the tune of 88 MCM, 84 MCM and 57 MCM respectively. Long term trend of water table (1996-2005) is ±5 cm/year (neither rising nor falling) and <60>-5 cm/year (rising) for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods respectively. The stage of groundwater development of this block is about 68%. Therefore, the block can be categorised as `Safe'. Quality wise groundwater resource has been estimated using arsenic as an indicator. The total amount of arsenic free groundwater is to the tune of 60 MCM which is about 71% of the total resource. There are eleven villages where the groundwater has high arsenic and twelve villages where more than 50% of the groundwater is contaminated with arsenic. In rest of the villages, the entire aquifer can be tapped for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes. A phase wise management plan has been chalked out for the entire block.

4 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

008819   Bhanu Prakasham Reddy N;Ramakrishna Reddy M (Civil Engineering Dep, N.B.K.R. Institute if Science & Technology, Vidyanagar-524 413, Email: nbpreddy@yahoo.co.in) : Energy loss in the flowing fluid through porous media with convergent boundaries. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2010, 30(3), 30-6.

Experimental investigation on the effect of convergent boundaries on the transmission of power through porous media for different ratios of radii of the test section in a converging permeameter was studied The relationship relating friction factor (f_k) and Reynolds number (R_k) with Power (P) using the square root of intrinsic permeability as the characteristic length is examined for different rate of flows (Q). Also studied the variation of Darcy Parameter, a and Non-darcy Parameter, b with Power (P). In the present case, crushed rock was used as media and water as fluid, to develop curves relating friction factor (f_k) and Reynolds number (R_k) with Power (P) for different rate of flows (Q). The observed results from the experiments may be implemented to predict the yield of water in the aquifer.

16 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

008818   Baskaran R;Mohan P M (Ocean Studies and Marine Biology Dep, Pondicherry Univ, Brookshabad Campus, Port Blair-744 112, Email: sivan.thamilan@gmail.com) : In vitro antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Rhizophora mucronata L. against multi drug resistant Vibrio spp. isolated from marine water lobster's larvae hatcheries. Indian J Geomar Sci 2012, 41(3), 218-22.

Present article consists the in vitro antibacterial study carried out using leaf extracts of Rhizophora mucronata L., a mangrove plant. Extracts were screened for antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio campbellii. The same were isolated from Lobster's larvae hatchery water. Antibiotic resistance and sensitivity of the isolated Vibrio spp. were tested with Hi-Media antibiotic disc. Out of total eight antibiotics discs used, V. harveyi was found highly resistant to ampicillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, vancomycin, erythromycin, and clidamycin, while, it was sensitive towards chloramphenicol (19 mm) and gentamycin (9 mm). Whereas, Vibrio campbellii was found highly resistant to ampicillin, oxacillin, cephalothin, vancomycin, and erythromycin. Vibrio campbellii was highly sensitive to chloramphenicol (20 mm), and moderately sensitive to clindamycin (9 mm), and gentamycin (14 mm). Chloroform leaf extract of Rhizophora mucronata L. was found to be the most active one against both Vibrio spp., while, hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract revealed moderate activity against both Vibrio spp. However, distilled water extract did not have any activity. Chloromphenicol from the Hi-Media antibiotic and chloroform extract from Rhizophora mucronota leaves can be used as a source of alternative compound to control the Vibrio spp. which infects the Lobster's larvae.

3 illus, 44 ref

008817   Badri M A;Wilders P (Subsea R&D Center, P.O. Box 134, Isfahan Technology Univ, Iran) : Flow estimation for the persian gulf using a kelvin wave expansion. Indian J Geomar Sci 2012, 41(3), 249-58.

Hydrodynamic simulations of tidal currents in the Persian Gulf are presented. Water surface level and velocity were determined by a Kelvin wave expansion as a new hydrodynamic calibration tool for estimating the dynamical field and flow patterns. This procedure, leading to the Kelvin wave expansion, uses data of tidal constituents from co-tidal charts. Results of the simplified model were compared with both measurements as well with the results of a full reference hydrodynamic model to reveal that this calibration approach is a promotion not only towards simplicity, but also towards accelerated computation. Short-term oil spill simulation was ascribed in the present study. Comparison of the actual and simulated oil spill drift was found acceptable, allowing for future application in risk assessment analysis in the northern part of the Iranian waters.

13 illus, 21 ref

008816   Ansari Z A;Furtado R;Badesab S;Mehta P;Thwin S (NO, National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa-403 004, Email: zakir.ansari2008@gmail.com) : Benthic macoinvertebrate community structure and distribution in the ayeyarwady continental shelf, Andaman sea. Indian J Geomar Sci 2012, 41(3), 272-8.

Quantitative assessment of macrofaunal community of Ayeyarwady continental shelf, Andaman Sea was studied during the coastal resource survey during April-May 2002. About 27 major taxa were identified. Abundance of fauna was in the order of polychaeta (34.2%), crustacean (25.7), mollusca (4.2%) and echinodermata (4.5%), forams 30.3% and other groups 1.1%. Faunal density ranged from 59 to 6027/m² and the wet weight biomass from 0.01 to 43.47 g/m². Funa was dominated by polychaeta with 100% prevalence. Faunal composition differed along the depth gradient of habitat heterogeneity. Macrofaunal abundance during this study was within the range reported for shelf water of Burma and Andaman Sea but were higher than those from the South China Sea. Major shift in the quantitative distribution and spatial heterogeneity was due to several environmental factors.

6 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

007978   Varma A K;Pal P K (Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Group, EPSA, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad-380 015, Email: avarma@sac.isro.gov.in) : Use of TRMM precipitation radar to address the problem of rain detection over the oceans in passive microwave measurements. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2012, 41(4), 411-20.

Despite success of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, rain detection by passive microwave radiometers still remains a major problem. In this paper, rain detection by a passive microwave radiometer has been analyzed with concurrent observations from Precipitation Radar (PR). Considering PR based rain detection as truth, the brightness temperatures and two most commonly used brightness temperature based indices, the Petty index and the scattering index have been examined, for their usefulness in rain identification over global oceans within PR latitudinal domains. The results indicate that neither brightness temperature, nor the Petty index, and nor the scattering index alone is a good indicator for rain identification. Using concurrent PR observations, the accuracy of rain identification by Petty index and scattering index has been examined. It has been found that with 37 GHz based Petty index, threshold value of 0.8, 0.9 and 0.95 for rain/no-rain discrimination, the raining pixels that are misclassified as non-raining are 2.32, 9.97 and 21.91%, respectively, and the non-raining pixels that are misclassified as raining are 36.82, 18.87 and 10.47%, respectively. Similarly, with scattering index threshold value of 10, the non-raining pixels that are misclassified as raining are 16.53% and raining that are misclassified as non-raining are 83.42, 76.37 and 39.14% for rain rate <62> 0.01, <62> 0.1 and 1 mm h^-1, respectively. These results indicate poor rain identification by both the indices, especially at low rain rates. The geographical distribution of misclassified pixels indicates that it is difficult to attribute higher misclassification to any particular geographical region. The paper presents the problem of the rain identification and discusses the possible reasons for such misidentification.

6 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

007977   Trivedi A;Singh D S;Chauhan M S;Arya A; Bhardwaj V;Awasthi A (Centre of Advanced Studies in Geology, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow-226 007, Email: atrivedee@gmail.com) : Vegetation and climate change around Ropan Chhapra Tal in Deoria district, the Central Ganga plain during the last 1350 years. J Palaeont Soc India 2011, 56(1), 39-43.

Pollen proxy records from 1.2m deep sediment profile from Ropan Chhapra Tal, Deoria district in Uttar Pradesh have revealed that between 1350 and 600 yr BP, open grassland vegetation comprising largely grasses and heathland taxa viz., Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, etc. with sprinkle of trees viz., Holoptelea, Symplocos, Acacia, etc. occurred in the region adjoining to the lake under a dry climate with moderate monsoon rainfall. The presence of aquatic plants implies the existence of lake. A brief spell of pluvial environment occurred between 600 and 425 yr BP as depicted by presence of sand layer at 65-50cm depth. The retrieval of Cerealia and other culture pollen taxa deciphers the agricultural activities in the region. From 425 yr BP onwards the expansion of grasses and coeval sharp reduction in trees denote the onset of relatively drier climate, probably in response to reduction in the monsoon rainfall. The agricultural practice continued with almost same pace as earlier.

2 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

007976   Suresh R (Aerodrome Meteorological Office, IMD, Chennai Airport, Chennai-600 027, Email: suresh.imd@gmail.com) : Forecasting and nowcasting convective weather phenomena over southern peninsular India- Part II: severe local storms. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2012, 41(4), 435-47.

Few case studies of severe thunderstorms especially hail storms, over Chennai and its neighbourhood within 250 km radius that occurred during 2002-2007 have been analysed in this paper. Pre-convective thermodynamic parameters have been computed using Chennai, Karaikal, Bangalore, Machilipatnam and Hyderabad RS/RW data; and empirical thresholds that are in vogue have been validated for the hail storms reported by print and electronic media. Hail stone size estimation has been attempted using build 9 algorithm of NEXRAD, USA and found to be working well for the tropical environment as well. The necessity of feedback from the public in timely reporting severe storms with precision and accuracy has been stressed for developing a database to fine tune the hail warning and hail stone size estimation algorithms.

12 illus, 18 ref

007975   Suresh R (Aerodrome Meteorological Office, IMD, Chennai Airport, Chennai-600 027, Email: suresh.imd@gmail.com) : Forecasting and nowcasting convective weather phenomena over southern peninsular India- Part I: thunderstorms. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2012, 41(4), 421-34.

Few case studies of thunderstorms over Chennai and its neighbourhood have been discussed with its antecedent thermodynamic stability indices and parameters that are usually favourable for the development of convective clouds. As the forecast based on upper air data (radio sonde/radio wind and/or GPS sonde) is not time as well as location specific, data obtained from Doppler Weather Radar, Chennai have been used to issue location/time specific thunderstorm warnings especially for the aircraft operations from Chennai airport. Monitoring of sea breeze front propagation and velocity spectrum width data may help the forecaster to nowcast the development and movement of thunderstorms. Rainfall variability has been analysed using the radar reflectivity data based rain rate estimation and precipitation accumulation over a period of time. It is well understood from this analysis that fully calibrated radar and aptly fine tuned radar reflectivity (z) - rain rate (R) relationship will address the problem of inadequacy of rain gauges besides giving a better quality hydrological data (than that is being obtained through sparsely located surface rain gauges) which may be quite useful for the administrators and water resources managers.

15 illus, 32 ref

007974   Srivastava S K;Pandey N (Geology Dep, Nagaland Univ, Kohima-797 002, Email: sanjaikohima@yahoo.co.in) : Search for provenance of oligocene barail sandstones in and around Jotsoma, Kohima, Nagaland. J Geol Soc India 2011, 77(5), 433-42.

Provenance of the Oligocene Barail sandstones has been ascertained by means of petrographic and heavy mineral studies. Petrography reveals an abundance of angular to sub-rounded monocrystalline, non-undulatory quartz followed by lithic fragments. The overall composition of sandstones matches with those of sublith-arenites. The heavy mineral suite of Barail sandstones displays rounded to sub-rounded as well as euhedral/angular grains of iron oxide, zircon, tourmaline, rutile, kyanite, sillimanite and staurolite in decreasing order of abundance. Petrography coupled with heavy mineral suite suggests for a mixed provenance dominated by a sedimentary source of recycled orogenic provenance in a foreland basin setup.

7 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

007973   Srivastava D K;Rajshekhar C;Awere C M (Geology Dep, Centre of Advanced Study, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow-226 007, Email: sirdkdr@rediffmail.com) : Mecaster mutabilis (lambert, 1933) from the middle cretaceous nodular limestone (bagh beds), Gujarat, India. J Palaeont Soc India 2011, 56(2), 231-6.

Mecaster mutabilis (Lambert, 1933) is being recorded and described from the Middle Cretaceous Nodular Limestone of Bilthana of the western region of the Bagh Beds. This occurrence suggests that the Nodular Limestone is the westerly extension of the marine Khadlu-Mongra Nodular Limestone and is deposited under subtidal, very shallow marine, low-energy environment. Taking into consideration the overall age of the Bagh sediments in the western region, the deposits correspond to Late Albian-Cenomanian-Turonian and Senonian (Campanian?) global transgressive event.

1 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

007972   Singh V K;Kathal P K (Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Applied Geology Dep, Dr Harisingh Gour Univ, Sagar-470 003, Email: pkkathal@dhsgus.ac.in) : Morphological variations in common recent benthic foraminifera from the east coast of India and the Southern East Coast of Japan. J Palaeont Soc India 2011, 56(1), 65-81.

The study reveals that the foraminiferal fauna from the east coast of India and the southern part of the east coast of Japan show an affinity since there are as many as 122 common Recent benthic foraminiferal species occur at the two distant regions. Out of the 41 species, whose specimens could be recovered from the samples of the two regions, 20 show narrow; 17 medium; and 4 medium to wide ranges of intraspecific variations.

1 illus, 3 tables, 80 ref

007971   Singh R P;Asthana B N;Chawre B (KIET, , Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, Email: singhfwt@gmail.com) : Design of a drainage barrel under canal bed for sub-surface flow using FEM- a case study. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2010, 30(4), 44-9.

Bansagar feeder canal brings the share of water of Uttar Pradesh from Bansagar project reservoir, a joint interstate venture located in Madhya Pradesh. The canal during its run crosses a major drain at Km 7.125. There is a large head difference between the full supply level of the canal and the drain bed, resulting into seepage from canal to the drain from below its barrel floor. The seepage also causes uplift pressure on the drain bed, endangering its stability. The analysis of the seepage from the canal is a 3 dimensional phenomenon and can be solved eitherby model studies or Finite Element Analysis. 3- Dimensional EHDA (electrical hydro dynamic analogue) studies of this problem have been carried out at Irrigation Research Institute, Roorkee and 3- dimensional finite element analysis using ANSYS package has been reported in this study. The results of the 2 studies have been compared. The study leads to the conclusion that the provision of lining of the canal in a length of about 10 times the differential head in canal and drain bed on both the upstream of the crossing reduces the uplift pressures on drain floor by about 20% and any further increase in the length of lining is not any more effective.

6 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

007970   Sijagumayum U;Raghumani Singh Y;Kachhara R P (Earth Sciences Dep, Manipur Univ, Imphal-795 003, Email: yengmani@gmail.com) : Some molluscan fossils from the upper disang formation of changamdabi, East Imphal district, Manipur. J Palaeont Soc India 2011, 56(2), 165-9.

This paper deals with the systematic description of bivalves and gastropods from the Upper Disang Formation exposed at Changamdabi, Imphal East District, Manipur. Out of nineteen species, six species belonging to order Pterioida are recorded from this region.

21 ref

007969   Saxena A;Singh I B;Agarwal P N (Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, Centre of Advanced Studies in Geology, Lucknow Univ, Lucknow) : Palaeoecological implication of ostracod and gastropod assemblages of the holocene lake records from the Ganga plain. J Palaeont Soc India 2011, 56(2), 149-63.

Dispersed Sedimentary successions of two lakes, namely, Mesa Tal (Lat. 26°48' N; Long. 81°6' E) and Sanai Tal (Lat. 26° 12' N; Long. 81°4' E) of upland interfluve surface of the Ganga Plain are studied for their microfaunal (ostracod and gastropod) content. From the Mesa Tal, 2.50 m thick sediment succession (dated -8500 yrs BP - present) and from the Sanai Tal, 2.10 m thick succession (dated-15,000 yrs BP - present) were analyzed. In the Mesa Tal, the lower 1.5 m sequence is a marl horizon which has yielded rich and diversified microfaunal assemblage, whereas, in the Sanai Tal, the fauna is recorded from upper 1.05 m sequence. Total 36 sediment samples were collected from the lake profiles at different depth intervals. Ostracod assemblage includes 15 species belonging to 11 genera, of which Candanopsis kingsleii, Strandesia weberi (in Mesa Tal) and Cyprinotus cingalensis (in Sanai Tal) are the dominant. Gastropod assemblage includes 7 taxa, of which Indoplanorbis and Gyraulus convexiusculus are the most abundant in both the lakes. The inferred palaeoecology of ostracod and gastropod fauna in the Mesa Tal sediments suggest that in the early Holocene time, it was a relatively large lake with low supply of terrigenous elastics, in mid-late Holocene the lake shrank with increased supply of terrigenous sediments. In the Sanai Tal, ostracod and gastropod faunal assemblage suggest shallow, permanent water body since the onset of Holocene, and richness of fauna along with charophytes indicate enriched vegetation and climate amelioration during early-mid Holocene (10,120 to -7,600 yrs BP) followed by gradual decline in lake size and water column during late Holocene.

3 illus, 4 tables, 70 ref