001165   Dinesh A C;Shareef N M;Baraik S;Prasad D (Geological Survey of India, Marine and Coastal Survey Div, Block DK 6, Sector II, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700 091, Email: shareef_n123@rediffmail.com) : Ocurrence of heavy minerals in the coastal sediments of Daman-Dandi, Gujarat. Indian J Geosci 2015, 69(3-4), 323-30.

Reconnaissance survey for a preliminary appraisal of heavy mineral occurrence was carried out from Dandi in the north to Daman in the south along the coast of Gujarat. Forty-five samples collected from different geomorphic units like foreshore, berm and dune were subjected to grain size analysis and heavy mineral evaluation. The beach and dune sediments are predominantly carbonate-free sand except one sample collected at Tithal. The mineralogical composition of beach and dune sediments is found to be more or less similar. Ilmenite and magnetite are the major constituents. Rutile, sillimam'te, zircon, etc. are present in minor quantity.

9 illus, 8 tables, 3 ref

001164   Devdas V;Varghese S;Kartikeyan M;Singh S K; Mishra R K;Bara A;Md. Mashood P A;Nandi B K;Pathan M S (Geological Survey of India, Marine and Coastal Survey Div, , NH-5, Marripalem, Visakhapatnam-530 018, Email: saajuvarghese@gmail.com) : Morphological setup of Andaman-Nicobar trench and accretionary prism: a study using multibeam bathymetry. Indian J Geosci 2015, 69(3-4), 215-22.

Morphological studies of trench and accretionary prism sediments using multibeam bathymetric surveys (MEBS) reveal that the study area comprises two geomorphic domains i.e. a craggy domain of accretionary ridges towards central and eastern part and abyssal plain on the westernmost part. The present study revealed that the accretionary complex is developed due to wrinkling of the sediments at the base of the accretionary prism due to thrust forces from subducting Indian plate below the Southeast Asian plate. Later on, each of such accretionary slices was uplifted and progressively underthrusted by new folds forming at the base of the accretionary prism. The active nature of the Indian plate is depicted as submarine slides in the present study area near the Sunda Trench and stabilization of the accretionary prism slices is indicated by the near absence of the submarine slumps and slices towards east away from the trench axis.

4 illus, 11 ref

001163   Das U K;Rout S K;Kumar N;Mishra R P; Bhattacharjya B K;Gagoi P (Department of Aquatic Enviroenmnt Management Faculty of Fishery Scienc, , 5-Budherhat Road-Panchasayar, WBUAFS, Kolkata-700 094, Email: das.utpa1101@gmail.com) : Limnochemistry of river Pagladia (a major tributary of the Brahmaputra river), Assam. Envir Ecol 2015, 33(2A), 863-6.

Originating from foothill of Bhutan the river Pagladia joins with the River Brahmaputra in the village Lawpara in Nalbari district of Assam. A study was conducted on limno chemistry in the lower stretches of this tributary covering a stretch of about 17.18 km. Three stations were selected from Bijulighat to Nalbari town and fortnightly water parameters were analysed during January to July 2010. The maximum and minimum values of different water parameters obtained which conclude the water parameters to be within the permissible limit which can be well utilized for fish production by eco-friendly management norms of the surrounding users.

1 table, 7 ref

001162   Das U K;Gantait A;Panda L;Hussain S (NO, , Geological Survey of India, State Unit: Rajasthan, Western Region, Jaipur-302 004, Email: utpolkumardas@gmail.com) : Rare earth element potential of the Felsite dykes of Phulan area, Siwana ring complex, Rasjasthan, India. Curr Sci 2016, 110(7), 1157-62.

5 illus, 5 tables, 7 ref

001161   Das A;Kundu A;Rawat P V S (NO, Geological Survey of India, Dehradun-248 001, Email: arindam.das@gsi.gov.in) : Mineral compositional studies of slag from Galla village, Uttarakhand, India. Curr Sci 2016, 110(7), 1162-5.

4 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

001160   Ch. Jayant Kumar;Katari A;Ahmad M;Kalyan Krishna;Satyanarayana G V;Nandi B K;Rawat A S (Geological Survey of India, Marine and Coastal Survey Div, , NH - 5, Marripalem, Visakhapatnam-530 018, Email: jayantgsi@rediffmail.com) : Geology of continental shelf off point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. Indian J Geosci 2015, 69(3-4), 241-52.

The present work was carried out to understand the morphological features of the seabed through bathymetry, shallow seismic and magnetic surveys off northeast of Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. The trend of bathymetric contours is in configuration with shoreline alignment, i.e., N-S to NNW-SSE direction. The inner-shelf is demarcated upto 19m of water depth, the middle-shelf between 19 and 30 m and the outer shelf extends between 25 and 128 m of water depth and zone of continental shelf is so wide that shelf break could not be picked up in the area of study. The shallow seismic survey delineated wedge-shaped sediment in the inner shelf zone. A fault running in NNW-SSE direction around 25 m of isobath acts as divider between middle and outer shelf. In the mid-shelf region a basin-like feature is recorded parallel to coast. The analysis of magnetic data indicates that the area has been traversed by lineaments in different directions. These planes divide the area into several blocks. Depth of magnetic basement varies from 0.5 km to 2.6 km. The sedimentological studies indicate that the seabed sediments are classified into sand, clayey silt and silty sand in order of abundance. The sediments of the inner shelf are terrigenous-dominated and that of outer shelf is relict sand.

13 illus, 11 ref

001159   Bhadra S (Earth Sciences Dep, Pondicherry Univ, Kalapet, Email: sbbh_78@yahoo.com) : Timing and duration of ultra-high temperature metamorphism in sapphirine-bearing metapelite granulite from Kodaikanal, Madurai block, South India: constraints from mineral chemistry and u-th-total Pb EPMA age of monazite. J appl Geochem 2016, 18(1), 22-34.

The southern part of Peninsular India, popularly known as the Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT) witnessed a pervasive granulite facies metamorphism, ductile shearing and widespread migmatization during Pan-African orogeny, which marks the final assembly of the Gondwanaland during Cambrian (ca 500 Ma). The tectonic evolution of SGT, irrespective of its Gondwana connection, is farreaching due to occurrences of ultra-high temperature (UHT) granulites in different parts of the SGT. In the present study, dynamics of melting and temporal evolution of sapphirine-bearing metapelite granulite, hosted within the Kodaikanal charnockite massif, during syn- to post-UHT metamorphic conditions are examined. The onset of UHT metamorphism in the rock is marked by the growth of Al-rich orthopyroxene (Al₂O₃ <126> 8 wt%) porphyroblast, sapphirine-cordierite symplectite via biotite dehydration melting. Embayment of orthopyroxene porphyroblast and accumulation of melt, now preserved as mesoperthites, in the pressure shadow region around the porphyroblast attest to syn-tectonic melting and crystallization. Monazites of varying sizes (40 to 100 mm) occur pervasively, either as inclusion in peritectic phases or in the biotite-mesoperthite rich matrix. Diagnostic chemical variation diagram, such as 4(REE+Y+P) versus 4(Th+U+Si), (Si+Y+REE) versus (Ca+P) suggests that the core and rims domains are linked by dominantly huttonitic (Th^{4++Si4+ = REE3+ + P5+) and cheralite (Th4++Ca24+ = 2REE3+) substitutions. An increase in partitioning of Th towards the rim is also accompanied with a decrease in La/Sm ratio towards the rim. This together with core to rim chemical variation in monazite attests to monazite growth (core) and overgrowth (rim) during peak UHT metamorphism and subsequent cooling. U-Th-total Pb monazite ages constrain the timing of dehydration melting as well as peak UHT metamorphism at <126>560 Ma and post-peak cooling at <126>510 Ma. This establishes a time span of about 50 Ma for UHT metamorphism in Madurai Block.}

7 illus, 1 table, 49 ref

001158   Anjaneyulu K;Vijay Durga N;Kheole S B;Sathish G;Vairavan R V;Banerjee D;Meetei L I;Borkar B N (Geological Survey of India, Marine and Coastal Survey Div, NH-5, Marripalem, Visakhapatnam-530 018, Email: anji_gsi@yahoo.co.in) : Morphology and structure of Godavari sub-aqueous delta and adjoining continental margin, East coast of India. Indian J Geosci 2015, 69(3-4), 203-14.

Multibeam bathymetric survey of the continental margin between Pudimadaka and Kakinada and the adjoining Godavari sub-aqueous delta section reveals two contrasting geomorphic domains at water depths ranging between 126 m and 2942 m. The swath mosaic of the seafloor on southern block evidences three distinct geomorphic units i.e. delta front incised by several narrow valleys and mass flows, a deep fan and a sedimentary ridge and the region is characterized by thrust faults and mass-transport deposits. The topography is relatively smooth and the delta lobes protrude down to a water depth of 2200 m due to higher rate of sediment influx. The delta lobes are incised with several channels at water depths ranging between 250 m and 1500 m. The delta front exhibits channel-levee system with overbank, mass-transport deposits and irregular topographic features formed by sliding/slumping. The scarp or step fault identified on either side of the dome structure, trending E-W and NNW-SSE is characterized by smooth fbpography with a gentle gradient increasing towards offshore. The swath bathymetry surface displays morphological features such as delta lobe and Valley incisions or gullies on northern block. The continental slope represents an undulating and dissected topography, owing to the presence of evenly distributed medium-density submarine gullies which are partly incised. The coast-perpendicular incised valleys originating from pro-deltaic region continue across the shelf. The alignment of all channels and incised valleys in the continental slope follows the trend of regional lineament, indicating their role over the offshore geomorphology.

7 illus, 24 ref

001157   Anil Kumar A;Maran N;Gangadharan A V;Renjith M L;Tripathy S K;Gopalan C V (Geological Survey of India, Marine and Coastal Survey Div, , Mangla Devi Road, Pandeshwar, Mangalore-575 001, Email: anilgsi@rediffmail.com) : Multibean bathymetry of phosphorite zones off western margin of India: inferences on the role of seabed morphology in phosphatic enrichment. Indian J Geosci 2015, 69(3-4), 193-202.

Phosphorite is one of the most important raw materials for the fertilizer industry. India's annual production of phosphate from the land-based mines is far less than the domestic needs and thus depends largely on imports. The domestic demand of phosphorite warrants detailed investigations with the aid of high-resolution multibeam bathymetric survey followed by systematic sampling at target locations from selective sectors of the present-day oceans off western margin of India. The present study has yielded phosphorites/phosphatic concretions from two topographic domains of western margin of India, while the third domain was found to be devoid of phosphatic materials. Detailed multibeam bathymetric study of these sites indicates that amongst several factofc that controlled phosphorite formation, seabed morphology appears to have played a vital role in phosphatic enrichment in these areas.

4 illus, 22 ref

001156   Ambili V;Nisha N V;Achary G S;Harsha S E; Vidya S (Geological Survey of India, Marine and Coastal Survey Div, Kochi-682 037, Email: ambiligsi@gmail.com) : Assessment of toxic metal concentration in surface sediments of the Central Vembanad lagoon, southwestern Indian coast, Kerala. Indian J Geosci 2015, 69(3-4), 293-308.

Heavy metal concentration was examined in surface sediments from 28 sites covering an area of 40 km within central Vembanad lagoon system. Heavy metals in surface sediments follow the order: Fe<62>Mg<62>Mn<62>Cr<62>Zn<62>Sr<62>Ni<62>Cu<62>Pb<62>Co. Based on the heavy metal concentration in the sediments, geo-accumulation index, enrichment factor, contamination factor, degree of contamination and pollution load index were computed. Pollution load index of the surface sediments is 1.044 representing moderate degree pf contamination and pollution. The ecotoxicological sense of heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments of central Vembanad lagoon appears to be moderately toxic for lagoon habitat. Based on the exceedance level of Effect Range Median and Effect Range Low values, it is assessed that the study area is a poor environment for benthic fauna. About 92% of the sampling sites are classified as poor zone. When comparing with the heavy metal concentrations of central Vembanad lagoon with other lagoons and estuaries worldwide, the registered concentration in the surface sediments is relatively higher, indicating a great threat to the faunal/biological productivity in the lagoon in near future.

5 illus, 6 tables, 37 ref

001155   Aher K R;Deshpande S M;Kathane P V (Groundwater Survey and Development Agency, GSDA, Central Administrative Building, Collectoral Office, 2nd floor, Fazalpura, Aurangabad, Email: kailashgis@gmail.com) : Hydrogeochemical parameters for assessment of groundwater quality in a Pat of Gangapur, district Aurangabad, central India. J appl Geochem 2016, 18(1), 57-68.

Groundwater samples from thirty-five locations have been collected from part of Gangapur, district Aurangabad. The extensive agricultural industrial activities and urbanization resulted in the contamination of the aquifer where major part of the study area constitutes a sequence of basaltic lava flows. To study the contamination of groundwater, water samples were collected in an area of 1308.6 km^{2 and analyzed for major cations and anions. Some of the locations are contaminated by higher concentration of Total hardness and NO₃. Major hydro chemical facies were identified using Piper trilinear diagram. Based on US salinity diagram, most of the water samples fall in the field of C₃-S₁, indicating high salinity and low sodium water, which can be used for almost all types of soil. Majority of the samples are suitable for domestic as well as irrigation purposes.}

5 illus, 5 tables, 42 ref

000143   Tripathi S K;Lahiri A;Resmi S (Geological Survey of India, Marine and Coastal Survey Div, , Salt Lake, Kolkata-700 091, Email: stripathi208@gmail.com) : Comparative study of bryozoans from inner shelf of Andaman and Nicobar islands. Indian J Geosci 2016, 70(1), 79-90.

Bryozoans occur in symbiotic association with larger benthic foraminifera. A total of thirty species belonging to sixteen genera were identified and some of these are being reported for the first time from the south-eastern part of Great Nicobar Island. Of the total assemblage of bryozoans identified, twenty-one species were earlier reported from Middle Andaman and North Andaman. Detailed study of bryozoan species reveals presence of both branching and non-branching forms belonging to Cheilostomata and Cyclostomata respectively. The cyclostome bryozoans coexist with the Cheilostomata. Presence of cyclostome bryozoans in association with Cheilostomata in the south-eastern part of Great Nicobar suggests enormous barriers and reefs which help in their survival against severe and violent waves. However, non-branching (cyclostomata) forms are dominating over branching forms in western part of North Andamangand Middle Andaman indicating relatively high-energy and turbulent condition. Presence of ample variety of bryozoans on shelf areas of Great Nicobar in comparison with the western part of Andaman Island signifies very congenial environment. Reefs also provide a shade to branching forms. Comparative study of bryozoans reveals that besides the role of host rocks and other ecological parameters, coastal processes might have played a major role in their distribution and survival in shelf areas of Andaman and Great Nicobar Islands.

4 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

000142   Ramachandra H M (Formerly with Geological Survey of India, Kumaraswamy Layout, , Bangalore, Email: hmr5410@gmail.com) : Dharwar craton-a review of regional geology and related evolutionary features. Indian J Geosci 2016, 70(1), 1-16.

The Archean Dharwar Craton forms an important component of the Precambrian in south India. The Dharwar Craton is amalgamated into other crustal segments in the region including the Bastar Craton, the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt (EGMB) and the Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) at different times in the Archean and Proterozoic with boundaries marked by ductile shear zones, thrusts and granulite facies rocks. The Dharwar Craton is divided into the western (WDC, Western Dharwar Craton) and eastern (EDC, Eastern Dharwar Craton) parts. The contact zone is characterized by presence of reworked gneisses, thin bands of exhumed high-grade rocks and Neoarchean calc-alkaline granitoids. The oldest component in both cratonic parts is represented by the Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) containing mappable to unmappable enclaves of 'Sargur type' schist belts. The older gneisses, generally Mesoarchean in age are mainly TTG and granodioritic in composition and show polyphase anatexis with earlier structures overprinted by Dharwarian structures. The 'Sargur type' schist belts comprise a medley of metasediment-metaigneous assemblages some of which contain komatiites and are of various ages with many representing basinal deposits older than but with structural features largely overprinted by the Dharwar deformations. The Dharwar schist belts (<60>3.0 Ga to 2.6 Ga in age) in the WDC commonly show development of thick sequences and well-preserved stratigraphy. Schist belts of comparable age in the EDC (excepting the Sandur Belt) lack presence of coherent stratigraphic sequences and occur as shear belts. The Dharwarian deformation involved mainly subhorizontal movement with little consistent evidence for vertical tectonics. Whereas older gneissic enclaves and 'Sargur type' bands show amphibolite to transitional granulite metamorphic grade, the Dharwar rocks show essentially greenschist facies metamorphism. Younger (Neoarchean, 2.6 Ga to 2.5 Ga), mainly intraplate, compositionally restricted suite of granitoids in the WDC have mainly been emplaced during the second deformation of the Dharwars but are not as pervasively deformed as the older gneisses. Similar granites (the Closepet Granite or the Dharwar Batholith) in the EDC are typically calc-alkaline in nature and show well-preserved magmatic-state deformation. Some 'Sargur type' belts and a few enclaves in older gneisses and in younger granites as well as certain thin exhumed bands in different parts of the WDC, the transitional zone and the EDC show evidences of granulite facies metamorphism. Existing models proposed for Dharwar (and older'enclave-ridden gneissic) belts have mainly focused on their Neoarchean stage of evolution and recent models propose dominance of uliifonnitarian plate tectonic setting. However all of them lack clarity when multiple parameters including plate symmetry, relative plate sizes, direction of movement, resultant structures, compositional diversity of igneous (both basic and acidic) components are taken into consideration. It is essential that for a comprehensive understanding of the formation and evolution of crustal components of the Dharwar Craton it is necessary to conducthigh-resolution field study of the older gneisses, and mappable and unmappable enclaves that should lead to recognition of dismembered early schist belts and exhumed and amalgamated crustal fragments ranging in age from the Paleo- to Neoarchean. A priority would be recognition of ductile shear and thrust zones and an assessment of their crustal depth of formation and reworked characters. Similarly search for evidence of deformation events pre-dating the Dharwars needs to be done diligently and correlation between deformation events, metamorphic events and geochronologic ages should be achieved for a proper understanding of structural and metamorphic events, and tectonics of the Dharwar Craton.

^iia6 illus, 65 ref

000141   Mishra A K;Bhattacharya G;Sarkar A;Sen P K (Geological Survey of India, Central Headquarters, Geochronology and I, , NCEGR, 15 A & B Kyd Street, Kolkata-700 016, Email: akshaymishra@yahoo.com) : Early holocene peat formation and its implication for depositional environment around Taldi, lower Bengal basin, West Bengal, India. Indian J Geosci 2016, 70(1), 69-78.

Peat accumulation during Holocene has been used as an-essential marker of sea level changes throughout the world. Quaternary litho section and palynology of peat and clay layers have been studied to understand associated climate changes. In addition, radiogenic carbon in peat layers has been measured in order to determine the age of peat formation. A Quaternary section from Taldi area in Lower Bengal Basin down to a depth of 12.7 m was studied. The 0.5-m-thick peat layer at 4.2-4.7 m depth from surface was dated by conventional radiocarbon dating viz. through counting of beta decay in benzene prepared from the sample using Liquid Scintillation Counter. Palynological and paleobotanical study of the section shows a changing depositional environment from fluvial, swampy, brackish water swampy to a fresh-water environment. Radiocarbon dating of the top and bottom of the peat layer reveals that it took approximately 2000 years for its formation (10, 400 YBP-8420 <157>BP). Based on the study, transgression of sea and/or overbank flooding of the area during early Holocene is inferred.

4 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

000140   Lenka B;Shrivastava H S;Sharma R K;Ahmad S A; Suryavanshi H;Raut P K (Geological Survey of India, State Unit, , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh) : Occurrence of graphite in Archean-Proterozoic belt of Betul, Madhya Pradesh, India. Indian J Geosci 2016, 70(1), 59-68.

The Archean-Proterozoic belt of Betul is a known geological milieu for its volcanic-hosted massive sulphides in the geological community since a long time; obviously, it has the entire favourable geo-tectonic environment for generating the volcanic-hosted sulphide deposits. It is for the first time that this belt has been studied for the presence of significant mineralization of graphite contained in the supracrustal rocks of Proterozoic age. A total insitu inferred resource (UNFC category 333) of 4.73 MT with an average of 10.51% fixed carbon (FC) has been estimated in southern and central graphite band. The paper also focuses on the geological setup and salient features of mineralization, which could prove one of the largest deposits of graphite in the country in the near future and can be a leading source of "Green energy" in future.

8 illus, 18 ref

000139   Goswami S;Mukherjee A;Zakaulla S;Rai A K (Atomic Energy Dep, Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Bangalore-560 072, Email: sukantagoswami.amd@gov.in) : Stress states, faulting and their effects on the Papaghni group, Cuddapah basin, India: a study along Giddankivaripalle-Madyalabodu tract. Indian J Geosci 2016, 70(1), 17-32.

Fault slip can perturb the local surrounding stress field in a manner that controls the orientations of induced secondary structures for example, joints. However, the angle between joints and faults is also influenced by the remote stress state, and is particularly sensitive to the ratio of fault-parallel to fault-perpendicular stress. As this ratio increases, joints can propagate away from faults at increasingly higher angles to fault strike and can become almost orthogonal to fault strike. The combination of remote stress state and perturbed local stress field associated with overlapping fault geometries resulted in joint growth at high angles to normal fault strike at field location along Giddankivaripalle-Madyalabodu tract in Papaghni sub-basin of Cuddapah Basin, Andhra Pradesh. The Papaghni sub-basin is deciphered as a rift basin from a sedimentary, structural and geochemical perspective. The area consists of basement granitoids and overlying Gulcheru Formation followed by Vempalle Formation. The tectonic setting suggests that a remote E-W congressional stress field related to Eastern Ghats Orogeny is responsible for development of initially normal Idupulapaya fault and other E-W normal faults. The later generation N-S compression leads to reactivation of Idupulapaya fault into high angle reverse fault movement and northerly shifting of basin margin along with right stepover fault patterns.

12 illus, 39 ref

000138   Ghosh U K;Kesari M P;Naik K K (Geological Survey of India, Central Region, , Nagpur-440 006, Email: ughosg555@yahoo.com) : Digital image processing of multispectral ASTER imagery for delineation of alternation and related clay minerals in Sausar belt-a case study. Indian J Geosci 2016, 70(1), 49-58.

Extraction of spectral signature through remote sensing of geological materials is very limited in Indian terrain. Spectral signature of alteration and related clay minerals in Sausar meta-sedimentary sequence was detected. The Saucer Belt hosts India's richest manganese deposit. The Earth observation satellite, ASTER measures both reflected and emitted electromagnetic energy in 14 spectral bands, which is useful for discriminating and mapping various Earth surface features. The availability of spectral information in shortwave infrared (SWIR) portion of electromagnetic spectrum is very significant to map alteration minerals. The different image- processing algorithms were performed to extract spectral signatures of altered and related clay minerals in the image. Results:showed that abundance of spectral signature in the image pixel is an intimate mixture of phyllosilicate and related minerals on the ground. Field observation, petrography and XRD analysis of the field samples confirmed the dominant mineral phases identified remotely. Band ratio, principal component transformation and constrained energy minimization of ASTER data are the best methods to extract mineral information and map alteration and related clay minerals.

5 illus, 2 tables, 13 ref

000137   Fatoba J O;Eluwole A B;Salami B M (Geophysics Dep, Federal Univ Oye, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria, Email: julius.fatoba@fuoye.edu.ng) : Implications of subgrade geoelectric characteristics on road pavement performance of Shagamu-Benin expressway, southwestern Nigeria: a case study. Indian J Geosci 2016, 70(1), 91-100.

The Ogbere, Arowoselu, Omotosho, Asejire and Okada localities of the Shagamu-Benin Expressway have been investigated using electrical resistivity method of geophysical prospecting. The aim was to delineate the subsurface conditions of the road pavement at the localities with a view to establish possible modes of failures. Sixty-five (65) Schlumberger Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) points were occupied at five localities. The VES data were interpreted by partial curve-matching technique and computer-assisted ID forward modelling. The geoelectric parameters (resistivity versus thicknesses) obtained from the VES interpretation were used to generate 2D geoelectric sections beneath the ground. 2D electrical resistivity imaging (ER1) was conducted at the same localities using dipole-dipole array. The 2D ERI data were inverted using the DIPRO software. The geoelectric sections and 2D resisitivity structures beneath Ogbere, Arowoselu, Omotosho, Asejire and Okada localities delineated lateritic clay/laterite and clayey weathered layer as the near-surface layers/subgrade materials. At the failed localities, the resistivities of the subgrade materials are generally below 400 ohm-tn with thicknesses ranging from 0.8 to 7.6 m. The stable portions of the road segments are characterized by subgrade materials with relatively high resistivities<62> 600 ohm-m) in general. The low resistivity of subgrade materials and underlying layers is diagnostic of incompetent substrata which are suspected to have precipitated the pavement failure along the studied highway segments.

8 illus, 14 ref

000136   Bhattacharjee S;Mishra K J;Bhimte A D;Praveen M N (Geological Survey of India, Central Headquarters, Kolkata-700 016) : Structurally controlled iron oxide and copper mineralization from Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh: evidence for metasomatic expression of a large crustal-scale alteration event. Indian J Geosci 2016, 70(1), 33-48.

The Bastipadu-Chetlamallapuram-Nayakallu corridor of Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh hosts iron oxide and copper-gold mineralization controlled by ENE-WSW-trending large-scale fault systems within the Archean granite-greenstone terrain. The mineralization is epigenetic and characterized by presence of specular hematite, minor magnetite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, malachite, bornite, covellite, digenite along with quartz and calcite veins. The host rocks are linearly occurring brick-red coloured syenite pegmatite reefs emplaced along the faults. It is characterized by extensive brecciation and post-brecciation ductile shearing, indicating post- emplacement reactivation accompanied by multiple episodic quartz venation and extensive hydrothermal alteration. The mineralization does not display any zonation within each reef. Soil sampling gave upto 0.52% Cu, 0.17% Ba and 710 ppb Au. Bedrock sampling of the pegmatites indicated copper upto 0.96%, Au up to 120 ppb Nb up to 152 ppm, and U up to 39 ppm while analysis of samples from a borehole indicated 3% Cu for over 3 m width. Au concentrations are very low in the borehole cores. At places, stray values of U are noticed within the pegmatite while the stream sediment samples analysed up to 88 ppm.

14 illus, 1 table, 18 ref

023405   Verma S K;Satyaji Rao Y R;Rao U V N (NO, Natinal Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667) : Importance of river deltas situated in east coastal areas and analysis of annual flow of dowlaiswaram barrage. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2016, 24(2), 182-6.

In the present paper the importance of the river deltas situated in east coastal areas are highlighted. The soil type, climate and formation of river deltas situated along the east coast of India are reviewed. Godavari river annual flows at Dowlaiswaram barrage were analyzed and found that only 4 to 16% of the river water being utilized and rest of the water is allowed to flow into the sea. The salient benefits of proposed Polavaram project on Godavari River above Dowlaiswaram barrage are also highlighted. The present and future threats for coastal areas are reviewed and the thrust areas of research and for sustainable utility of limited fresh water potentials have been identified.

2 illus, 5 ref

023404   Sumant Kumar;Singh O;Prajapati P;Chandra R (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667) : Estimation of water quality of a lake and ground water at Masahi village in Haridwar. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2016, 24(2), 195-9.

The uses of groundwater in India has been risen rapidly during the last few decades. This has resulted in depletion of groundwater table in many areas causing concerns for the long term sustainability of groundwater based supplies. The anthropogenic activities cause groundwater pollution in many parts of country. Earlier, Lake in villages serves many purposes viz- drinking, bathing and irrigation etc but now a days lakes are getting polluted. The paper presents the evaluation of water quality of a lake and groundwater in Masahi village, Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttrakhand. The water samples from a lake and groundwater were collected from different location to check the suitability of water for drinking purposes. The water samples were analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Bicarbonate, Sulphate, Chloride, Nitrate, Phosphate, Biochemical Oxygen Demand. The results have been compared with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard and it is found that groundwater is suitable for drinking purposes whereas lake water is not suitable for drinking purposes. The result also reveals that lake is highly eutrophic.

1 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

023403   Rai S P;Qazi N;Garg P K;Tyagi J V;Sudhir Kumar;Rawat Y S (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667) : Impact of density of forest cover on runoff generated from various watersheds. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2016, 24(2), 200-4.

Two microwatersheds namely Arnigad and Bansigad near Mussoorie, equipped with hydrometeorological instruments were selected to monitor the impact of forest cover on stream discharge. Arnigad microwatershed is having dense forest cover and Bansigad is with degraded forest. Total rainfall received in the Arnigad and Bansigad microwatersheds are 2905 mm and 2958 mm, generating runoff of 1627 mm and 1932 mm, respectively during the year 2008-09. During the monsoon period from June to September, 2008 both the watersheds received about 86-88% of the total rainfall while runoff percentage during June to September was 81% in Bansigad and 60% in Arnigad watershed. Total annual discharge of the stream under degraded forest cover was higher by 305 mm (19%). Total stream discharge under dense forest during the non monsoon period from October, 2008 to March, 2009 was higher by 50%.

3 illus, 2 tables

023402   Pakhirehzan M;Masoodi M;Rahbani M (NO, Hormozgan University, 9th Km. of Minab Road, Bandar-e-Abbas, Iran, Email: maryamrahbani@yahoo.com) : Categorizing Sirik headland using Shepard and Cowardin classification methods by the means of satellite imagery. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(4), 508-16.

Aster satellite imageries of the Sirik Headland from the year 2005 were preprocessed using Envi software. Poligonized areas derived from the software were labeled and categorized afterwards, using ArcGis. On this basis, the whole area was divided into nine different categories. According to shepard classification about 70% of the area was primary coasts, mainly alluvium quaternary, and the rest secondary coasts, mainly Sabkha. According to Cowardin method however, the main area of alluvium is considered out from the classification. In this classification 27% of the area is considered as Marine system and 3% as Estuarine system.

6 illus, 4 tables, 16 ref

023401   Al-Khatib I A;Abaza K A;Khatib J I (Institute of Environmental and Water Studies, Birzeit Univ, Birzeit, Palestine, Email: ikhatib@birzeit.edu) : Empirical discharge prediction model for smooth asymmetric compound rectangular channel validated using area method. ISH J Hydraul Engng 2015, 21(3), 231-41.

This paper presents an empirical, non-linear, multivariable regression model for predicting discharge in smooth asymmetric compound rectangular channel. The model is developed using experimental discharge data generated from testing nine different channel cross-sections with varied geometric dimensions. The predictive strength of the developed regression model is validated using several major statistics. All deployed statistics have indicated that the developed model is highly significant. In addition, the area method has been used to validate the model's discharge predictive strength. The area method predicts discharge mainly based on the cross-section geometry and apparent shear stress. As obtained from the literature, a sample of three different regression-based models has been used to estimate the apparent shear stress. Therefore, three different sets of discharge have been predicted using the area method. The four sets of discharge predicted using the developed regression model and area method have been compared to their corresponding experimental values using the sum of squared errors (SSE). The outcome is that seven channel cross-sections out of nine tested ones resulted in minimum SSE values when discharge predicted using the developed regression model.

11 illus, 4 tables, 43 ref

022312   Vadapalli U;Vedamti N (CSIR - National Geophysical Research Insitute, , Hyderabad-500 007, Email: umageo.anm4@gmail.com) : Time-lapse seismic response evaluation based on well log data for Ankleshwar reservoir, Cambay basin, India. J Indian Geophys Union 2016, 20(5), 472-81.

Time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring can image fluid-flow effects in a reservoir if the changes in seismic properties of the reservoir due to production or on-going recovery processes are large enough to detect. Thus, before acquiring a time-lapse seismic data, it is necessary to carry out feasibility study for time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring to get an estimated seismic response. In the present study, Gassmann fluid substitution analysis and forward modeling based on well logs have been carried out to predict the seismic response of a paysand of Ankleshwar reservoir, which is being studied for CO₂ - EOR. In this reservoir for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), CO₂ injection into a paysand of the reservoir is found to be appropriate, taking into cognizance its success in different reservoirs all over the world. The seismic response of paysand S5 in a well is modelled for different saturations and a variable thickness of CO₂ in the paysand. It is observed that because of the first appearance of CO₂, sudden drop in acoustic impedance of the paysand would lead to detectable time shift at the top. However, as CO₂ occupies full thickness of the paysand time shift at the top is reduced. Time shift at the bottom responds to overall velocity drop in full thickness of the paysand and it could not be detectable. We also inferred that in this case time-lapse time shift analysis would be more helpful compared to the amplitude analysis and it should be possible to image CO₂ plume in the reservoir. The replacement of oil and water in the paysand with CO₂ might lead to 9% drop in P-wave velocity.

7 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

022311   Shailaja G;Laxminarayana M;Patil J D;Erram V C;Suryawanshi R A;Gupta G (Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, New Panvel (W), Navi Mumbai-410 218, Email: gupta_gautam1966@yahoo.co.in) : Efficacy of anisotropic properties in groundwater exploration from geoelectric sounding over trap covered terrain. J Indian Geophys Union 2016, 20(5), 453-61.

Electrical resistivity study assumes a special significance for mapping aquifer in hard rock area and is also widely used in delineating the lateral and vertical distribution of sub-surface. 23 Vertical electrical soundings (VES) with Wenner electrode configuration were carried out over Chikotra basin, located in the southern part of Kolhapur district in the Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) of Maharashtra to delineate the groundwater potential zones and anisotropic properties of fractures for sustainable groundwater development within the study area. The results illustrate that the secondary geophysical indices provide a constructive solution in delineating the fresh water aquifers in the trap covered area. The longitudinal conductance (S) value vary from 0.016 to 5.44 Ω^-1, suggesting that the entire study area reveals good to weak aquifer protective capacity rating. The low value of the protective capacity in the northern and central part of the basin is due to the absence of significant amount of clay as an overburden impermeable material, thereby enhancing the percolation of contaminants into the aquifer. The large variation in the coefficient of anisotropy from 1 to 6.18 at the 23 VES data sites, suggests the anisotropic disposition of the aquifers in basaltic region. The fracture porosity inferred from the geophysical parameters and specific conductance of groundwater varies from 0.0001% to 0.556% in the study area, signifying different degrees of water saturation within the basaltic layers. The high-porosity zones corroborate with the high anisotropy values, indicating significant reserves of exploitable groundwater. This practice of analyzing VES data provided the direct solution to resolve problems in different hard rock terrains with a severe scarcity of groundwater, which has a great social impact.

6 illus, 23 ref

022310   Sesha Sai V V (Geological Survey of India, Southern Region, Bandlaguda, Hyderabad-500 068, Email: seshu1967@gmail.com ) : Petrology and geochemistry of the troctolite and ultramafic from the paleoproterozoic kandra ophiolite complex, Eastern Dharwar craton, SE India. J Indian Geophys Union 2016, 20(6), 551-7.

Field and petrological studies indicate the presence of two spatially associated high Mg lithounits; troctolite and ultramafic within the southern gabbros of the Paleoproterozoic Kandra Ophiolite Complex (KOC), Eastern Dharwar Craton, SE India. Petrographic studies indicated that troctolite is essentially composed of olivine and plagioclase with sub-ordinate augite, while magnetite and ilmenite are noticed as accessory oxides. Mineral chemistry studies by EPMA reveal that olivine in troctolite is forsterite (Fo63.14) plagioclase is labrodorite (An-69.96) and the Fe-Ti oxide ilmenite in troctolite analysed TiO2-53.08%, FeOT-44.22%). Major oxides of troctolite indicated SiO2 - 43.10%, TiO2 - 0.29%, Al2O3 -15.81%, FeO - 10.44%, Fe2O3 - 5.56%, CaO-7.92% and MgO - 13.08%. Petrographically, ultramafic is essentially composed of magnesio hornblende with subordinate chlorite, while ilmenite is the accessory oxide phase. Mineral chemistry studies by EPMA of the ultramafic indicate that the magnesio hornblende analysed SiO2 - 43.71%, Al2O3 -14.61%, FeO - 15.35% and MgO - 9.94%, while chlorite analysed SiO2 - 27.02%, Al2O3 -22.6%, FeO - 19.75% and MgO - 19.7%. Ilmenite in the ultramafic analysed FeO - 45.14%, TiO2 - 53.44%. Major oxides of ultramafic indicated SiO2 - 28.6%, TiO2 - 0.65%, Al2O3 - 17.22%, FeO - 6.84%, Fe2O3 - 6.88%, CaO - 0.41% and MgO- 26.84%. HFSE depletion is noticed in both these high Mg lithounits; (Zr- 42.17 ppm, Nb-2.65ppm and Y-5.35ppm) in troctolite and (Zr- 40.13ppm, Nb-2.47ppm and Y-3.16 ppm) in ultramafic. Rare Earth Element (REE) geochemical studies indicate that these spatially co-existing troctolite and ultramafic show an overall depleted but contrasting REE patterns. Troctolite exhibits a low magnitude positive Eu anomaly while the ultramafic exhibit a negative Eu anomaly indicating co-magmatic origin of the mafic-ultramafic lithounits in the southern gabbros of KOC.

3 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

022309   Sana H;Nath S K (Geology and Geophysics Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, Email: nath@gg.iitkgp.ernet.in) : In and around the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis: a seismotectonic and seismic hazard perspective. J Indian Geophys Union 2016, 20(5), 496-505.

This study presents the seismotectonics of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis and the surroundings. The detailed description of the origin, geology and structures of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis is presented. The structural alignment of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis is explained to be resulted by the shift in the motion pattern of the Indian plate from translational to translational-cum-rotational with the shift of the main boundary front from Main Mantle Thrust to Main Boundary Thrust. The crustal shortening in between the two limbs of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis is accommodated by the out-of-sequence faults like the reverse Balakot-Bagh fault. The occurrence of the recent 8 October 2005 Kashmir Earthquake of M_w 7.6 has shown that these out-of-sequence faults are capable of triggering disastrous earthquakes. The same tectonic setup is observed in the northwestern part of the Kashmir Valley, a dominantly thrust type lineament named Drangbal-Laridora Fault, which is identified and delineated by characteristic morphotectonic indicators. A detailed seismicity analysis of the catalogue from 1937-2012 is also presented. The seismicity in the region is dominantly shallow (0-35 km) with a b-value of 0.88, which infers a high stress regime. Three methods are adopted to estimate the Maximum Credible Earthquake for the terrain, the probabilistic estimate based on earthquake catalogue, fault parameter approach and the convergence rates from GPS measurements. The Maximum Credible Earthquake estimated by the above discussed methodologies is M_w 8.1, M_w 7.7 and M_w 8.4 respectively. These estimates speak about the seismic hazard vulnerability of the region and demand a detailed seismic hazard assessment of the region.

6 illus, 1 table, 47 ref

022308   Saglam Selcuk A;Gokten Y E;Aktug B (Geology Dep, Van Yuzuncu Yil Univ, Van Turkey, Email: azadsaglam@gmail.com) : Stress state of the region around Inonu-Eskisehir active fault system (Turkey); kinematic analysis accompanied with GPS data. J Indian Geophys Union 2016, 20(6), 527-535.

The Inonu-Eskisehir Fault System (IEFS) exhibits WNW-ESE striking right-lateral strike-slip character with a normal component that extends from Uludag (Bursa) in the west to Sivrihisar (Eskisehir) in the east and separates the west Anatolian extensional region from the central Anatolia to the northeast. This fault system consists of E-W and NW-SE trending fault sets and segments which have potential to produce destructive earthquakes. In this study, we aim to identify the stress regime of the region around Inonu-Eskisehir active fault system by correlating the fault-slip data and GPS data. The strain rates are computed using the velocity vectors from 5 Turkish National Fundamental GPS Network (TUTGA) data, acquired from the General Command of Mapping (Turkey). Fault-slip data have been analysed using the stress inversion method of Angelier. The obtained contraction rate for the studied area is about 65±15 nanostrain/yr, which corresponds to a contraction rate of 0.7±0.15 mm/yr over 10 km. The strain rate results of last ten years calculated from the TUTGA-99 data suggest approximately NW-SE trending compressional tectonic regime in the region. This strain rate and orientations are confirmed by the Plio-Quaternary slip surface data collected along the Inonu-Eskisehir Fault System.

7 illus, 3 tables, 26 ref

022307   Reddy P R (NO, Director Grade Scientist (Retd), CSIR-NGRI, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: parvatarreddy@gmail.com) : In the absence of a robust controlling mechanism sand mining will be more disastrous compared to global warming. J Indian Geophys Union 2016, 20(6), 609-13.

In almost all the international conferences associated with Pollution, monsoon aberrations, environmental issues scientists invariably present their studies covering "Global warming and Climate change". We hardly come across an international conference that covers studies on sand mining. While fully agreeing that global warming and climate change impacts the land and ocean ecosystem and resultant ill effects on life it is presented in this small write up the necessity to give due importance to steps that would curb illegal sand mining. If we continue to ignore introduction of robust controlling mechanism we will irrevocably suffer due to sand mining resultant permanent negative impact on our environment.

1 illus

022306   Rana S;Agarwal V (Geology Dep, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia Univ, Udaipur-313 001, Email: snrana1984@gmail.com) : Microscopic evidences for the impact origin of Ramgarh structure, Rajasthan, India. J Indian Geophys Union 2016, 20(6), 544-50.

An impact crater on the Earth is a depression that is formed by the high velocity impact of an extraterrestrial object like meteorite. Impacts produced on Earth are highly exposed to obliteration by various geological agents. This demands the use of certain diagnostic criteria for the identification and confirmation of impact structures on Earth, the most important of these are crater morphology, geophysical anomalies, evidences for shock metamorphism and the presence of meteoritic material. Microscopic features like Planar deformation features (PDFs) and Planar fractures (PFs) in quartz grains are uniquely diagnostic of an impact event and are the robust evidences of the shock metamorphism due to an impact. A crater-like structure at Ramgarh, Rajasthan, India has been a contentious subject amongst the geoscientists for its origin. Evidences presented for the impact origin of Ramgarh structure so far are insufficient, equivocal and controversial. In this communication, we have reported the microscopic shock alteration evidences from the Ramgarh structure in the form of Planar Fractures and Planar Deformation Features in quartz grains.

6 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

022305   Pavani B;K Indrasen Reddy;P Vishaksena Reddy; Choudri S (Pathology Dep, Malla Reddy Medical College for Women, Hyderabad) : Angiomatous meningioma - diagnostic evaluation with literature review. J advd med dent Sci Res 2016, 4(1), 114-8.

Angiomatous meningioma (AM) is a rare World Health Organization (WHO) grade I histological subtype of meningioma, comprising 2.1% of all meningiomas. AM is characterized by numerous blood vessels with at least focal classic meningothelial differtentiation. The lesion may be easily misdiagnosed, as they are rarely encountered in clinical practice. Neuroimaging methods are considered to be pivotal in the initial diagnosis, however a detailed histological examination is considered to be the only gold standard tool for the final diagnosis. A case of 60 year old male patient diagnosed as angiomatous meningioma at our hospital, is presented along with a brief description of WHO classification of meningiomas.

5 illus, 16 ref

022304   Naskar D C;Das L K;Rai M K (ER, GSI, Kolkata, Email: dcnaskar@yahoo.com) : Insight into the tectonic and crustal understanding of lesser Himalayas along Purnea-Sevoke transect through geophysical studies. J Indian Geophys Union 2016, 20(5), 506-15.

Geophysical investigation employing deep electrical resistivity, gravity and magnetic techniques was carried out along Purnea-Sevoke (NH-31) road. The basement depth varies from 2917-4450 m, indicating huge relief. Three basement faults have been mapped over the transect. The Siwalik floor is quite undulatory in this part of the frontal fore deep region of the Himalayas. The gravity profile along NH-31 from Purnea to Sevoke brought out two basin structures with upliftment of basement at km st 460 and km st 490. Spectral analysis of the said gravity profile brought out the Conrad discontinuity and the basement depth at 18.4 and 3.2 km respectively. 2D gravity modeling along the above transect indicates gradual deepening of basement towards the NE in addition to the features stated above. This is due to sagging of the crustal block at the foot hill region of Himalaya. The magnetic anomaly between km st 465 to km st 500 is of fairly high order (400-1000 nT) in the area which supports the findings from the gravity survey. These are primarily due to upwarpment of basement in these areas. However presence of traps below the sediment cover is an added probability.

10 illus, 17 ref

022303   Kanna N;Prakasam K S;Gupta S;Sivaram K;Sudesh Kumar;Bose S;Prasad B N V (CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, , Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: naarajugeo@gmail.com) : Imaging of seismic discontinuities of the upper mantle in the western Himalaya through receiver function analysis. J Indian Geophys Union 2016, 20(6), 536-43.

We present image of seismic velocity discontinuities of the upper mantle in the depth range of 200 to 800 km beneath the western Himalaya from Gangetic Plain (27.5°N latitude) to Ladakh-Karakoram region (35°N latitude), an active collision zone of Indo-Eurasian plates. We use 2088 Receiver Functions calculated from the data obtained from 44 digital broadband seismological stations. The results show a sharp 410 km discontinuity in the range of <126>393 - 406 km from Gangetic Plain till Indus Zangpo Suture (IZS), and disturbed (double peaked) further north of the IZS. The 660 km discontinuity shows flat and sharp discontinuity in the Gangetic Plain through Himalaya and elevated <126>12 to 17 km beneath Tibetan Himalaya to the north of IZS. We observe a distinct northward dipping velocity interface to the north of IZS in the depth range of <126>460 to 490 km which indicates down going Indian subducting slab reported in earlier studies. This velocity interface may be responsible for earlier 660 km phase beneath this region. Thickened mantle transition zone (<126>255-262 km) is observed beneath Gangetic Plain and NW Himalaya than Tibetan Himalaya due to presence of cold material within (<126>100° C less than normal).

4 illus, 37 ref

022302   Indira P;Stephen Rajkumar Inbanathan S (The Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar Univ, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, Email: indiraindhu2006@gmail.com) : Chaotic nature of total column ozone over tropical station by time series analysis. J Indian Geophys Union 2016, 20(5), 490-5.

The paper deals with monthly total column ozone concentration over Kodaikanal, Tamilnadu. The basic rationale is to investigate the existence of chaos within the relevant time series. Method of measuring trend, Mann Kendall trend analysis, measuring self similarity, Lyapunov exponent is adopted here as the preferred research methodology. After a rigorous investigation, a low dimensional chaos with the persistent behaviour is identified within the time series pertaining to monthly total column ozone concentration over Kodaikanal, Tamilnadu.

3 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

022301   Chaudhari M S;Majumder M;Bagade V;Ranga S (Central water and Power Research Station, , Pune-411 024, Email: geophysics.cwprs@gmail.com) : Assessing quality of Masonry Dam using seismic an electrical tomography. J Indian Geophys Union 2016, 20(5), 482-9.

The ageing and degradation of dam structures is an inevitable problem and its consequences on the safety of the structure are important. Presently, site characterization using geotechnical engineering has some limitations to adequately describe the subsurface ground conditions. All geotechnical tests provide information from point to point and the values are interpolated in between places. These tests grossly under sample the subsurface and are frequently inadequate. Geophysical methods are useful as non-destructive tools that can provide information over large volumes as compared to point measurements. The use of seismic tomography and electrical resistivity imaging in the assessment of dam structure is very apt and useful. Seismic tomography survey was carried out in five horizontal and two vertical planes in the body of the Manikdoh masonry dam and one electrical resistivity imaging profile was taken on the top of the dam. The travel time data for tomography analysis was collected by placing geophones on the downstream face and hammer points on the upstream face of the dam. The compressional (P-) wave velocity distribution between each consecutive pair of source line and receiver line of the plane was computed using Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique. The weak zones, if present, reveal low P- wave velocity values and hence can be delineated. The reliability of travel time data is ensured by comparing the P- wave velocities at the point of intersection of common source to receiver pairs in horizontal and vertical planes. The tomography survey results revealed that the low velocity zones (velocity ranging between 1500 m/s to 2500 m/s) are between elevations 695 m to 705 m from chainage 463 m to 469 m. The four weak zones obtained from the horizontal planes matched well with that in vertical tomograms. Further, these low velocity zones are supported by presence of low resistivity patch (resistivity ranging between 129 O m to 829 O m) between elevation from 697 m to 693 m from chainage 462 m to 474 m in electrical resistivity imaging section.

9 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

022300   Bhardwaj S K;Subba Rao P B (Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, , New Panvel, Navi Mumbai-410 210, Email: sandeep@iigs.iigm.res.in) : Longitudinal inequalities in Sq current system along 20₁₄₄ - 210₁₄₄ E meridian. J Indian Geophys Union 2016, 20(5), 462-71.

In the present study, longitudinal inequalities in Sq current system have been examined utilizing the data of northern and southern hemispheric stations for the period 1976 - 1977 along 20°-210° E meridian. The anomalous behavior in the horizontal component (H) at a few southern hemispheric stations reveal that the solar quiet daily (Sq) variations in longitudinal sector (20°-120° E) do not show the expected V type or inverted V shaped variations but instead are marked by northern hemispheric D variations. The technique of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied to the D, H and Z components of the Earth's magnetic field. First Principal Component (PC-1) brings out a well defined anticlockwise loop with focus near geomagnetic latitude (<126> 26.0° N) at 11 hours local time in the northern hemisphere and clockwise with focus near geomagnetic latitude (<126> 43.2° S) at 12 hours local time in the southern hemisphere. This phenomenon has been observed during summer months and disappearance of the northern and southern hemispheric 'Sq-Vortex' during winter months. Anomalous deformation of Sq vortex, confined to longitudinal sector (20o to 120o E) may arise due to the changes in the local ionospheric conductivity and tidal winds driven by the main geomagnetic field.

7 illus, 2 tables, 41 ref

021505   Quanbari H;Nikoonejad A (Faculty of Earth Science, Islamic Azad Univ, Aligoudarz branch, Email: h.quanbari.g@gmail.com) : Variation of seismic a-value in central Alborz mountains, Iran. Curr Trends Technol Sci 2015, 4(3), 510-14.

Central Alborz area is one of the quite sensitive places that there is probability of happening Earthquake in that. Preparing the seismicity maps, performing proper programs and making assure places in front of Earthquake are some of the ways for decreasing damages. For the prospering seismicity maps, we need some information include: basic information, like geological unites, faults, knowing about place and quantity of historical earthquakes. The object of this project is recognition and separation of different zones in central Alborz in the view of seismicity. So that, we used United States Geological Survey web site (USGS) for extraction seismic data, GIS 9.3 for statistical analyses of information layers and combination these and studying the different, effective factors on risk zoning. We calculated a-value and prepared the a-value zoning maps. The results of this study indicate that the central Alborz due to seismic values of a can be divided into three zones with different tectonic regimes of eastern, central and western divide.

10 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

020543   Wang X;Yue D;Ke F (Jiangsu Key Lab of Meteorological Observation and Information Processi, Nanjing Univ of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing-210 044 Jiangsu, PR China, Email: wangxinzhi@126.com) : Ionospheric VTEC inversion and results analysis based on the HY-2 satellite. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(2), 197-206.

In this paper, a new data processing method and flow is put forward to calculate the ionospheric VTEC inversely according to the features of the HY-2 satellite radar altimeter data. In order to verify the accuracy and feasibility of the data processing method and flow, the paper compares and analyzes the processed data from the aspects of time, data amount, latitude and longitude. HY-2 VTEC is also compared with the GIM VTEC which is interpolated from the GIM, and it is found that there is a good agreement between the HY-2 VTEC and the GIM VTEC. It shows that the data processing method and flow is suitable and correct. Meanwhile, the differences between HY-2 VTEC and GIM VTEC are larger in the areas where the IGS observation stations are fewer, while the agreement is good and the differences are small in the areas where the IGS observation stations are more.

7 illus, 6 tables, 18 ref

020542   Tyagi J;Agarwal P K (NO, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667) : Research needs in the area of forest hydrology in changing forest scenario. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2016, 24(1), 27-30.

Forest areas, often constitute head water catchments for many large rivers. As such, stream flow is one of the most important ouputs of forests. There is abroad scientific agreement that type of forests and their management practices have the potential to alter quantity, quality and timing of water moving through catchments by altering the interception, evapotranspiratin, soil infiltration, nutrient and sediment load of runoff etc. In recent years, concern has also grown of the potentially large but uncertain effects of climate change on forests and their water output. Forest hydrology can help illuminate the connections between forests and water, but it must advance if it is to deal with today's complexities, including climate change, wildfires, and changing patterns of development. This paper presents the general principles of forest hydrology and the research needs in the area of forest hydrology science that would help support forest and water management decisions in many ways.

10 ref

020541   Tripathi S K (Geography Dep, S.M.M. Town, P.G. College, Ballia, Uttar Pradesh) : Geomorphological investigation using remote sensing and geographical information system. J nat Resour Dev 2015, 10(1), 57-61.

The existing research paper deals the geomorphological investigation using modern techniques of geoinformatics such as remotesensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) taking as case study of Mirzapur District. The district is situated extreme south-eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, comes partly under the Middle Ganga Plain and partly under the Vindhyachal-Baghelkhand region. Geomorphology of the district is so dominant factor in every part of physical and socio-cultural environment. Geomorphological investigation in the Mirzapur district is mostly based on remotely sensed data (IRS-1B,LISS-1,FCC-B2,3&4).

1 table, 19 ref

020540   Singh S (Geography Dep, Faculty of Science, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh) : Participatory watershed management a case of Khulgad watershed, Almora. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2015, 38(1), 237-40.

A review of the efforts for the development of the hill areas through the successive Five Year Plans has admitted that there is no systematic attempts in the hill areas look at developments from a long term perspective. A beginning was made in Fourth Five Year Plan by implementing area development approach for accelerating the development of backward areas. Several steps were proposed from time to time for their development but the efforts that were made did not result in any perceptible impact on the living conditions of the hill people. For the first time, in Seventh Five Year plan environmental protection was accepted as an important component of development strategy. The Seventh Plan further recommended the adoption of watershed as the unit of planning in the hill areas. After that millions of rupees every year are being spent on watershed management by both the central and state governments, but we literally have only two successful models Sukhomajri and Ralegan. This calls for a deep retrospect as to what exactly is wrong with this truly holistic concept of development. As long as the line departments maintain a constant vigil the concept of watershed management is followed but the moment the grant and monitoring is over people revert back to their age old practices. This only exemplifies the fact that the ultimate stakeholder's i.e the people of the target region were not involved in the process of decision making. Hence no participation at the local level ultimately leads to any success. The present paper assesses the status of environmental degradation, the local needs in the study area and aspirations so as to evolve a judicious and regenerative plan of development under the umbrella of watershed management.

1 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

020539   Singh A K (Geography Dep, Ranchi College, Ranchi, Email: aksrcr@gmail.com) : Chhotanagpur tenancy act, a journey through time : some new perspective. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2015, 38(1), 90-105.

A highly misunderstood and grossly misinterpreted more than a century old act, the Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act has undergone various modifications and amendments throughout its journey of hundred years. Used for political and vested interests by many political parties and cultural organizations claiming to be the only voice of tribal society, this act has never been analysed in impartial and academic perspective. The present endevour is completely based on the factual chronological changes in CNT act and its widespread impact on the affected section of the society, particularly in the urban centres like Ranchi. The act designed and drafted more than a century ago keeping in mind the socio- economic grass root realities prevailing at that point of time is still seen as the panacea for all the problems related to land and property of the original inhabitants of this part of the country. The present paper looks into the veracity of this assumption. It actually builds up the case based on the factual reality and general experience of the affected section of the society against or for the present relevance of the act. The wheels of development in Jharkhand have severely been affected by the act and came to almost screeching halt, particularly after the recent high court verdict, the paper tries to look into such issues.

10 ref

020538   Silpa B L;Srinivas R;Likhil A C;Aneesh T D; Prasad K;Sajan K (National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Earth System Science Organisation, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram-695 011) : Microtextures on quartz grains in the beach sediments of a high energy regime, Kerala, Southwest coast of India. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(2), 191-6.

Micro textures of the quartz grains in the beach sediments of Poovar-Varkala coastal stretch have been studied to decipher the variations in the morphology and the processes responsible. Open beaches and the seawall dominated region indicate the influence of both chemical and mechanical processes. The quartz grains from tidal inlets show the dominance of chemical features than mechanical features whereas the dominance of mechanical features is observed in pocket beaches. Chemical factory (Travancore Titanium Limited) at Veli forms a major reason for the occurrence of abundant chemical features. Sediments in open beaches and seawall dominated region undergoes either longshore or crosshore transportation. Besides the longshore drift, the sediments in the tidal inlets were transported to the area by fluvial and aeolian processes and subsequently deposited in the marine environment. Sediments in the pocket beaches divulge the winnowing action existing in the high energy regime.

7 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

020537   Sharma V;Biyani A K;Champati Ray P K;Amit Kumar (NO, DBS PG College, Dehradun, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing Dehradun) : Morphological study of tons river basin tributary of Yamuna river network using geographical information system. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2016, 24(1), 9-20.

In this paper morphological evaluation has been attempeted on Tons river basin tributary of Yamuna river network with special reference to water resource using geographical information system (GIS). Morphometric analysis of drainage basin includes stream order, stream length, stream length ratio, bifurcation ratio, sinusity index, circulatory index, elongation ratio, form factor, relief ratio, highland, shape and extended longitudinal profile etc. in which water resource based on rainfall data of selected eight sub-basins including Tons river have been analysed.

2 illus, 10 tables, 18 ref

020536   Sen P (NO, , Mrinalini Datta Mahavidyapith, Birathi, Kolkata-700 051, Email: priyadarshinigeo@gmail.com ) : Changing urban traits-a study of Sonarpur urban ringe, South 24 Pargans, India. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2015, 38(1), 40-7.

Professional physical planners distinguish two types of settlement planning, namely city planning and regional planning or town and country planning. The city or town planning deals with the location of economic activities and organisation of space for different uses at settlement levels. While planning for the urban expansion, the rural areas are needed to be brought under urban sphere of influence in a balanced way. The growth of population has been unprecedented over the last few decades around Kolkata, mostly due to reasons of influx of the refugees from East Pakistan after the partition of India. What came as the major outcome was tremendous shortage of shelter 'inside' the city, and rapid 'filling up' of the country sides or the peripheries. Objective of this paper is to look through such periphery of Kolkata and its changing characteristics of land use, population and other socio-economic parameters with Sonarpur urban fringe as a case study.

8 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

020535   Sardar U K (Geography Dep, Krishnath College, Berhampore, West Bengal, Email: uttamkumarsardarknc@gmail.com) : Status of land use pattern of Joynagar I & II, Mathurapur I & II, and Kultali blocks in the district of South 24 Parganas, West Bengal. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2015, 38(1), 260-3.

The study area with an average elevation of 4m. M.S.L. is situated on the southern pan of the District of South 24 Parganas in West Bengal. The study area cover five Blocks namely - Joynagar I&I1, Mathurapur I&II and Kultali covering an area of about 998.19 sq. km. The study area lies within the limit of the Ganga-Delta, abounds in tidal rivers and creeks in the south (Kultali Block) where delta building process is still very active. Soils vary from deep fine loamy to deep fine clayey which are saline in nature. Mangrove forest, specialized group of coastal plants are of great significance in land use pattern in this area. Land use is therefore, the application of human control in nature of ecosystems, in a relatively systematic manner, in order to derive benefit from it. Activity on the land has been the major criterion for classifying land use which is essentially qualitative rather than a quantitative phenomenon. The study area presently occupies an area of 93873 hectares (excluding Mangrove forest ), it has classified land utilization in different categories; namely-forest areas, area under non-agricultural uses, barren and uncultivated land, permanent pasture, and other grazing lands, land under misc. Tree crops and grooves, culturable waste land, fallow land, current fallow and net sown area. Pisciculture has taken a part of significance role of land use pattern in this region. This study area, regional disparity is reflected on the land use system in five Blocks of the District of South 24 Parganas.

3 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

020534   Sarda P;Sadgir P A (NO, Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad, Email: prsarda04@gmail.com) : Surface water quality changes for EC in Jayakwadi reservoir, India. J Indian Wat Wks Ass 2015, 47(4), 510-16.

This paper presents an approach for surface water quality changes in Electrical Conductivity (EC) of Jayakwadi reservoir. Jayakwadi reservoir serves multiple purposes such as water for drinking, irrigation, industrial etc. Monthly observed data of water quality that point towards simple, broad, fast and continuous measured parameters from 2001-2012 at Pategaon observation station is collected. Various combinations of water quality parameters using Temperature, pH, TDS, DO, and BOD are considered as input parameters of finding water quality changes inEC. Statistical analysis and two different ANN strategies, Feedforward Neural Network (FFNN)and Cascade Correlation Feedforward Neural Network (CCFF) have been developed for prediction of EC. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Percent of Predicton within a Factor of 1.1(FA1.1), Index of Agreement (IA) and Coefficient of Correlation (R2) statistics are used for the comparison criteria. Comparison of the results indicate that the FFNN performed slightly well than the CCFF for EC in Jayakwadi reservoir with one input i.e. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).

7 illus, 6 tables, 12 ref

020533   Santosh Kumar;Singh M B (Geography Dep, B.H.U., Varanasi-221 005) : Spatio-temporal study of protein availability in Ballia district. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2015, 38(1), 301-9.

Protein is essential for building, maintaining and repairing body tissues and body growth, especially for the young. Their acute deficiency in food causes retardation of physical growth and mental abilities, failure of maintenance of body tissues, and anaemia. Protein defends the human body against diseases. The major objectives of the present study are to know the trends of protein availability and to identify the protein surplus and deficit area in during 1981 to 2012. Crop wise net production has been obtained after deducting 16.80 percent of the total production of each crop. Then, net production of each crop has been derived into protein on the basis of availability of protein in per 100 grams amount of crop production with the help of nutritive value of cereals and pulses given by ICMR, Hyderabad (2004). This study includes all the possible sources of food i.e. cereals (rice, wheat, barley, jower, maize, mandua, sawan, kodo, kakun) and pulses (urad, moong, masur, gram, pea, tur). The food production data have been obtained from district statistical yearbook, Ballia district for the years 1982 and 2012. Very high (88.11 grams/capita/day) protein availability has been recorded due to favourable condition of pulses and cereals production in Nagra block and very low (33.79 grams/capita/day) protein availability was recorded in Bairia block in 1981. Per capita/day protein availability ranges from 43.21 grams/capita/day (Hanumanganj) to 100.00 grams/capita/day (in Beruarbari) in 2012. Twelve blocks such as Siar, Chilkahar, Nawanagar, Maniar, Beruarbari, Bansdih, Garwar, Hanumanganj, Dubahan, Belahari, Bairia and Murali Chhapara were included in deficit areas in 1981. But in 2012 only three blocks such as Hanumanganj, Dubahan and Belahari remained in deficit development blocks due to low food grains production. Five blocks namely Nagra, Rasra, Pandah, Reoti and Sohaon were included in surplus blocks in 1981. Whereas in 2012 the majority of surplus blocks remained in the same category because of adequate use of HYV seeds and chemical fertilizers by farmers.

1 table, 28 ref

020532   Salau O R;Akinyemi S A (Physics Dep, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State Univ, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, Email: o.salau@t-online.de) : Impacts of El Nino/Southern oscillation on changing precipitation over the tropical pacific. Int J envir Sci 2015, 5(5), 995-1010.

This study employed Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Precipitation data to investigate the variability in the El Nino/Southern Oscillation, ENSO (La Nina, El Nino) and its impact on the intensity of precipitation over the Tropical Pacific. The recent La Nina and El Nino episodes were compared in the study to establish the relationship between variability in the ENSO and the associated precipitation. The results suggest that an increase in the strength of a La Nina event will tend to reduce the overall amount of rainfall over the Tropical Pacific while the intensity of the precipitation rises as the strength of El Nino event increases in the region. Also, the changes in the precipitation are largest in December-April during which the ENSO events are strongest under the influence of SST, which is highest over the equatorial Pacific during the period. The outcome of this investigative study would help to improve crop yield through reliable forecast of ENSO and that of the precipitation by proper monitoring of the SST with special focus on periods favourable for ENSO development.

9 illus, 27 ref