024247   Singh K K;Londe S K (Geography Dep, Banaras Hindu Univ, Varanasi) : Monitoring wasteland in part of east Singhbhum district using LISS III data. Indian J Geomorph 2008, 13-14(1-2), 99-105.

In this paper authors attempt to map classes of wastelands in a parts of the East Singhbhum district using IRS-LISS III remote sensing data. The wasteland map was produced in two steps. First, Visual interpretations of IRS 1C LISS III (1:50,000) of January and October, 2006 were made to identify and delineate different categories of wastelands in East Singhbhum district. This procedure allowed defining eight categories of wasteland. Next, degraded forest was segregated by density slicing of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI). Major patches of wastelands were verified by field check using random sampling. Visually interpreted polygons and field data were linked to prepare final wasteland map. The results indicated that the Waste lands including degraded forest cover an area of 506.37 sq. km in the five blocks of the district of East Singhbhum constituting 26.84 per cent of the total geographical area of the district.

3 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

024246   Sharma S D (Geography Dep, D.S. College, Aligarh) : Search for a measure of Denundation. Indian J Geomorph 2008, 13-14(1-2), 153-63.

The land surface undergoes change of form through the process of denudation weathering and erosion encompass all important geomorphic processes that are responsible for denudation. In an attempt to facilitate the explanation of the development of soils.

1 illus, 9 tables, 24 ref

024245   Rana N K;Rajesh Kumar;Dhananjay Kumar (Geography Dep, D.D.U. Gorakhpur Univ, Gorakhpur) : Nature of channel shifting of a foothills-fed river in the alluvial setting: a case study of river Rapti, India. Indian J Geomorph 2008, 13-14(1-2), 83-98.

The foothills-fed rivers on the alluvial settings display a great variety of diversity in terms of their morphology and fluvial characteristics. The river Rapti is an important foothills-fed river on the Ganga plains. It is a tributary of the river Ghagara that flows in the eastern part of Uttar Pradesh, having dominant share of catchment area on siwalik of Nepal and bhabar and tarai areas of Eastern U.P. plains. The river is well known for its frequent localized channel movements. Various studies have documented the shifting and observed frequent avulsion accompanied with over bank flooding. In the present study several lines of evidence including geo-spatial data and sub-surface structural data have helped in understanding the controls on the channel morphology and patterns of channel movements. The temporal monitoring of the variation in the channel stretch indicated an oscillatory tendency in the meandering pattern. The study further revealed that the river is more dynamic in its entire-course and shifted towards east in response to neotectonic activity.

9 illus, 3 tables, 18 ref

024244   Paul A K;Chatterjee S (Sri Nilay Kanti Barman, Netaji Subhas Open Univ, Kolkata-700 020) : Assessment of flooding characteristics in Kaliaghai flood plain for appropriate flood preventive measures and control of people's sufferings from unsafe conditions. Indian J Geomorph 2008, 13-14(1-2), 137-52.

Different flooding characteristics have been identified in Kaliaghai flood plain of Medinipur east and west of south Bengal after the 2008 flood comparing with previous significant flood events of 2005 and 2007. Rapid infrastructural development against the local surface gradient along the flood plain areas, drainage modification and land use conversions of the flood plain areas are possibly responsible for such differential flooding characteristics of the region. The flooding characteristics include as: flash flood, riverine flood, rain water flood, Tidal flood and Coastal flood. Complexity of flooding characteristics will be increased in future in this region if the traditional embankments, brick manufacturing stations on the river beds, wetland modification on the flood plain areas remain unchanged prolonged water logging conditions over wide areas have created unsafe conditions for the maintenance of livelihood patterns of the people of flood affected region. Flood preventive measures can be suggested for the region after the assessment of flooding characteristics of different interfluves of the river basin. The present paper deals about such flooding characteristics and possible flood preventive measures of the Kaliaghai-Bagui-Kapaleshwary-Chandia river basin of the Bay of Bengal coastal belt.

5 illus, 3 tables, 4 ref

024243   Panda G K;Kaungo A K (Geography Dep, Utkal Univ, Bhubaneswar) : Remote sensing and GIS in monitoring changes in the coastal environment a case study along Orissa coast. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2006, 29(2), 163-70.

Sustainable management of the coastal environmental resources is a challenging task before all of us. It calls for an optimal utilisation of these resources based on their potential and limitations. Remote sensing is a process of collection of spatial information about our environment and resources using the space borne and air borne sensors from platforms using the techniques of Multi Spectral Scanning followed by image processing. The geographic Information System is a computer based information system capable of assembling; storing, manipulating, displaying and retrieving geographically referenced information and their attribute characteristics from various sources to solve spatial problems. Remote Sensing, photogrammetry, G1S. GPS, Internet and IT have emerged as complimentary frontier technologies for use in one way or other in this 21st century to support decision making by way of providing derivative information and can enable developing a decision support system for management and development. Satellite remote sensing data are emerging as a major sources of input to GIS for resource mapping and monitoring changes in the environment. It can be a basis for detecting key changes for identifying the degradation or deteriorations in the environment. This can further lead towards understanding its intervening causes for prediction and understanding the future trends. The present paper brings out some changes along the Orissa coast using remote sensing data and GIS. The changes are related to coastal and mangrove vegetation, prograding coastline, changing river mouths, coastal spits, hooks, sand bars, islands and the coastline.

7 illus, 11 ref

024242   Nagalakshmi R;Santi Devi R;Ramalingam M; Rajamanickam G V (Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna Univ, Chennai-25) : Multi-temporal studies on coastal wetlands of Vedaranyam using remote sensing and GIS. Indian J Geomorph 2008, 13-14(1-2), 107-115.

Vedaranyam coastal wetlands comprising of mangroves, salt marshes, lagoons and estuaries are the part of most productive ecosystem in the coastal area of Tamil Nadu. It is ecosystems are under pressure on account of increased anthropogenic activity on the coast. Tsunami 2004 which struck the India, brought many immeasurable damages to environment in Tamil Nadu and the tsunami effect was extensive in Nagapattinam district. Vedaranyam coastal wetland, though located nearer to Nagapattinam (Nagapattinam district), the tsunami effect was less because of the presence of mangroves. It is necessary to protect this coastal wetland ecosystem to ensure sustainable development. The wetland changes have been assessed in the Vedaranyam coast 1RS-L1SS III date of February 1997 and IRS-LISS III + PAN merged date of 2003 and 2005 (Post tsunami), using Arc GIS software. The results of the study indicate the following changes between 1997 and 2005. (1) The areal extent of Mudflats is decreased (II) Beach has advanced nearer to the point claimere because of tsunami (III) Salt marshes and Mangroves have decreased and (IV) Saltpan and Aquaculture ponds are seen more near Muthupet area but they are inundated with water after tsunami.

3 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

024241   Mukhopadhyay S;Pal S (Geography Dep, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, Email: masu_india@.co.in) : Impact of Tilpara barrage on the environment of Mayurakshi confluence domain-a granulometric approach. Indian J Geomorph 2008, 13-14(1-2), 179-87.

Due to strong human intervention like raising of embankment, irregular discharging from Tilpara barrage etc. normaley of depositional character of Mayuraksh river has lost. As a result highly erratic deposition within river channel, steady rate of river aggradations, abnormal growth of point bar, shoal deposits, sand bar, within river channel and sandsplay outside the river have integratedly made the situation critically threatensome. Such pattern of progressive growth rate of deposition in very near future may bring out death of the river. So it's a peak time to formulate some escaping rules to get rid of from such condensing problems.

5 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

024240   Mukhopadhyay S;Bhattacharya A K (NO, Geological Survey of India, Western Region, 15-16, Jhalana Doongri, Jaipur-302 004, Email: shubhashubho@yahoo.co.in) : Bidasar ophiolite suite in the trans-Aravalli region of Rajasthan: a new discovery of geotechtonic significance. Indian J Geosci 2009, 63(4), 345-50.

Study reveals the existence of a hitherto unknown `Bidasar Ophiolite Suite' in the trans-Aravalli region of Rajasthan, deep in the folds of Thar desert. The ophiolite suite has been established across strike between Bidasar in the west and Gunpaliya in the east, in Churu and Nagaur districts respectively, over a 30-km-wide zone and separated from the main Aravalli Mountain Range (AMR) by 50 km of older gneisses, intrusive granites and metasedimentary supracrustals. The strike extension of this ophiolite suite in the north and south is yet to be established. Youngest thermal and intrusive event in the area is constrained by the intrusive Erinpura Granite Suite, i.e., 815 Ma (Chaudhary et al., 1984). No granite activity of Erinpura Suite (which occurs in close proximity) has affected the newly reported ophiolite suite placing the age of the ophiolite as post-Erinpura. The ophiolite suite comprises ultramafics, pyroxenite, gabbro-diorite, sheeted dykes, pillow basalt, chert and schist. This suite is different from the more established `Phulad Ophiolite Suite' of the central and southern Aravalli Mountain Range, which is more tectonised and sliced up due to intense deformation in the enclosing Delhi Supergroup.

14 illus, 19 ref

024239   Meshram R;Venkateswara Rao S (NO, Geological Survey of India, AMSE Wing, Southern Zone, Hyderabad-500 068, Email: rajkumarmeshram@rediffmail.com) : Mineralogy and geochemistry of lamprophyres from Kalwarkurty, Mahabubnagar district, Andhra Pradesh. Indian J Geosci 2009, 63(4), 361-72.

Recently discovered lamprophyre occurrences at Kalwakurty, Mahabubnagar district of Andhra Pradesh are in the form of both dykes and small plug-like bodies with distinct mineralogy, inequigranular and porphyritic-panidiomorphic textures as defined by phenocryst phase and groundmass phase and characteristic annealing texture. On the basis of their petrological, mineralogical and geochemical characters these are classified into ultramafic and sub-alkaline to alkaline types showing affinity towards lamproite. Trace elements and Rare Earth Elements (REEs) studies indicate higher concentration of compatible trace elements and show smooth, linear and parallel LREE-enriched pattern. Their petromineralogical and geochemical characteristics imply derivation from low-degree partial melting of mantle peridotites at higher pressure and at relatively slightly shallower depths than kimberlites and lamproites.

7 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

024238   Mallik T K;Sensarma K (NO, , FD-317, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700 106, Email: tkmallik@rediffmail.com) : Highlights of heavy mineral distribution patterns along the coast line of West Bengal. Indian J Geosci 2009, 63(4), 429-42.

Eastern side of the coastal area of West Bengal is essentially apart of the vast tide-dominated Ganges delta with numerous channels, creeks and impressive digitate architecture supporting the extensive mangrove of Sunderbans. The area is of great importance since it prograded in different phases. Other minor rivers that drain the Chotonagpur plateau debouch into the Bay of Bengalin the western side. Detail studies of heavy minerals in three different levels from beach sediments indicated interesting mineralogical variations. Opaques, hornblende, pyroxenes, garnet, sillimanite, kyanite, zircon, monazite, tourmaline, apatite, staurolite, andalusite, epidote, tremolite/actinolite, biotite, muscovite, sphene etc. occur in various proportions. The Chotonagpur granite gneiss, the Rajmahal traps and the Himalayas are the main source area for the sediments. High amount of garnet and sillimanite in the southern beach sector might have been derived from the khondalites of Eastern Ghats and transported by the northerly currents. Usually high amount of opaques has been noted near the confluence and slight changes in the mineralogy has occurred due to input from the other river channels. Ilmenite and magnetite percentage is around 4 and 5% respectively in the Bakkhali samples. The percentage is higher in the dune samples. XRF analysis indicated that TiO₂ content is as high as 24.77 in some cases. Though in general the concentration of heavies is less, high concentration is demarcated in some sections as indicated by the raster Interpolation particularly by applying the Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) technique which was not applied earlier for such studies in the coastal stretches of India. Very high concentration of heavies have been noted in some sectors around Digha, Shankarpur, north of Rasulpur, particularly in the mouth of the rivers, in the southwestern corner of Sagar Island and in restricted sectors of Bakkhali beaches. Mouth of the rivers in the Medinipur beach shows high concentrations of heavies that gradually decreases towards northeast in the direction of long shore current. In Sagar Island, western part exhibits more concentration as the river Hooghly drains that stretch. In some cases more than 90% heavies were noted. Significant increase of heavies are present in some of the older dunes. However, the heavy mineral zones are patchy and not very consistent. They may prove to be economic with improved technology in future. The concentration is also controlled by the hydrologic regime, geomorphic, physical set-up and coastal processes prevailing in the area.

8 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

024237   Kavitha T;Ganesh A (Geography Dep, School of Geosciences, Bharathidasan Univ, Tiruchirappalli) : Geomorphology and drainage basin characteristics of Amaravathy river basin, Tamil Nadu. Indian J Geomorph 2008, 13-14(1-2), 117-26.

Knowledge of drainage basin characteristics becomes an important pre-requisite to evaluate basin hydrology. The amount of water reaching a stream system is dependent on the morphometry of the basin, total precipitation, losses due to evapotranspiration and absorption by soils and vegetation. Drainage basin morphometry throws light on the lithologic and structural control of the basin, relative runoff and recharge, erosional aspects and stage of development of the basin relief. The morphometric parameters Amaravathy have been evaluated with the help of remote sensing data.

3 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

024236   Jose S K;Santhosh Kumar R;Jaya Predeep;Ambat B (School of Environmental Sciences, M.G. Univ, Kottayam, Kerala, Email: josesubin@gmail.com) : Landuse/landcover changes in Kanjirapally village, Kottayam district-Kerala: an analysis with the application of remote sensing and GIS techniques. Indian J multidiscipl Res 2009, 5(4), 485-94.

Kanjirapalli village is a part of Kanjirapalli Panchayat of Kottayam district in the state of Kerala, known as "the Queen of the Malanad". It is situated on the foot hills of the Elappara-Peermed high ranges of the westernhats. It extends between latitudes 9°30' N to 9° 37' N and Longitudes of 76°42'E to 76°45'E. The changing land use scenario of Kanjirapalli village was assessed using remote sensing and gis techniques. The historic landuse map was prepared from topographic map of Survey Of India(SOI) 1968. The landuse map of 2004 was generated through visual and digital interpretation of IRS 1CLISS-HI images supported by ground truth. Present investigation observed that the original landuse system was highly modified and presently rubber is dominating all over the village. In the study area, there are changes in the land-use pattern for a period of about 30 years. The striking difference occurred in rubber plantations and settlement pattern. There were only 6.2260 kmccc^{2 of rubber plantation in 1968which increased to 23.2239 km2 in 2004, recorded about a four times increase. It is observed that the prevailing agro-climatic conditions and the presence of high amount of NPK favorable for the growth of rubber.}

7 illus, 16 ref

024235   Ghosh A R (Geography Dep, Calcutta Univ, Calcutta) : Problems in map projection with special reference to oblique zenithal Gnomonic projection for India. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2006, 29(2), 25-30.

Map projection basically involves the transformation of three dimensional surface of the globe on a two dimensional plane. As such the representation of the earth's surface on a flat surface is not possible without compromising certain elements like scale, distance, azimuth etc. The failure of true representation gives rise to deformation or distortion in map projections. There is not a single projection which is correct in respect of scale, distance, azimuth taken all at a time. An analysis of deformation values related to Oblique Zenithal Gnomonic Projection for India has been attempted in this study. This will highlight the suitability of the chosen projection.

3 illus, 2 tables, 3 ref

024234   Gerrard J (School of Geography, Univ of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, England, UK) : Landsliding in the Himalaya with referene to rainfall events, land use change and denudation rates. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2006, 29(2), 1-8.

Presents concerns a study on the problem of landsliding in the Unstable Himalayan terrain with an interdisciplinary approach. Due weightage has been given on the impact of both physical and cultural geographical parameters like rainfall events, land use changes especially relating to agricultural activities on steeper and more marginal contributing factor to high levels of erosion, mountain slopes and the currences of deforestation and degradation including the measurement of denudation rates over the unstable hillside, valley side and land slide slopes.

14 ref

024233   Garg V K;Singh J B (School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Shobhit Univ, Meerut-250 110, Email: vg284@yahoo.co.in ) : Markov chain approach on the behaviour of rainfall. Int J agric statist Sci 2010, 6(1), 157-62.

In this paper, two-state Markov Chain Model has been used to study the daily rainfall occurrence pattern at Pantnagar utilizing the 42 years data from 1961 to 2002. For this study, analysis is divided into two parts, for daily rainfall data and for weekly rainfall data. Further analysis of each part is performed for three periods viz., calender year, Kharif season and Rabi season. The expected length of runs of dry/wet days (weeks), expected number of dry/wet days (weeks), equilibrium state probabilities, equilibrium state of system have been computed.

2 tables, 5 ref

024232   Debnath M (NO, Woman's College, Govt of Tripura, Agartal, Tripura) : Modern methodology for the study of optimal land use of Manu-Deo river basin-North Tripura District, Tripura towardsits sustainable Development. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2006, 29(2), 171-8.

The land is one of the most crucial natural resources for sustaiflance of life. Without proper management of this resoruce man can not exist in a region. In the present sutudy, the resource depletion and environmental management of the Manu-Deo River Basin in North Tripura District, Tripura have been discussed to work out about the resources in this area being degraded due to overgrazing, unscientific use of land, overploughing, deforestation, soil erosion, natural disaster like flood, drought, cyclone etc. An attempt has been made to highlight the present land use pattern, its associated problems, evaluation of its potentialities and suggestion for its sustainable development, optimal uses of land by applying the knowledge of related science and technology.

4 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

024231   De C (Palaeontology Div, Eastern Region, Geological Survey of India, DK-6, Sector II, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700 091, Email: chirananda@rediffmail.com) : Sundarban delta complex. Indian J Geosci 2009, 63(4), 397-428.

Sundarban or `the beautiful forest'in Bengali is a unique natural wonder with few parallels in the whole world. Developed through millions of years over the seaward front of the Ganga-Brahmaputra prograding delta complex - the largest of its kind - coupled with an archipelago comprising hundreds of sediment-borne islands of myriad shapes and sizes criss-crossed by a bewildering maze of tidal creeks and river, it provides for a large variety of flora and fauna making it to be an ecobiological preserve of rare distinction. Transgressing what is now an international boundary between India and Bangladesh, it spans for a length of nearly 30 km (between the mouths of R. Hooghly in the west and R. Meghna in the east). The constant interplay of land and sea for supremacy of one over the other is most eminently displayed here. The mangrove trees are once again an evolutionary wonder that help to protect the human population in more ways than one. Thousands of acres of the forest disappear under the water during high tide before re-emerging in a daily ritual. Even as its importance came to be realised and recognised gradually feathers kept on accumulating in its cap. With the threats of climate change and global warming looming large and the frequency of tropical storms and the average sea-level perceptibly on the rise, the area gets to receive an added significance. Compiled and culled painstakingly by the author from a large number of source materials this `Special Feature' presented rather in the form of a popular article is intended to bring into focus one of the key areas of topical interest with a multidisciplinary approach.

024230   Das S;Singh P K;Srikarni C (NO, Geological Survey of India, Sector-10A, Gandhinagar-382 043, Email: sanjaydas62@yahoo.com) : Preliminary study of thermal metamorphism in the Champaner Group of rocks in Panchmahals and Vadodara district of Gujarat. Indian J Geosci 2009, 63(4), 372-82.

Champaner Group of rocks, the southernmost extension of the Aravalli Fold belt in Gujarat comprises argillaceous, arenaceous and calcareous metasediments with varied mineral assemblages. The low-grade regionally metamorphosed rocks have been affected by intrusive granites (Godhra Granite) of Neoproterozoic age (935±20 Ma). The intrusion has resulted into superposition of contact metamorphic effect on regionally metamorphosed rocks. Thermal metamorphism has developed hornfelses in argillaceous, manganese silicates and oxides in manganiferous arenaceous rocks and different calc-silicate assemblages in impure carbonate rocks. The wollastonite-quartz assemblages recorded at various places in the calc-silicate bands represent the highest grade of thermal metamorphism in the region. The andalusite-graphite hornfels with partially preserved relict schistosity demostrate that these rocks had undergone a low-grade regional metamorphism before they came into contact with the granitic intrusion. The major components in the metamorphic system are CaO, Al₂O₃, FeO, MgO, SiO₂, H₂O and CO₂ while mineralogical assemblages of Goldungri have at least nine components (MnO and K₂O in addition to the former) thereby leading to the formation of a variety of minerals in a complicated system. Mineralogical assemblages of associated metapelites and texture of the rocks described here together give an idea that the rocks are the ultimate product of thermal metamorphism where epidote-hornfels, hornblende-hornfels and pyroxene-hornfels facies of metamorphism are recorded.

4 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

024229   Chattopadhyay G P;Chatterjee A (NO, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan-731 235) : Significant aspects of landsurface processes in the Himalaya and proposed scheme for sustainable development. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2006, 29(2), 9-14.

A thorough assessment of dominant geomorphological processes, at various altitude levels in the mountain tract of the Himalaya, has been made in the paper. The assessment follows suggestions for sustainable development. Under broad classification scheme two distinct altitudinal zones identified in this mountain are: I) lower slope zone (from foothills up to the tree line) and 2) high altitude slope zone (above tree line up to the snow line). Significant geomorphological processes in the form of a) direct removal in solution through regolith, b) movement upon slope surface by washing and c) movement of the surface layer are found conspicuous upon the lower slope zone, while in the high altitude slope zone the significant processes are associated with periglacial (frost action), glacial and nival phenomena. It has been suggested that for any form of sustainable development upon the slopes from the foothills to the tree line the primary attention is to be given considering the extent of susceptibility of the ground to landslide, soil erosion and seismological hazards, and upon the slopes from above the tree line up to the snow line the main aspects of consideration would be the extent of susceptibility of the ground to frost creep and freeze-thaw cycles and glacial and nival processes.

2 tables, 4 ref

024228   Biswas M (Geography Dep, Baruipur College, C U) : Study on landform process and land use relationship of Kalijhora sub basin and its adjacent areas West Bengal. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2006, 29(2), 101-10.

Regarding the present dynamic system of Eastern Himalaya.in this paper emphasis has been given to the landform process and land use relationship of Kalijhora sub-basin and its adjacent areas. The area is under the typical fault guided geological formations being sculptured by the fluvial action and rejuvenated erosional process. The area is marked by the different types of land use patters like forests, tea garden, setteled areas etc. Most of the areas are shared by the deep evergreen Deciduous forest, scarps and the hill slopes of the upper part is under the tea garden and agricultural lands and a very small portion of the basin is identified as setteled (Tea labourers) area etc. The aforesaid observation implies the impact of landform on the land use scenario of the Kalijhora basin.

17 illus, 5 ref

024227   Bhattacharjee D (Geography Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata-700 019) : Glacial retreat and their impact on environment of Gangotri region, Uttarkashi district. Indian J Geomorph 2008, 13-14(1-2), 165-78.

Climatic changes and its impacts on the fluctuation of glaciers are a natural phenomenon throughout the nineteenth and twentieth century. In the past few decades, global climate change has had a significant impact on the high mountain environment. Snow, glaciers and permafrost are especially sensitive to changes in atmospheric conditions because of their proximity to melting conditions. The global retreat of mountain glaciers during the 20th century is striking. Trends in long time series of cumulative glacier-length and volume changes represent convincing evidence for fast and sudden climatic change at a global level. Since 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has documented such changes as an evidence for the existence of global warming, independent of the various surface temperature data sets. Global warming is shrinking glaciers all over the world, but the rate of recession is rather irregular in terms of amount and time of occurrence and depends upon the topographic and climatic conditions of the area. Gangotri is one of the best-documented glaciers in India as far as its position is concerned and glacial retreat as well as the global warming is a very important geographical phenomenon in all over the world. This is the most important environmental problem of the study area and this certainly exerts a great impact on the changing environment and landuse patterns particularly in response to the growing demand of the people as reference above.

7 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

024226   Babar M (Geology Dep, Dnyanopasak College, Parbhani-431 101) : Uniformity in classification of hydrogeomorphological units a need for GIS application. Indian J Geomorph 2008, 13-14(1-2), 129-35.

In the several studies it is found that there is acute variation in the sizes of watershed found in various researchers and agencies. The acute variation is found in various aspects of hydrogeomorphological units such as spatial dimensions, units of measurement, nomenclature and terminologies in classification of hydrogeomorphological unit and inconsistency in the class intervals. The uniform framework of classification of hydrogeomorphological units will help to prepare watershed atlas at regional, sub-regional and zonal levels at suitable scales. Hence it is necessary to develop a uniform nomenclature for the entire hierarchy of hydrogeomorphological units to promote the universal conceptualization of hydrogeomorphological unit.

1 illus, 7 tables, 24 ref

024225   Asthana S P;Dey A (D.A.V. College, C S J M Univ, Kanpur, U.P.) : Nadia district, W.B.: service centre planning for area development. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2006, 29(2), 15-24.

The study area, Nadia District, is situated in the middle-east part of West Bengal also border of Bangladesh. According to the latest census Nadia is more populus district in West Bengal. The study area has been suffering from floods, water pollution, water logging, loss of soil fertility etc. resulting insufficient food grain productions, need appraisal of the resources of area. Besides, its migration of population from Bangladesh creats over burden on local resources and criminal activities. Some bottleneck in transport and lack of complete package of services at focal points etc. are some of the crucial problems of the area. So that problems could be eliminated by the area development approach of planning. In this regard service centre planning is very essential for the district and if the proposed plan is implemented then the area will be more developed later on.

3 tables, 10 ref

024224   Ahmad M;Wanjari N (NO, Geological Survey of India, Eastern Region, Lohia Nagar, Kankarbagh, Patna-800 020, Email: manssh@gmail.com) : Volcano-sedimentary sequence in the Munger-Rajgir metasedimentary belt, Gaya district, Bihar. Indian J Geosci 2009, 63(4), 351-60.

Reports occurrence of a volcano-sedimentary lithoassemblage comprising a bimodal volcanic suite along with mafic pyroclasts, tuff, banded chert and banded iron formations in close juxtaposition with Munger-Rajgir metasedimentary belt, situated near Bathani village in Gaya district, Bihar. The mafic volcanics consist of pillow basalts and pyroclastics. Pyroclasts of various shape and size occur, which include lapilli to large (>20 cm) spindle-shaped bombs. The felsic volcanics consist of porphyritic rhyolite and aphyric rhyolite. The association of pillow lava, rhyolite, explosive fragments and volcanogenic and chemogenic sediments suggest eruption of mafic/felsic magmas and ejection of pyroclasts in sub-aqueous condition. This finding puts the Munger-Rajgir belt in an entirely novel litho-stratigraphic perspective.

10 illus, 33 ref

023206   Yadav M S (Geography Dep, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidhyapeeth (N.T.P.C. Campus), Shaktinagar, Sonebhadra, Uttar pradesh) : Impact of morphometric attributes on arable land : a study of Chandraprabha basin, Vindhyan upland. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(2), 73-80.

The study of morphometric characteristics of the concerned region helps in investigating its suitability for varied purposes such as agriculture. human settlements. construction of buildings, roads etc. The area under study i.e. Chanclraprabha Basin lies in Eastern Uttar Pradesh where the main study of economy is agriculture. It is notable that terrain characteristics such as relief. slope, drainage etc. in conjunction with soil and climate to a large extent determine the state of agriculture of any area. Keeping this fact in view, an attempt has been mode in the present paper to examine the relationship between terrain characteristics and arable land. For the same, isopleths drawn for arable land (obtained at village level), relief, slope dissection index and drainage density have been divided into grids of 4 km^{2. Further, pearsonian's product moment correlation co-efficient has been computed between morphometeric attributes such as absolute relief, relative relief, slope, dissection index, drainage density and arable land. The analysis reveals that excepting relative relief, other attributes have left little influence an the distribution of arable land.}

1 illus, 6 tables, 32 ref

023205   Venkata Ramana R;Chakravorty B;Samal N R; Pandey N G;Mani P (NO, CFMS NIH, Phulwarishrif, Patna-801 505) : Development of intensity duration frequency curves using L-moment and gis technique. J appl Hydrol 2008, 21(1-2), 88-100.

The rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) relationship is one of the most commonly used tools in water resources engineering for planning, designing or operation of water resources projects. The establishment of such relationship was done in 1932. Since then, many sets of relationships have been developed in different parts of the globe. In the present paper rainfall dada of 14 raingauge stations of Punpun basin located in Bihar was taken for regional rainfall frequency analysis based on L-moment approach facilitated to find the robust distribution for these daily raingauge stations having data availability of 9-17 years. The robust distribution was used to find the IDF relationship and curves for short duration rainfall for Punpun basin. From the IDF curves parameters of empirical equations for the gauged locations were determined and contour maps were generated. IDF curves for ungauged locations were developed from the generated contour maps using GIS and finally a generalized IDF curve incorporating return period and the duration of rainfall for particular station was developed.

4 illus, 5 tables, 10 ref

023204   Thomas T;Jaiswal R K;Galkate R;Bhar A K; Surjeet Singh (National Institute of Hydrology, Ganga Plains South Regional Centre, Sagar-470 001, Email: thomas_sagar@yahoo.com) : Development of a monthly rainfall-runoff model for Wainganga river basin in Madhya Pradesh. J appl Hydrol 2007, 20(4), 61-70.

The rainfall-runoff relationship is one of the most complex hydrologic phenomena to comprehend due to tremendous spatial and temporal variability of watershed characteristics, precipitation patterns and the number of variables involved in modeling the physical processes. Present applications of these models are directed towards evaluation of different hydrologic parameters, assessment of climate impact changes and evaluation of the seasonal patterns of water supply and irrigation demand. A six-parameter conceptual monthly rainfall-runoff model developed incorporating in runoff generation, the processes of fast surface runoff, quick surface runoff, infiltration, percolation and base flow is proposed to represent the monthly rainfall-runoff relationship in Wainganga basin upto Bandol gauging site with a catchment area of 935 km^{-2 and an average annual rainfall of 1073.4 mm. The variability of the rainfall with annual values varying between 687.8 mm and 1312.30 mm suggests the main problem: reliability of the water resources leading to droughts and floods. The monthly rainfall and runoff data during the monsoon season from 1995 to 2002 has been used in the study. The Nash-Sutcliffe goodness of fit which is a measure of model efficiency varies from 0.72 to 0.83 during calibration and from 0.75 to 0.82 during validation. The percentage difference in volume between the observed and computed seasonal flows varies from +6.95% to -20.26%. From the sensitivity analysis, it has been observed that the maximum water holding capacity of soil moisture storage (S_-max) is the most sensitive parameter influencing the runoff response from the catchment. The correlation coefficient between the observed and computed flow series varies from 0.90 to 0.96. The model is able to reproduce the flows with a reasonable degree of accuracy.}

3 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

023203   Suganya M;Gurugnanam B;Lingeswara Rao S V; (Earth Sciences Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu) : Statistical appliaction of hydrogeochemistry of upper Thirumanimuttar sub basin, Tamil Nadu, India. J appl Hydrol 2008, 21(1-2), 82-7.

Thirty two groundwater samples were collected and analysed for physico- chemical parameters. These parameters reflect the quality of water for various uses. Correlation coefficients help in judging the quality of water by identifying the interrelationships between two elements. Correlation coefficients among different chemical constituents were determined. It was found that there is a good correlation between EC and TDS, Cl and TDS, Cl and EC, Na and TDS & Na and Cl. The analysis of correlation coefficient indicates that the quality of groundwater in the study area is alkaline and saline in nature and consists of high sodium chloride.

1 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

023202   Sridharan S;Muthuchami A (NO, Regional Meterorological Centre, Chennai-600 006) : Physical conditions responsible for unusual excess rainfall east coast of India durning northeast monsoon season of 2005. J appl Hydrol 2008, 21(1-2), 41-55.

There an attempt is made to understand the physical mechanism which is responsible for abnormal excess rainfall over maritime states of east coast of India during northeast monsoon season of 2005.. Using NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data anomaly of various meteorological parameters were studied between 50° E to 100° E and 10° S to 30° N. In pressure pattern it is seen that in October southwest Bay of Bengal showed negative anomaly in pressure distribution but in November and December the entire Bay exhibited negative anomaly. The pressure patterns suggest the active condition of the Bay of Bengal in November and December and as a result of this east coast of India received good rainfall. In the case of geopotential height anomaly for the season as a whole, at 850 hPa level it is seen that an anomalous low is seen over south west Bay of Bengal and a trough extends towards northeast upto head Bay. This anomalous low in geopotential height is due to the presence of low pressure systems over southwest Bay for a longer period than the normal. At 300 hPa level a trough runs across Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka and is the extension of anomalous low seen over Afghanistan. An anomalous ridge line is seen running along the east coast of India which is associated with anomalous high seen over China. This high pressure area is a quasi stationary blocking high which did not allow the sub tropical trough to move eastward and as a result of this, systems that formed over the Bay of Bengal were able to travel westward upto the coast over south peninsula. In the case of seasonal zonal wind anomaly at 850 hPa level anomalous westerlies were seen over south India south of 15 ° N and over equatorial Indian Ocean between east of 62° E and west of 90ø E. It is noticed that maximum upward motion is seen over southwest Bay of Bengal and it extends along the east coast of India. This area almost coincides with the area of excess rainfall region along the east coast of India.

14 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

023201   Shakeel S;Kanth T A (Geography Dep, Kashmir Univ, Srinagar-190 006) : Erosion hazard assessment of the Liddar river basin in Kashmir himalaya. Indian J Soil Conserv 2009, 37(3), 172-4.

Soil erosion at present is one of the most serious battles that mankind is fighting with. It is a quiet crisis not widely perceived, but gradually unfolding a serious threat to human well being. Soil, being one of the potential resource of an area, demands proper conservation and management which is possible when its degree of degradation is assessed. Therefore, present paper aims at the quantitative estimation of soil loss of the Liddar river basin with a view to formulate suitable conservation measures for getting maximum sustained productivity of soil for a given landuse.

2 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

023200   Sarkar R;Shiv Kumar;Yogendra Kumar;Sharma H C (Irrigation & Drainage Engineering Dep, College of Technology, GB Pant Univ of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: shivct@yahoo.co.in) : Comperative performance of artificial neural network and stastical approach in ground water modeling for Ramganga-Bahgul interbasin. J appl Hydrol 2007, 20(4), 71-82.

Groundwater is being exploited indiscriminately to meet the ever increasing demand of water in different parts of the country. As a result severe problem of groundwater table declination has taken place causing threat to future availability of water. Keeping it in view, the present study was undertaken in Ramganga-Bahgul interbasin of Uttar Pradesh to develop groundwater models using multiple regression analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) technique for predicting water table depth in the study area. The proposed statistical model for the study area was based on regression analysis. The Coefficient of determination (R_-2) and Performance Index (PI) for the statistical model were 0.9669 and 0.001873, respectively. The ANN model was trained using back propagation algorithm. It was found that, for the ANN model the R^{-2 value was 0.8594 and 0.5199 during training and testing, respectively. The PI for the ANN model was estimated to be 0.004315 in training and 0.021206 in testing. On comparison of these models it was found that though for the present investigation statistical model provided better result, but the ANN model had shown its potential in groundwater modeling being able to recognize the patterns of groundwater data.}

9 illus, 17 ref

023199   Sarkar A (Geography Dep, Presidency College, Calcuta-700 073) : Statistical analysis of drainage networks (a study in the BMB-CGC complex, India). Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(1), 3-16.

The topologically arranged and spatially related stream channels form a drainage network (DN or CN). Its topographic watershed circumscribes a geomorphic space, known as a drainage basin (DB). It is generally described by a set of morphological and morpliometric properties, that develop as a manifest of both the intrinsic (i.e., lithological, structural etc.) and the extrinsic (i.e., morphometric) factors. These are: order (Strahler) of the main stream (u), number of streams of order, u (N_u), mean length of streams of order, u (L_u), mean area of basin of order, u (A_u), bifurcation ratio (R_b), length ratio (R_L) area ratio (R_a), channel orientation (Z), length of channel (L), basin area (A), maximum basin length (L_max), basin perimeter (P), drainage density (D_d), elongation ratio (E) and lemniscate ratio (k). DBs or CNs can therefore be compared under these parameters and analysed to understand the relative degree of intrinsic and extrinsic controls.

6 illus, 6 tables, 22 ref

023198   Purohit K C;Purohit I (Geography Dep, HNB Garhwal Univ, Pauri Campus, Uttaranchal-246 001) : Meteorological study of Dehradun valley. J Mountain Res 2006, 1, 135-54.

The study of meteorological parameters is very important in the assessment of an area in terms of its physico-cultural personality. The Doon valley boasts for better agricultural land, high production, soil fertility, forest area, tourism activities and infrastructural development. Hitherto, no detailed work has been done regarding meteorological characteristics in the study area so as to associate it with agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, silviculture, pisculture and other economic arena. The present study is an attempt to analyze the meteorological parameters viz. solar radiation intensity, diffuse radiation, ambient temperature, relative humidity, prevailing wind speed, vapour pressure etc. on the basis of their hourly values. The study has been carried out for one representative day of every month. On the basis of the study a framework of the climatic parameters containing the minimum, maximum and average values have been developed. Needless to say that this study will be very helpful in boosting up the agricultural produces, particularly medicinal plants and produces, herbs, flowers and typical cash crops which will not only change the present land use pattern but will also give a firm base for improvement of the economy of the farmers as also the state of Uttaranchal.

8 illlus, 8 tables, 6 ref

023197   Purandara B K;Vankatesh B;Varadarajan N;Kumar C P (NO, Regional Center, National Institute of Hydrology, Belgaum-590 001, Email: purandarabk@yahoo.com) : Spatial variation of soil and hydrologic characteristics in selected watersheds of hard rock region. J appl Hydrol 2007, 20(4), 35-44.

One of the major problems in hydrological modeling is accounting for spatial and temporal variations of soil hydraulic properties. During the last 2-3 decades there has been an upsurge in studies connected with the spatial heterogeneity of hydraulic properties, such as, infiltration, hydraulic conductivity and soil moisture characteristics, due to change in land use and soil type. Therefore, it is essential to monitor such parameters in order to understand the pattern of surface and sub-surface flow. In the present study, an attempt is made to estimate the soil hydraulic properties (which include infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, van Genuchten parameters and soil moisture retention characteristics) under varied soil and land cover changes using advanced field and laboratory techniques.

2 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

023196   Paul A (NO, Univ of Calcutta, Kolkatta, India) : Scenerio of water resources in India-a perspective. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(1), 186-94.

Discusses the changing scenario on the availability and sources of drinking water in India, as well as expresses its concern on abuse of fresh water. Water the most fundamental need of biological life, is the natures' free gift to the mankind. The abundance of drinking water is not however unrestricted as an unlimited and renewable resource. Among other things, population pressure, industrial and environmental pollution, rapid urbanization and the limitation to exploit sub-terranean water put a constraint on sustainable development and thereby on the quality and quantity of safe drinking water As the-water is so much indispensable for economic and social life. So some remedial measures and proposals have been suggested for safe and proper use of fresh water in India to secure utmost efficiency for human life, irrigation and for other practices.

6 illus, 3 tables 17 ref

023195   Patra M N;Bhattacharya A K (Civil Engineering Dep, Sree Ramkrishna Shilpa Vidyapith (Govt. Polytechnic), Syri, Birbhum-731 101) : Comparative study of subsidence in Bangkok & Kolkata due to over extraction of groundwater. J appl Hydrol 2008, 21(1-2), 124-36.

Hydrogeology, aquifer characteristics, soil profile and subsidence due to over-pumping of groundwater in Bangkok and Kolkata are discussed in order to validate the estimated subsidence for Kolkata by comparing with estimated and measured subsidence in Bangkok.

4 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

023194   Patel N R;Shete D T (Water Resources Engineering and Management Institute, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao Univ of, Samiala-391 410, Email: wremimsu@gmail.com) : Predicting consecutiv days rainfall from one day raninfall using regresion models for Sabarkantha district of north Gujarat region, India. J appl Hydrol 2008, 21(1-2), 1137-43.

One day maximum rainfall and two to Six consecutive days maximum rainfall corresponding to return period varying from 2 to 100 years are used by design engineers and hydrologists for the economic planning and design of small and medium hydrologic structures and determination of drainage coefficient for agricultural fields (Bhakar et al. 2006). In the present study 45 years (1 961-2005) data of 42 raingauge stations in Sabarkantha district of North Gujarat Region are used to predict consecutive days rainfall from one day rainfall for given recurrence interval from 1 to 50 years. The recurrence interval (return period) is calculated using Gringroten's plotting position (Chow et al. 1988). Models are developed from the first 30 years and are validated for the rest of the 15 years. From the study carried out it is evident that the polynomial regression models are best fitted to the given data with coefficient of correlation ranging from 0.858 to 0.999 with negligible RMSE. For a recurrence interval of 50 years, the maximum rainfall expected in 1 day, 2, 3,4, 5 and 6 days is 818 mm, 1,162 mm, mm, 1,462 mm, 1,628mm, 1,761 mm and 1,835 mm respectively. For the Sabarkantha district of North Gujarat region, one can use the models provided in this study to predict 2-6 consecutive days rainfall from one day rainfall at a given recurrence interval accurately for the design of various hydrologic structures.

4 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

023193   Parida B P (Environmental Science Dep, Univ of Botswana, Private Baag UB-000 704, Gaborone, Botswana, Email: paridab@moppi.ub.bw) : Estimation of flow indices for unguged catchments using low flow frequency analysis. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(1), 91-100.

In the present day context, low flow analysis has become very essential in order to maintain stream aesthetics while protecting the riparian rights of downstream users and the ecological activities in and around the streams. Low flow indices do help to arrive at reasonable magnitude of low flows that should be maintained in the stream particularly during dry months. But this task gets more complex, when the streams are not gauged. This paper through a case study, identifies a procedure for answering such problems.

3 tables, 10 ref

023192   Panda S K (Geography Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata) : Soil analysis in the Taraphini-Bhairabbanki river basin. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(2), 109-20.

Deals with the studies on the land use potential with a special reference to the soil analysis in different geomorphic divisions of the Taraphini-Bhairabbanki River basin. The peculiar landfonn of the various origin of the soil of the basin is found here. It is interesting to note that the major classes of soil have developed in the Taraphini-Bhairabbanki River basin in accordance with the polymorphic character of the landforms at different areas.

8 ref

023191   Panda G K;Choudhury S B;Kanungo A K (Geography Dep, (DRS) Utkal Univ, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar-751 004) : Applcation of remote sensing and GIS for coastal zone management. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(2), 7-16.

The effective management of coastal zone requires information on coastal habitats such as mangroves, coral reefs, wetlands, shoreline changes, landforms, coastal land use, sediment dynamics, living and non-living resources and water quality. The role of remote sensing in deriving information in above-mentioned themes has been well recognized in India. IRS, LANDSAT and SPOT data have been used to generate information on baseline inventory, change detection, areas under erosion and deposition, etc. This information along with collateral information has been effectively used in identifying brackish water aquaculture sites, coastal regulatory zones, island ecosystem management, etc. This paper makes an in-depth overview of the role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Coastal Zone Management.

1 table, 18 ref

023190   Nag N (Geology Dep, Jamshedpur Co-operative College, Jamshedpur, Jharkahand) : Digarasai Nala-watershed project of east Singhbhum district, Jharkhand-a case study. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(1), 35-40.

An attempt has been made to highlight the watershed management project of Digarsai Nala lying in the East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand state. This nala is a 2nd order tributary of the Subernarekha river, joining at south eastern part of the district. The study also revealed the geography, geology, soil and socio-economic condition of area.

3 illus, 2 tables

023189   Nadiruzzaman M;Atkins P J (Geography Dep, Durham Univ, Durham, UK) : Infrasturcture and poverty reduction: the rural maintenance programme in Bangladesh. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(2), 1-6.

Poverty is not rooted to any single problem, but rather is very complex in nature. Therefore, a successful programme needs to address a group of coherent issues to eradicate poverty. The Rural Maintenance Programme (RMP) in Bangladesh has been addressing rural infrastructure, livelihood security, nutrition, numeracy, gender, unemployment and many other issues together in a single programme. To make the programme sustainable, the RMP has been trying to strengthen the capacity of rural local government.

3 illus, 1 table, 2 ref

023188   Mukhopadyay S C (Geography Dep, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata-700 019) : Some hints on scale and models in applied geography (earth system sciences). Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(1), 205-30.

Present paper concerns an attempt to establish the relationship between human and natural processes with reference to the fields of pedogeomorphology, hydrogeomorphology, urban geomorphology, fluvial-glacio-fluvial, economics etc. These are represented at various scales - macro -meso-micro levels through the appropriate models adopting modern methods, techniques (G.S.I & Remote Sensing) and intensive field work towards the fulfilment of the objectives of this interdisciplinary paper.

38 ref

023187   mukharjee M K;Sarkar S (NO, Jalpaiguri Govt Engineering College, Jalpaiguri, West Bangal) : Deterministic modeling of stage-discharge relationship of the river Sankosh, North Bengal. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(1), 171-6.

Stage-Discharge relationship reflects an integrated effect of a wide range of catchment and flow parameters. A calibration curve is drawn between periodic measurements of flow and simultaneous stage observations to predict the flow discharge when the stage is known. Such curves are especially very useful for sub-Himalayan rivers where ganging stations are normally scanty. The aim of the present study is to develop a deterministic model of stage-discharge relationship which involves large scale primary data on stage (G) and discharge (Q) for the river Sankosh in sub-Himalayan West Bengal. The investigator has used standard power equation which is primarily developed for rivers under permanent control. The models which have been developed for the river Sankosh on stage and representative discharges are found to be satisfactory from the consideration of small percentage deviation; small standard deviation of percentage deviation of the theoretical discharge values obtained from mathematical models or developed rating curves from the representative discharges.

4 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

023186   Modak B K (Zoology Dep, A.M. College, Jhalda, Purulia) : Sustainable development-perhaps a day-dream. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(2), 37-48.

Globalization has enriched human life through scientific knowledge and unprecedented wealth but all at tremendous cost which makes the development unsustainable. From the very beginning of human civilization, human beings have tried to control the environment, as a part of their culture. As a result the sensitive balance of ecosystem is adversely affected. This process gets momentum in the last two centuries and put the existence of all living beings, including humans, under question. Extinction of species is a normal biological phenomenon and estimated normal rate of extinction is three species per year. But the present rate of extinction is 27.000 species per year, which is 1.000 to 10.000 times higher than normal rate. As the existence of every species is directly or indirectly required for the well beings of human civilization, existence of human is also threatened. To curb the situation consumerism and population growth must be controlled. Present communication records that there is no sign of control of consumerism and population growth at present. So, sustainable development is perhaps a day-dream.

1 illus, 8 ref

023185   Mistry T;Malik U S (Master in Geography, Ballygunje Govt. School, Kolkata) : Industrialisation in Malda district-revisited. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(2), 155-64.

Real assessment of the present industrial landscape and dynamics as well as prognosis demands a journey into the past. The paper is intended to articulate as in the recent years there has been growing controversies and imbroglio in re-industrialization issues in some parts of West Bengal. The present paper is a fascinating attempt to revisit the past industrial landscapes and dynamics of Malda District for finding out the future roads of industrialization. The paper concentrates on the critical assessment of the phases of industrialization of Malda District in the one hand and discloses the present industrial dynamics on the other; and finally examines the problems and prospects of industrial economy of Malda in the light global march for industrialization.

11 ref

023184   Meganathan S;Sivaramakrishnan T R; Chandrasekhara Rao K (Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre, Sastra Univ, Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu) : Olap operations on the multidimensional climate data model: a theoretical approach. Acta Cienc Indica-Math 2009, 35(4), 1233-7.

"Cauvery delta regions in Tamil Nadu, feeds the entire state with its rich harvest" - This has become a fact of olden days. Nowadays the monsoon and hence the harvest is also to a high degree of uncertainty. A possible solution is to predict the monsoon taking into account various parameters of climate data. The prediction can result in an n-cube dimensional data model. The proposed work is focused on finding the on-line analytical processing operations and developing a multidimensional data model for the climate database. This works on the basis of monsoons that have prevailed during a year for the past 50 years. Having got the 50 years data of monsoon, a pattern is aimed at, which can attribute the monsoon's performance. If similar patterns are found on many occurrences in the past, then the same can be used in making predictions for the future. This can be devised by OLAP operations on multidimensional data with their threshold value.

1 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

023183   Mala K;Kumar D (Soil and Water Conservation Engineering Dep, College of Technology, G.B. Pant Univ of Agriculture Technology, Pantnagar-263 145) : Estimation of unit hydrograph without using rainfalldata. J appl Hydrol 2007, 20(4), 27-34.

Unit hydrograph for the Kothuwateri watershed was developed without using rainfall data using De Laine's method. The regeneration and prediction performance of the method of unit hydrograph were evaluated based on visual inspection of runoff hydrographs and based on statistical measures such as relative squared error, absolute relative error in peak and absolute relative error in estimated time to peak. The, lower value of relative squared error, absolute relative error in peak and zero value of absolute relative error in estimated time to peak show the acceptability of the method for estimation of unit hydrograph ordinates for development of hydrographs for ungauged watershed.

2 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

023182   Majumdar B (NO, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata) : Geomorphological appraisal of the Jaldhaka watershed regional of North Bengal. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(1), 81-90.

The geomorphic appraisal is pre-requisite for judicious management of watershed. It includes the landform analysis and classification, which provide the necessary framework about the landscape characteristics in order to access their problems and potentials and suggest judicious planning and management. In the present study the geomorphic analysis of the Jaldhaka River Basin was done by the help of aerial photographs and available Topo maps and the generated map was finalized after thorough field study. The entire sub watershed to the Brahmaputra Basin has varied geological formations, geomorphological features and rich agricultural potentialities in all the three basins of the watershed. In spite of the possible potentialities the region is crippled with various hazards of which the problems of flood, landslides, shifting of courses and retrocession of river channels in the confluence and lastly the invisible problem of methane emission need special mention. Recently it is being identified that unscientific dolomite mining in Bhutan will lead to dangerous flash flood in the area that will take its toll of human lives if not checked. The problems and the hazards are studied and judicious planning is suggested.

5 illus, 2 tables, 8 ref

023181   Majumdar B (Geography Dep, Calcutta Univ, Forth Floor, Kolkata-700 019) : Jaldhaka river dynamics and their effects. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2007, 30(2), 49-58.

The north Bengal Rivers are dynamic and peculiar in character which is evident in their frequent change of courses as well as retrocession of their tributaries at the junction towards north east. The rapid changes have caused devastating flood in the Jaldhaka basin as well as reduced the discharge of water in the year 2006, which is posing a big threat in the coming years as it will effect the irrigation and in turn the agricultural practices in the basin.

3 plate, 8 illus, 13 ref