021378   Pandian K;Sankar K (Centre for Remote Sensing, Bharathidasan Univ, Khajamalai Campus, Trichirappalli-620 003, Email: karuppasamypandian @ yahoo.com) : Hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality in the vaippar river basin, Tamil Nadu. J Geol Soc India 2007, 69(5), 970-82.

Water quality with reference to drinking, agricultural and industrial uses in the Vaippar River Basin, TamilNadu. The area is underlain by Precambrian rocks like charnockites, hornblende-biotite gneisses, granite and crystalline limestones. Recent alluvial deposits occur along the river course and in the coastal region. The groundwater quality data collected from the Public Works Department (PWD), Ground Water Division (GWD), Tamil Nadu, for the year 1999. The data were used to compute chemical parameters as non-carbonate hardness, sodium absorption ratio, percentage of sodium, residual sodium carbonate, magnesium ratio, corrosivity ratio, chloro alkaline indices and permeability index found to be based on evaluation of the chemical parameters quality of water is fit for drinking, industrial and agricultural uses, except in a few isolated locations. According to Gibb's diagram most of the samples falls under rock dominance. Wilcox's diagram indicates that less than 50 percent of samples fall in excellent to good and good to permissible types. According to the USSL classification of water quality of the samples belong to C5-S1, C5-S2, C5-S3 and C5-S4 classes water are also found in the area which not suitable for irrigation.

7 illus, 7 tables, 30 ref

021377   PadgalWar K V;Shewale M P (Meteorological Office, , Pune) : On some characteristics of onset of SW monsoon over India and the associated rainfall features. Mausam 2007, 58(4), 564-9.

2 illus, 6 ref

021376   Nath S;Mitra A K;Roy Bhowmik S K (India Meteorological Dep, , New Delhi) : Application of neural network approach to improve the quality of Insat derived quantitative precipitation estimates. Mausam 2007, 58(4), 554-6.

1 table, 8 ref

021375   Narasimha Prasad N B;Shivraj P V;Jegatheesan M S (Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, , Kozhikode-673 571, Email: nbnprasad@hotmail.com) : Evaluation of groundwater development prospects in kadalundi river basin. J Geol Soc India 2007, 69(5), 1103-10.

Evaluation of groundwater development prospects has been done with river basin as the unit. The study has been carried out in the Kadalundi Basin in Malappuram district of Kerala state, India. The pattern of water level fluctuation in different physiographic regions, the depth to water level and saturated thickness in different seasons, the hydrogeological properties of the rocks within the basin, the groundwater assessment, the groundwater quality, etc, were studied. All these were integrated to evaluate the groundwater condition in the river basin in terms of groundwater potential, present draft and future groundwater development prospects. The annual groundwater availability has been estimated as 108 MCM and the gross annual groundwater draft has been estimated as 44.7 MCM for the Kadalundi Basin. The stage of groundwater development has been computed as 41%. There is no significant rise or fall of water levels during both the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon intervals in the basin. Considering the stage of development and the trend of water levels, it has been categorised that the Kadalundi Basin is 'SAFE' for future groundwater development.

3 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

021374   Najeeb K M (Central Ground Water Board, , Bangalore, Email: kmdnajeeb@rediffmail.com) : Integrated water management schemes for Lakshadweep Islands. J Geol Soc India 2007, 69(5), 1005-10.

In many of the islands of the Union Territory (UT) of Lakshadweep, like Kavaratti, Agatti, Amini, Minicoy, Kalpeni and Kadamat, the freshwater lens is not available in the entire area and there is no equitable distribution of the available freshwater lens within an island. The short fall in freshwater can be met by roof water harvesting and use of waste heat of diesel generators for desalination. The scope and cost involved in roof water harvesting structures as well as desalination plants are worked out. Judicious pumping from the freshwater lens area of the islands is another viable option.

3 illus, 4 tables, 22 ref

021373   Naik P K;Awasthi A K (Central Ground Water Board, Central Region, N S Building, Civil Lines, Nagpur-440 001, Email: pradeep.naik@water.net.in) : Estimation of shallow aquifer parameters from large-diameter wells in Basalts. J Geol Soc India 2007, 69(5), 949-58.

Dugwells are the most prevalent groundwater based minor irrigation structures in the basaltic terrains of India. The drawdown and recovery test data of some such dugwells located in the Koyna River basin, Maharashtra State were analysed. The Transmissivity (T) and Coefficient of Storage (S) values estimated through Papadopulos and Cooper (1967), Boulton and Streltsova (1976), Mishra and Chachadi (1985) and Singh and Gupta (1986) methods are compared and discussed.

4 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

021372   Kulandaivelu K;Narasimhalu M J;Guhan M V (Meteorological Office, Airport, Chennai) : Fog at Maitri east Antarctica. Mausam 2007, 58(4), 569-71.

1 illus, 8 ref

021371   Kukillaya J P (Kerala Samuhya Jalasechana Samithi, , Thrissur, Email: gwkuki@yahoo.co.in) : Characteristic responses to pumping in hard rock fracture aquifers of Thrissur, Kerala and their hydrogeological significance. J Geol Soc India 2007, 69(5), 1055-66.

Pumping test data in the hard rock fracture aquifers of Thrissur district has revealed certain characteristic responses. Thirtytwo percent of the test data shows simultaneous recharge to the aquifer during pumping. Interconnection between phreatic and fracture aquifers and recharge from the phreatic zone to the fracture zone are indicated. Responses similar to double-porosity model are attributed to probable large variations in fracture scales. Another characteristic response is that of a continuous slope increase in semi-log plots of drawdown, indicating linear fracture zones with barrier boundaries on both sides. Geological features and good fracture connectivity support this inference. Similarity with the response of a homogeneous anisotropic aquifer is also seen when responses over a large area are considered. Large spatial variations in specific capacity indicate heterogeneity. Tests suggest turbulent flow around pumped wells. Small-scale fracture networks and the phreatic zone probably have a greater role in determining the groundwater potential of hard rock areas as compared to the few large-scale fractures. The responses suggest that the fracture aquifers in the area have only limited potential.

22 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

021370   Konwar M;Sarma D K;Sharma S;De U K;Pal S;Das J (Physics Dep, Kohima Science College, Jotsoma, Kohima, Nagaland-797 002) : Estimation of rain parameters from spectral moments of L-band wind profiler using Multi-Layer Perceptron Network model. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2008, 37(5), 341-52.

Two Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) models are developed to estimate the radar reflectivity factor (dBZ) and rain intensity (R) from the spectral moments of an L-band wind profiler. Out of the four spectral moment inputs of the MLP models, the backscattered power (P) and Doppler velocity (V_D) were found to have better correlation with the rain parameters. The model results were validated with the Joss Waldvogel Disdrometer (JWD) observations. For the training and validation data sets of dBZ, the root mean square error (rmse) of estimated and observed data sets were found to be 5.05 and 5.32 dBZ with correlation coefficients of 0.90 and 0.86, respectively. Similarly, for the training and validation data sets of R, the rmse for estimated and observed values were found to be 4.27 and 7.74 mmh-1 respectively with correlation coefficients of 0.95 and 0.78. The developed models were validated with a rain event on 22 June 2000, that consisted of rain from both convective and stratiform regimes. The error between the estimated and observed rain accumulation was found to be <126> 5%. The height profiles of estimated dBZ were able to identify the bright band during stratiform rain by virtue of high values of reflectivity gradient at around 4.0 km height. Though ambiguity in the estimation of R was observed at bright band level, overall estimated parameters were in good agreement with general characteristics of convective and stratiform rain.

021369   Khosla K C;Nagori M L (Geology Dep, Mohanlal Sukhadia Univ, Udaipur-310 002, Email: sckhosla@yahoo.com) : Revision of the ostracoda from the inter-trappean beds of Takli, Nagpur district, Maharashtra. J Palaeont Soc India 2007, 52(1), 1-15.

Twenty-four species of non-marine Ostracoda arc recorded from the Intcr-trappcan beds exposed in a cliff section of an abandoned Gitti Khadan (Stone Quarry), near Ramdco Temple at Takli, in Nagpur, Maharashtra. One species - Gomphocythere what/eyi - is described as new. Twenty species arc assigned to taxa previously described from the Intcr-trappcan beds of different localities in central and western India. These arc -Darwinula torpedo Whatlcy el a!., Limnocythere deccanensis Khosla et at., Frambocythere tumiensis anjarensis Bhandari and Colin, Gomphocythere falsicannuta (Whatlcy and Bajpai), G. paucisulcatus Whallcy et al., Paracypretta jonesi Bhatia and Rana, Zonocypris gujaratensis Bhandari and Colin, Z. labyrinthicus Whatlcy el al., Z. spirulu Whatlcy and Bajpai, Cypridopsis elachistos Whatlcy et al., C. hyperectyphos Whatlcy et al., Mongolianella cylindrica (Sowcrby in Malcolmson), M. subarcuata Whatley et al., Eucypris intervolcanus Whatley and Bajpai, E. pelasgicos Whatlcy and Bajpai, ?E. verruculosa Whatley et al., Candona amosi Whalley et al., Cyclocypris amphibolos Whatlcy et al., Cypria cyrtonidion Whatlcy and Bajpai and Cyprois rustellum Whatlcy and Bajpai. Three species, Eucypris sp., Mongolianella sp. and Talicypridea? sp., are left in open nomenclature.

2 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

021368   Khole M;Biswas H R (India Meteorological Dep, , Pune, Email: medhakhole@yahoo.co.in) : Role of total-totals stability index in forecasting of thunderstorm/non-thunderstorm days over Kolkata during pre-monsoon season. Mausam 2007, 58(3), 369-74.

The thunderstorm activity over Kolkata during pre-monsoon months (March, April and May) has been studied using the radiosonde data of Kolkata (Dumdum). The objective of the study is to examine the utility of Total-Totals Index (TTI) in forecasting occurrence/non-occurrence of thunderstorm over Kolkata. The investigation reveals that Total-Totals Index can be preliminarily used as a predictor to differentiate thunderstorm and non-thunderstorm days. Trie probability of occurrence of thunderstorm is higher when Total-Totals Index value is higher. While the exact prediction of thunderstorm in all the cases, using the TTI alone, is obviously not possible as TTI alone does not describe the total atmospheric conditions. However, a significant forecast can be furnished by using a threshold value of Total-Totals Index.

2 illus, 5 tables, 14 ref

021367   Karmakar S;Alam M (Bangladesh Meteorological Dep, (BMD), Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh, Email: malam60@hotmail.com) : Interrelation among different instability indices of the troposphere over Dhaka associated with thunderstorms/nor' westers over Bangladesh during the pre-monsoon season. Mausam 2007, 58(3), 361-8.

Attempts have been made to correlate different instability indices among themselves statistically. The study reveals that the Showalter Stability Index (SI) has moderate to good correlations with different instability indices except Dew-point Index (DPI), Vertical Total Index (VT), Modified Vertical Total Index (MVT) and Modified K-Index (MK). Most of the correlations co-efficient are found to be significant up to 99% level of significance except Dry Instability Index (DII), which has correlation with SI up to 95% level of significance. Lifted Index (LI) has moderate to good correlation with different instability indices except DII, K-Index (KI) and MVT. Most of the correlations coefficient are significant up to 99% level of significance except VT, SWEAT Index (SWI) and MKI. which have correlation with LI up to 95% level of significance. Unmodified instability indices have moderate to strong correlation with the corresponding modified instability indices, having 99% level of significance. The correlation co-efficient of VT and MVT, SWI and Modified SWEAT Index (MSW1). and KI and MKI are comparatively large. Standard errors of estimate are small in almost all the cases except a few. The regression equations obtained are likely to be helpful in the computation of different instability indices.

5 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

021366   Kane R P (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, C.P. 515, 12245-970-Sao Jose dos Campos, SP, Brazil, Email: kane@dge.inpe.br) : Inter-annual variability of rainfalls in the amazon basin and its vicinity. Mausam 2007, 58(3), 351-6.

An analysis of the rainfall scries (12-month running means) of the 5° x 5° gridded data in the Amazon river basin and its vicinity (15° N - 20° S, 30° - 80° W) indicated that the rainfalls were highly variable both from year to year and from region to region. Correlations with even nearby regions hardly exceeded 0.50, though correlations were better (up to 0.70) in the regions near the eastern coast of Brazil. Moderate relationship with ENSO indices was obtained for the Amazon river basin and the regions to its north, and for NE Brazil, while moderate relationship with South Atlantic SST was obtained for NE Brazil and the region immediately to its west. All other relationships (with 30 hPa wind, North Atlantic Oscillation Index, etc.) were obscure.

4 illus, 41 ref

021365   Kane R P (NO, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, C.P. 515, 12245-970 - Sao Jos‚ dos Campos, SP, Brazil, Email: kane@dge.inpe.br ) : Limitations of the utility of CMEs for forecasting timings and magnitudes of geomagnetic Dst storms. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2008, 37(5), 303-11.

Results of the examination of data for about 100 events in solar cycle 23 (1996 onwards), when CMEs (Coronal Mass Ejections) and IP (Interplanetary) shocks could be matched, are presented. The CMEs had a large range of speed (200-4000 km/s), but the slow CMEs seemed to be accelerated and the fast ones decelerated during the transit from Sun to Earth. Hence, IP shock speed near the Earth was in a narrower range (350-2000 km/s). A regression equation can be established between the CME lateral expansion speed and the corresponding IP shock speed. But observed values have a considerable scatter and can have extreme deviations of <126> 35% from the predicted values. Similarly, the transit times from Sun to Earth can have extreme deviations of <126> 35% from the predicted values. The transit times can be as low as 25 h (extreme uncertainty <126> 5 h) to as high as 100 h (extreme uncertainty <126>35 h) and have no one-to-one relationship with the magnitudes of the Dst storms that follow, or with the time intervals between the IP shock and the following maxima of negative Bz or negative Dst. The time intervals between maximum negative Bz and maximum negative Dst are mostly in the range of 0-5 h. The magnitudes of the maxima of negative Bz and the following negative Dst are highly correlated, indicating this as a major, overpowering relationship for determining the severeness of geomagnetic storms.

021364   Joshi M;Kothyari G C;Pant P D (Geology Dep, Kumaun Univ, Nainital-263 002, Email: moulishreej@yahoo.com) : Tectonic Geomorphology of a part of Bilaspur region, SW Himachal Pradesh. J Geol Soc India 2007, 69(5), 909-15.

Morphometric parameters such as drainage, sinuosity character, gradient index (GI), Pseudo Hypsometric Integral (PSI), and longitudinal profile of the Satluj River and its tributary the Ali Khad have helped in delineating the NNW-SSE trending Ali Khad fault. Movements along this fault are manifest in the development of unpaired terraces, triangular fault facets, deep gorges and fault breccias. Normal faulting has been observed in the Quaternary sediments which reflect recent movements. Digital Elevation Model is proposed.

4 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

021363   Jeyavel Raja Kumar T;Balasubramanian A;Kumar R S;Manokaran K (Earth Sciences Dep, Annamalai Univ, Annamalainagar-608 002, Email: tjeyavel@rediffmail.com) : Geo-electrical data analysis to identify groundwater potential pockets in Uppodai water shed, Chittar-Uppodai sub basin, Tambaraparani river, Triunelveli-Thoothukudi Districts, Tamil Nadu, South India. Ultra Scient phys Sci 2007, 19(3), 441-50.

The attempt has been made to identify good groundwater potential zones in a dry water shed of Uppodai, Uppodai - Chittar sub basin. The study area is chiefly consist of crystalline rocks of Archaean age namely gneisses, charnockites, granites and basic and acidic intrusives. In order to understand the different subsurface litholayers, 12 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out at different places using DDR - 3 model resistivity meter with Schlumberger configuration. The maximum and minimum resistivity values obtained from the interpretation for the study area is varies from 17.3 Ωm to 4898.5 Ωm. The resistivity curve types obtained for the study area are A, K and AK. The resistivity value <62>500 Ωm has been taken in to account to demarcate the fresh rock in the present interpretation. The basement is observed shallow depth at VES location 12 with the depth of 10.4m where as the deeper depth to basement observed in VES location 1 with the thickness of more than 50m. Further, secondary resistivity parameters transverse resistance (T), longitudinal conductance (S) and coefficient of anisotropy (A) were also used to demarcate potential groundwater zones. The value range for the S, T and λ are 0.0709 mhos to 0.7558 mhos; 193.6 Ωm to 90889.9 Ωm and 0.63 to 2.77 respectively. The feasible good groundwater zones are identified in the south western part and certain pockets of north west of the study area.

6 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

021362   Jenamani R K (Meteorolical Office, I.G.I Airport, New Delhi) : Does break monsoon always mean subdued rainfall over India? - an analysis of role off-shore trough in this aspect. Mausam 2007, 58(4), 572-9.

7 illus, 3 tables, 5 ref

021361   Jasrotia A S;Singh R (Geology P.G. Dep Jammu Univ, , Jammu-180 006, Email: asjasrotia@yahoo.co.uk) : Hydrochemistry and groundwater quality, around devak and rui watersheds of Jammu ragion, Jammu and Kashmir. J Geol Soc India 2007, 69(5), 1042-54.

Hydrochemistry and groundwater quality around Devak-Rui watersheds generate the baseline information of groundwater resources in developing rural as well as urban area of Jammu region. Hydrochemistry around Devak and Rui watershed areas is dominated by alkaline earths and weak acids. Hence the groundwater of the study area is calcium bicarbonate type. Total concentration of all major ions in groundwater increases post-monsoon in comparison to that of pre-monsoon. The groundwater is of calcium- sodium, calcium-magnesium and bicarbonate-chloride-sulphate, chloride-sulphate-bicarbonate facies in the pre-monsoon period, which slightly change into calcium magnesium and chloride-sulphate-bicarbonate facies. Groundwater of the study area is classified as "fresh water", "normal chloride", "normal sulphate", and "under carbonate to normal carbonate" water and is moderately hard to very hard. To ascertain the suitability of groundwater for drinking and public health purposes, hydrochemical parameters of the study area are compared. Based on analysis certain parameters like electrical conductivity, salinity hazard, sodium percent, sodium absorption ratio, residual sodium concentration, integrated SAR and EC, permeability index have been calculated for irrigation water quality. The interpretation on the basis of available data shown that the groundwater of study area is suitable for irrigation and drinking purposes.

8 illus, 4 tables, 30 ref

021360   Jagannadha Rao M;Durgaiah B;Vijay Saradhi B; Jaisankar G;Pundarika Rao D;Ganesh K M (Geology Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam, Email: m_jaro@rediffmail.com) : Spatial variability of groundwater chemical quality in part of Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh. J Geol Soc India 2007, 69(5), 983-8.

Groundwater chemical quality studies were carried out in part of Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh, where fluoride incidence had been earlier reported. The concentration of TDS, TH, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO₄, NO₃ and F of the Borewell waters were compared with drinking water standards of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO). The results indicate that the concentrations of certain quality parameters of the groundwater are exceeding the recommended limits. The GIS analysis revealed that while the Northeastern and Southwestern areas indicated moderate to high levels of pollution, the Northwestern and Southeastern region indicated relatively less pollution. Appropriate measures needed to ensure safe drinking water are discussed.

3 illus, 3 tables, 12 ref

021359   Jadhav S K;Munot A A (Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, , Pune) : Increase in SST of Bay of Bengal and its consequences on the formation of low pressure systems over the Indian region during summer monsoon season. Mausam 2007, 58(3), 391-5.

2 tables, 18 ref

021358   Gore P G;Potdar B V (NO, India Meteorological Dep, Pune) : Variability of extreme heavy rainfall in Maharashtra. Mausam 2007, 58(4), 556-63.

8 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

021357   Gopalkrishna K;Hussain S M;Mahesh Bilwa L; Ayisha V A (Post-Graduate Department of Applied Geology, M.E.S. Ponani College, Ponani-679 586, Email: gkgeo@rediffmail.com) : Recent benthic ostracoda from the inner-shelf off the Malabar coast, Kerala, Southwest coast of India. J Palaeont Soc India 2007, 52(1), 59-68.

Systematic study of Recent bcnthic Ostracoda of southwest coast of India was made, based on 28 beach samples and 48 grab samples collected from the inner-shelf off the Malabar coast, Kerala. Samples were collected from Kumbla in the north and Mahc in the south of the coast and these were subjected to standard micropalcontological techniques. A total of 61 species belonging to 48 genera, 20 families, 3 superfamilics and 2 suborders of the order Podocopida were identified and reported with SEM photomicrography. Among these, Cytherella semiialis, Cytherelloidea leroyi and Keijcyoidea praecipua belong to Platycopa and remaining species belong to Podocopa. Leplocythere pulchra is recorded for the first time from the Indian waters. Hemitrachyleberis siddiquii and Neocytheromorpha reticulates arc recorded for the first lime from the west coast of India. The ostracod fauna of the study area shows close similarity with the ostracod assemblage of the Indo-Pacific region. A relatively slow rate of sedimentation is observed in the inner shelf, based on the carapace-valve ratio.

4 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

021356   Gedam R K;Kulkarni D K (NO, Geological Survey of India, Nagpur-440 006) : Elemental data investigation in pyrite structured minerals by X-RF & AASPM. Ultra Scient phys Sci 2007, 19(2), 195-202.

Fifteen samples were collected from Malanjkhand open cast mine of Balghat district of Madhya Pradesh and field area of Bhimsen Killa Pahar of Bhandara district of Maharshtra State. These minerals were analyzed for elemental investigation of minerals by X-RF and AASPM methods to trance the major, minor and associated minerals. The major elements distributions are interpreted in terms of mineralogical variation- pyrite structured i.e. chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂) and aresenopyrite (FeAsS) are largely responsible for copper, iron, arsenic and sulphur. Based on standard elements, the major elements Cu,Fe,As,S and Si are thought to be mainly present in the samples which were recognized as chalcopyrite and aresenopyrite. The element which are associated with samples are trace elements such as Al,Pb,Ca,Mg and Zn. The samples are dissolved in aqua regia, transformed into chlorides, dried and dissolved in nitric acid. The solutions are analyzed and the intensities of the CuK_a and FeK_a, AsK_a lines respectively are measured. Well-analyzed samples serve as standards. The intensity is proportional to the standard of copper, iron, arsenic and sulphur. So the samples were found as pyrite structured minerals.

6 tables, 16 ref

021355   Gautam J L;Verma R K (India Meteoroogical Dep, , New Delhi) : Seismicity and tectonics of northeast India and northern Burma. Mausam 2007, 58(3), 403-8.

3 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

021354   Dutta S (NO, Meterorological Office, Pune, Email: duttapne@yahoo.co.in) : Parameterization of momentum flux and energy flux associated with orographically excited inernal gravity waves in a baroclinic background flow. Mausam 2007, 58(4), 459-70.

Linear dynamical model for airflow across a three-dimensional meso-scale elliptical barrier has been used to parameterize the vertical energy flux (E_z) and the horizontal components of momentum flux (τZX and τZY) associated with orographically excited internal gravity waves (1GW) in a baroclinic background flow. This model can be used for an arbitrary orographic barrier, although in the present study an elliptical barrier has been considered. Realistic vertical variations in the stability have been incorporated in the model. The solution of model has been obtained quasi-numerically for some selected cases near the Indian mountains [The Western Ghats (WG) and the Khasi-Jayantia (KJ) hills]. Also show that the proposed model can compute the energy flux (E_z) and the horizontal components of momentum flux (τ_zx and τ_zy) associated with orographically excited gravity waves at each level for any barrier.

5 illus, 28 ref

021353   Dugam S S;Kakade S B (NO, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune-410 008, Email: dugam@tropmet.res.in ) : Association of the sea-ice in southern Indian Ocean with ENSO. Indian J Sci Technol 2008, 4(1), (NULL).

The wavelet analysis of monthly mean satellite-derived Sea-Ice Extent (SIE) anomalies in the southern Indian Ocean and in the Antarctica region have been carried out for 22 years (1979-2000) of data. The study reveals that prior to major El Nino events, 2 to 4 and 6 to 8 modes in the SIE anomalies during winter (December-January- February) and spring (March- April-May) seasons are quite dominant and significant in both regions (southern Indian Ocean and Antarctica). The lag lead relationship between SIE and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over different Nino regions are also investigated and it is observed that winter time SIE anomaly in southern Indian Ocean shows a significant relationship with the succeeding year SST anomalies in Nino4 and Nino3.4 regions. The analysis of the zonal flow at 850hPa level (i.e. U anomaly field) over the three regions: east, west and central equatorial Pacific Ocean are also investigated. The study reveals that there is a strong inverse relationship between the SIE in southern Indian Ocean and U anomaly over west and central equatorial Pacific Ocean during winter and spring seasons.

5 illus, 42 ref

021352   Devendra Singh;Virendra Singh;Malik D K (India Meteorological Dep, , New Delhi, Email: dschahar_ds@yahoo.com ) : Retrieval of TPW over ocean from locally received AMSU measurements. Mausam 2007, 58(3), 375-80.

Total Precipitable Water (TPW) in a column of atmosphere is one of the important parameters useful for a number of meteorological applications. In the present study. a neural network based algorithm has been developed for the retrieval of TPW using NOAA-16 AMSU measurements. The TPW has been derived experimentally using NOAA-16 AMSU measurements locally received from High Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT) station at India Meteorological Department (IMD) separately over ocean only. The validation of TPW has been carried out against the TPW derived from Radiosonde (RAOB) data. The bias and mis errors against the RAOB derived TPW have been found to about 0.11 mm and 2.98 mm respectively. The inter comparisons of TPW derived using NOAA AMSU data have also been made with that of NOAA/NESDIS derived TPW. Further, ease study for the potential use of TPW derived from NOAA AMSU data has been carried out. This case study has revealed that the concentration of maximum precipitable water values in conjunction with high Sea surface wind speed data from Quickscat Scatteromeler were found very useful for forecasting the heavy to very heavy rainfall event along the west coast of India. Therefore. AMSU derived TPW could be used as an important parameter for the operational weather forecasting on a real time basis.

5 illus, 5 ref

021351   Das S (Flat#M901, HM Tambourine, 28 Jaraganahalli, Kanakpura Road Bangalore-580 068) : Groundwater governance: ownership of groundwater and its pricing. J Geol Soc India 2007, 69(5), 1133-4.

021350   Das B K;Kaur P (Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: bkd-geochem@hotmail.com ) : Geochemistry of surface and sub-surface waters of Rewalsar lake, Mandi District, Himachal Pradesh: constraints on weathering and erosion. J Geol Soc India 2007, 69(5), 1020-30.

The major ions of surface and sub-surface waters have been primarily derived from the weathering of lithology and contribution from cyclic salt seems to be insignificant as the lake is far away from the ocean. The CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration) value 75.93 supports fairly high chemical weathering and high Na⁺/Cl^- and K⁺/Cl^- ratios in lake water and still higher in groundwater suggests their source other than aerosols. Similar Cl^- and enhancement in Na⁺ in groundwater indicates excess dissolution of Na-feldspar in it. The SO₄₂" and PO₄₃ contribution in waters are also influenced by anthropogenic sources as there is no reported occurrence of minerals in the rocks. The inconsistency observed between clay minerals and natural waters of Rewalsar lake is due to extremely low silica content (0.70 mgl^-1) compared to groundwater (10.89 mgl^-1) due to less silica dissolution and uptake and removal by diatoms/planktons in the surface waters. The chemistry of surface and sub-surface waters do not indicate mixing of the two on a large scale.

8 illus, 2 tables, 40 ref

021349   Chettri N;Thapa R;Shakya B (International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, , G.P.O. Box 3236, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal) : Participatory conservation planning in Kangchenjunga transboundry biodiversity conservation landscape. Trop Ecol 2007, 48(2), 163-76.

Conservation planning in the Eastern Himalaya has taken strides forward during the past one decade. This particularly refers to cooperation for biodiversity conservation and sustainable development for the transboundary conservation landscapes. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development has been facilitating discussion amongst stakeholders including government officials from India, Nepal, China and Bhutan for regional cooperation on transboundary biodiversity conservation. Kangchenjunga complex has been identified as an important transboundary landscape in the Eastern Himalaya. Geographically, it spreade over the natural and national boundaries of Nepal, India, Bhutan and Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. In its southern half there are 14 important protected areas within the landscape and also remnant areas with high biological diversity. Landscape conservation for connecting nine of the 14 protected areas by establishing biological corridors has been promoted. Participatory processes revealed that the transboundary biodiversity conservation is a necessity in the present straddling conservation and sustainable development arena. Kangchenjunga transboundary biodiversity conservation landscape initiative is enhancing regional cooperation for conservation in the landscape. This paper highlights the paradigm shift in conservation while analyzing landscape heterogeneity, conservation corridor linkages and their potentials, and socio-cultural and economic opportunities in the Kangchenjunga landscape.

4 tables, 42 ref

021348   Chakrabarti U;Roy A (Geological survey of India, Seminary Hills, Nagpur-440 006, Email: uchakra@rediffmail.com) : Sedimentary processes and facies of upper pleistocene alluvial fans in the purna valley basin of central India. J Geol Soc India 2007, 69(5), 916-24.

Alluvial fans of Upper Pleistocene age occur as transverse depositional systems along the fault-defined Satpura mountain front that marks the northern margin of Purna Valley Basin. Our findings indicate that the fans were built by three main sedimentary processes : debris flow, sheetflood and stream flow. The debris flow fans are the smallest in size and comprise ill-sorted, matrix supported conglomerates showing evidence of deposition on slopes. The sheetflood fans are larger than debris flow fans in size and are composed predominantly of laterally extensive, tabular, planar-bedded couplets of relatively coarse and fine grained sediments. The stream flow fans are the largest in size and represent channelized flows with sheet-like, clast supported, massive gravel beds as the fundamental depositional unit. It emerges from this study that two essential factors controlled the sedimentary processes acting on the alluvial fans. These are : the size of the drainage basins and the tectonic geomorphology of the mountain front. The debris flow and sheetflood fans are restricted to the linear, tectonically active part of the mountain front dissected by small streams only. The stream flow fans developed adjacent to that part of the mountain front which is tectonically less active, erosionally embayed and drained by rivers with large catchments.

10 illus, 32 ref

021347   Bui H T T;Yamada Y;Matsuoka T (Geophysics Dep, 397 Panama Hall, Stanford Univ, CA 94305, USA, Email: huyenbui@stanford.edu) : Reconstruction of the tectonic evolution of the North Song Hong Basin offshore area in vietnam based on seismic interpretation. J Geol Soc India 2007, 69(5), 885-900.

Song Hong (Red River) Basin is a typical pull-apart basin in Southeast Asia, located in northern Vietnam, extending from onshore to the offshore Gulf of Tonkin. It was formed by the Red River Fault displacement and South China Sea opening, and can be divided into three main parts due to stratigraphic distribution: onshore, northern offshore area and southern offshore area. This basin is considered to have a high potential for hydrocarbons, but only some gas fields have been found to date. In this study, author reinterpreted two-dimensional seismic data from the north Song Hong Basin to build structural maps of the study area. Reconstruction of the tectonic evolution of some typical sections illustrates the structural configuration and especially development of the fault system in the area. The newest results of re-interpretation reveal many flower structures and evidence for the right lateral displacement on the Red River fault after 5.5 Ma, unreported in previous works. This can be used to explain the complex structure of Song Hong Basin and suggests the reason why exploration for hydrocarbon traps is very difficult.

20 illus, 18 ref

021346   Bramha S;Panda U C;Bhatta K;Sahu B K (Marine Sciences Dep, Berhampur University, Berhampur-760 007, Email: snbramha@yahoo.co.in) : Spatial variation in hydrological characteristics of Chilika - a coastal lagoon of India. Indian J Sci Technol 2008, 4(1), (NULL).

The distribution of hydrological characteristics like temperature, pH, salinity, conductivity, DO, BOD, alkalinity, nutrients (NO₂-N, NO₃-N, PO₄-P, SiO₄-Si) along with depth, transparency and turbidity were studied in Chilika, the largest brackish water lagoon in Asia. The results exhibited pronounced spatial variation and distribution pattern, indicating large variations, possibly due to seasonal changes. The photosynthesis of weeds caused the lake water slightly alkaline due to uptake of CO₂ from water column and on the other hand, the formation of humic acid because of decaying of weeds in northern sector lowers the pH of the lake water. The low salinity in northern sector related to influx of more floodwater, which was not very much affected in southern sector. Addition and removal of fresh water, seawater intrusion and mixing bring out the change in salinity of the lagoon. The low DO and high BOD values were associated with the area near to large fishing jetties, where organic decomposition was more. Nitrite exhibited higher concentrations during May due to its release into the water column from the decomposed freshwater weeds. High nitrate during July and August were related to agricultural runoff through floodwater. Silicate concentration showed a well-defined pattern with higher during monsoon months, which was slightly removed at high salinities areas.

1 table, 2 illus, 11 ref

021345   Anandaraja N;Rathakrishnan T;Ramasubramanian M;Saravanan P;Suganthi N S (Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural U, Madurai-625 104, Email: anadaraja_n@rediffmail.com) : Indigenous weather and forecast practices of Coimbatore district farmers of Tamil Nadu. Indian J Tradl Knowledge 2008, 7(4), 630-3.

Traditional beliefs are abundant particularly among the rural community. In many cases, traditional beliefs are existing in the form of well defined indigenous technologies which are valued much and followed in their farming system. Indigenous knowledge includes both technical and non-technical fields covering various social and religious taboos, beliefs and customs, communication patterns, music, ecology, vegetation, climate and so on. A study was conducted at Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu of identifying the various indigenous/traditional weather forecasting methods known/practiced by the farmers. The study contained three categories of sample with a sample size of 30 each, namely Seasonal climate forecast farmers (SCF), Medium Range Weather Forecast Farmers (MRF) and Non-informed (NI) farmers. The farmers were selected using simple random sampling. The data was collected through a well structured and pre-tested interview schedule by employing personal interview technique and percentage analysis was used to analyze the data. Fifteen indigenous/traditional weather and climate related practices were identified. Among different indigenous practices, eleven practices related to rainfall, two practices related to pest and disease incidence and one each for drought and almanac has been delineated.

020491   Srivastava A K;Manik S R;Gawande (P.G. Dep of Geology, SGB Amravati Universtiy, Amravati-444 602) : Diversity of gymnospermous plant remains from upper gondwana sediments of Bairam-Belkher area district Amravati, Maharashtra and district Betul, Madhya Pradesh with remarks on stratigraphic age and palaeoclimate. Phytomorphology 2007, 57(3-4), 153-63.

Total of fifteen gymnosperm tada viz., Ptilophyllum cutchensis, P. acutifolium, P. indicum, Taeniopteris vittata, T. spatulata, T. sp. A, Elatocladus confertus, E. tennerrimus, E. jabalpurensis, E. torryites, Elatocladus sp. of E. kingianus, Pagiophyllum sp., Brachyphyllum expansum, B. rhombicum and Araucarites are recorded from the uppermost Gondwana sediments exposed at Bairam-Belkher area district Amravati, Maharashtra and district Betul, Madhya Pradesh. The mega-floral remains are preserved in the form of impressions in fine grained grey to black clayey horizons. The assemblage shows affinity with the Early Cretaceous co-eval floras of Central India. An attempt has also been made to reconstruct the palaeoecology and palaeoclimate.

5 illus, 1 table, 31 ref

020490   Singh D (NO, Department of Science and Technology, Technology Bhavan, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-110 016) : Monitoring tropical cyclone evolution with NOAA satellites microwave observations. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2008, 37(3), 179-84.

Attempt has been made to demonstrate the potential use of observations from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) onboard NOAA 15, 16, 17 and 18 satellites series for the monitoring of tropical cyclones. Geophysical parameters derived from AMSU measurements like surface pressure, upper tropospheric warm core, gradient winds and cloud liquid water are demonstrated for the monitoring of the intensity of recently formed tropical cyclone in the Bay of Bengal on 28 Nov. 2005. The AMSU soundings, which penetrate high clouds, delineate the development and dissipation of the upper tropospheric warm core associated with a tropical cyclone. Vertical cross-sections reveal the intensification of the upper tropospheric warm core as the storm develops, and the downward propagation of the warm core as the storm dissipates.

020489   Shrivastava P K;Singh G (Physics Dep, Govt. Model Science College, Rewa-486 001, Email: pankaj_in_2001@rediffmail.com ) : Relationship of interplanetary coronal mass ejections with geomagnetic activity. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2008, 37(4), 244-8.

The signatures of Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) associated interplanetary disturbances are called as Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs). In the present study, 69 events of ICMEs have been utilized to derive their relationship with the geomagnetic activity for the period of 1996-2002. A significant positive correlation between Ap-index and ICME speed has been observed. Results of present analysis suggest that ICMEs can produce geomagnetic activity with an increase in geomagnetic Ap-index and decrease in Dst-index.

020488   Sharma S;Sarma D K;Konwar M;Das J;Jain A R (Physics Dep, Kohima Science College, Jotsoma, Nagaland-797 002) : Retrieval of raindrop size distributions from the L-band and VHF wind profilers during convective and stratiform rain. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2008, 37(3), 185-96.

New approach is proposed to retrieve the rain drop size distribution (RDSD) by the combined use of velocity spectra of L-band and VHF wind profilers by taking into account of updrafts/downdrafts. The corrected velocity spectra during rain are fitted with the lognormal functional form by using the Marquerdt-Levenberg algorithm. The corrected velocity spectrum of the L-band profiler is converted to RDSD spectrum. On 22-23 June 2000, for convective and stratiform rain, the retrieved rain integral parameters from the wind profilers are compared with Joss-Waldovegel Disdrometer (JWD) measurements. Reasonably good agreement is found between the observations from these two systems, when the updrafts/downdrafts corrections are applied. During the convective rain, for rain rate, the root mean square (rmse) and correlation coefficients are found to be 5.0 mm/h and 0.74, respectively and for mean rain drop diameter (D_m) the rmse and correlation coefficient are 0.66 mm and 0.58. Similarly during stratiform rain, rmse and correlation coefficients for rain rate are found to be 1.01 mm/h and 0.71. For D_m, the rmse and correlation coefficient are 0.67 mm and 0.65, respectively. An inverse relationship is observed between profiler derived total number of drops (N_t) and D_m.

020487   Reddy R R;Rama Gopal K;Siva Sankara Reddy L; Narasimhulu K;Nazeer Ahammed Y;Rao T V R (Physics Dep, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur-515 003 (AP)) : Surface ozone measurements at Anantapur (AP), India. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2008, 37(3), 209-15.

The ozone-mixing ratio in ambient air is being measured for every 15 min at Anantapur, a semi-arid zone since April 2001 and analysed. The results show diurnal, day-to-day and seasonal variability. A typical diurnal variation shows an increase during the day, reaching maximum around local noon. However, the diurnal minimum is reached about an hour after sunrise but not during night. The other important feature observed is that the magnitude of the diurnal variation as well as the absolute concentrations of ozone are much higher in winter and summer than in autumn. While the average ozone during noon hours in autumn months is about 25 ppbv, it becomes as high as 50 ppbv during winter and summer months.

020486   Ranjit Kumar;Srivastava S S;Maharaj Kumari K (Applied Chemistry, D E I Technical College, Dayalbagh, Agra-282 005, Email: maharajkumari.k@rediffmail.com) : Modeling dry deposition of S and N compounds to vegetation. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2008, 37(4), 272-8.

Deals with parameterization method based on meteorological parameters for calculation of dry deposition S and N compounds on natural surfaces (leaf of Cassia siamea) as direct measurement methods are cumbersome. A theoretical method for calculation of dry deposition of S and N compounds based on meteorological parameters has been outlined by which all the resistances responsible for deposition of gases and particles on vegetation could be determined. Since, numerous steps are involved in calculation; a computer program has been developed to make it fast, convenient and more useful. The deposition velocity of SO₂, HNO₃, SO₄^2- and NO₃^- obtained by current parameterization method on vegetation (leaf of Cassia siamea) at Dayalbagh, Agra in a semi-arid region of India is 0.32, 0.74, 1.16 and 1.07 cms^-1. The obtained deposition velocities are in the reported range on vegetation.

020485   Ram Prakash;Gupta D D;Agrawal B M;Singh M K; Chauhan P (Physics Dep, Bipin Bihari PG College, Jhansi-284 001) : ELF hiss generation at lower edge of inner radiation belt. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2008, 37(3), 174-8.

Attempt has been made to investigate the possibility of generation of ELF hiss emissions (a few hundred Hz ≤ f ≤ 3 kHz) at the lower edge of inner radiation belt (L = 1.2) by calculating their equatorial magnetic field intensities in terms of incoherent and coherent Cerenkov radiation mechanisms. The results indicate that ELF hiss emissions can not be generated by incoherent Cerenkov radiation mechanism at this location, because the intensities calculated in terms of this mechanism are found to be much lower than the observed intensities. The intensities calculated in terms of coherent Cerenkov radiation mechanism, being several orders of magnitude higher than the observed ones, indicate that the conditions are propitious for the generation of ELF hiss emissions (other than the plasmaspheric hiss) having large wave normal angles at the lower edge of inner radiation belt (L = 1.2) through partially coherent Cerenkov radiation mechanism. This is not, however, true in the case of plasmaspheric hiss (f <60> 1 kHz), which is thought to be originated in the vicinity of the plasmapause through electron-cyclotron resonance instability mechanism and reaching the lower L-shells after several magnetospheric reflections from there.

020484   Ragini N;Shashikumar T S;Chandrashekara M S; Sannappa J;Paramesh L (Studies in Physics Dep, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570 006, Email: lp@physics.uni-mysore.ac.in) : Temporal and vertical variations of atmospheric electrical conductivity related to radon and its progeny concentrations at Mysore. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2008, 37(4), 264-71.

Atmospheric electrical conductivity, radon and its progeny concentrations are measured simultaneously at Mysore city (12° 18''N, 76° 36''E and 767 m above mean sea level), India. The concentrations of radon and its progeny are higher during nighttime compared to the daytime attaining maximum in the early morning (0400-0700 hrs IST). The electrical conductivity of the atmosphere also shows similar variations. The vertical variation shows a decrease of conductivity with increase in height. The weekly variations in conductivity show a higher value on Sundays compare to other weekdays. These results are discussed in terms of ionization rate due to radioactivity and meteorological parameters.

020483   Padhiyar N;Nagar T N (Chemistry Dep, Veer Narmad South Gujarat Univ, Surat-395 007) : Infrared, magnetic susceptibility, solubility and conductivity of chloro pentamine cobalt (III) soaps. Acta Cienc Indica-Chem 2007, 33(3), 253-60.

The infrared spectra and magnetic susceptibility of Chloro pentamine Co (III) soaps viz. Myristate, Palmitate and Stearate were obtained to determine their structure in solid state. Solubility studies of these soaps in some hydrocarbons and alcohol showed that they have higher solubilities compared to the corresponding Cobalt carboxylates. They were about 30-70 times more soluble than ordinary cobalt soaps. The conductivity behavior of these soap solutions has been investigated in various alcohols and in varying compositions of Methanol-Benzene mixture with a view to determine the Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC) of these soap solution.

2 illus, 5 tables, 24 ref

020482   Onuu M U;Adeosin A (Physics Dep, University of Calabar, P.M.B. 1115, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria, Email: monuu@justice.com) : Investigation of propagation characteristics of UHF waves in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2008, 37(3), 197-203.

Propagation characteristics of 2.0 GHz ultra high frequency (UHF) waves in Akwa Ibom State (lat. 4.50°N 5.50°N, long. 7.50°E 8.30°E), Nigeria, have been investigated along their line-of-sight (LOS) links. The LOS was obtained in all the cities in the state where the investigation was conducted. There is good agreement between measured and calculated values of Fresnel zone clearance deducted from path profile. The difference between measured and calculated values varies from 0.92 m to 1.68 m for 0.6 zone number and from 2.56 m to 4.68 m for 2.0 zone number. Also calculated and measured values of path loss (isotropic radiator) vary in the range 109.09-132.00 dB for 0.6 zone number to 110.66-132.72 dB for 2.0 zone number. Results further show that signal strength and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are in the range of from - 87 to - 80 dm and 11-18 dB, respectively. Receiving antennae heights fall within 0.6-1.0 Fresnel zone numbers for good reception of UHF signals in Akwa Ibom State. City or degree of urbanization influences UHF propagation in a characteristic manner.

020481   Mukherjee G K;Shetti D J (NO, Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, New Panvel(W), Navi Mumbai-410 218, Email: gkm@iigs.iigm.res.in) : Plasma drift motion in the F-region of the ionosphere using photometric nightglow measurements. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2008, 37(4), 249-57.

The equatorial ionospheric plasma irregularities have been studied in the last few years by different ground based (radar, digisonde, GPS, optical instruments) techniques and in situ rocket and satellite measurements. The time evolution and propagation characteristics of these irregularities have been used to study the important aspects of ionospheric dynamics and thermosphere-ionosphere coupling. In this study the plasma drift motion has been inferred in zonal and meridional directions at Kolhapur (16.8°E, 74.2°E, dip latitude 10.6°N) by measuring the OI 630.0 nm intensities at three directions in zenith using tilting filter photometers. Also, the observed zonal plasma drift velocities are compared with the thermospheric zonal neutral wind velocities obtained from the HWM-93 model to investigate the thermosphere-ionosphere coupling. In general there is good agreement between the model predictions and the observations. The HWM-93 model also reproduces well the altitudinal and latitudinal variations of the neutral wind velocity in the low latitude region. The dominant periodicities observed in OI 630.0 nm intensity fluctuations on a Spread-F night were typically varying between 30 and 50 min.

020480   Manohar Lal;Subramanian M V (Equatorial Geophysical Research Lab, Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Krishnapuram, Maharajanagar, Tirunelveli-627 011, Email: e-mail: mlal@iigs.iigm.res.in) : Geomagnetic-induced tropopause temperature and wind variation over low latitude. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2008, 37(4), 258-63.

Reports the effect of geomagnetic storm on 200 mb altitude temperature and wind at a low latitude (8.7°N, 77.8°N) Indian region. The severe and strong geomagnetic storm (Dst <60> - 100 nT) between 2000 and 2005 has been studied. The impact of the geomagnetic activity on temperature and wind variation is affected by the QBO (Quasi-Biennial Oscillation) phase. The tropopause temperature increases by <126> 2.5 K during W-phase of QBO and decreases by <126> 1.5 K during E-phase of QBO. The time lag between the onset of the event and the maximum change in temperature becomes a minimum during the transition phase of QBO. The horizontal wind velocity shows a pronounced effect over the east coast of India. The effect has not been observed during the onset of the south-west monsoon. The vertical wind velocity at 200 mb shows increase (or decrease) during W- (or E-) phase of the event.

020479   Gurhan Yalcin M;Battaloglu R;Ilhan S;Tumuklu A;Topuz D (Geological Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Nigde Univ, 51200 Nigde, Turkey, Email: gurhan46@nigde.edu.tr ) : Heavy metal contamination along the Nigde-Adara highway, Turkey. Asian J Chem 2007, 19(2), 1506-18.

This study was conducted on the route of D805 and D750 state highways and TEM E90 motorway connecting the Nigde and Adana cities in central and southern Anatolia. The aim of study is to determine the heavy metal contamination in upper level of soil along the D805, D750 and TEM highways. Heavy metal concentrations were measured with Spectro-Xepos Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer. Results of heavy metal analyses on soil samples reveal a significant contamination. It was determined that heavy metal accumulation is closely associated with traffic intensity. The heavy metal ranges and averages for soil samples at D805, D750 and TEM E90 roads were found as 16980-62790/37907.76, 17.8-98.6 743.62, 20-217/71.65, 56.5-405.9/165.55, 3.6-5.1/4.33, 75.5-596.2/175.76. 169-1167/554.9, 24-79/39.47. 316-1289/764.97, 1830-5048/3088.23, 6.8-15/8.56, 22-26/23.89, 2.8-63.4/13.86 mg/kg for Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn. Cd. Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Ti, Sn, Mo and As elements, respectively. In this study, all heavy metal contents to have a toxic effect.

3 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

020478   De S S;Adhikari S K;De M;Bandyapadhyay B;Guha A;Paul S;De B K (Centre of Advanced Study in Radiophysics & Electronics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700 009, Email: de_syam_sundar@yahoo.co.in) : Study on heating of the lower ionosphere during lightning. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2008, 37(2), 109-13.

Heating of the ionosphere due to incidence of electromagnetic pulses coming from lightning discharges has been theoretically investigated. The electromagnetic radiation from lightning discharges produces variation in ionizing frequency and effective collision frequency of electrons. The energy gained by the free electrons from the incident electric fields of wide-band electromagnetic pulses from lightning strikes is not instantaneously transferred to the heavy particles in the medium, due to which the electron temperature is raised. Variation of temperature increase has been estimated.

020477   Calla O P N;Rathore U;Chakravorty G;Joshi N D;Parihar V (NO, International Center for Radio Science (ICRS), "OM NIWAS" A-23 Shastri Nagar, Jodhpur-342 003) : Study of MSMR retrieved data using map generation and representation methodology over Rajasthan, India. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2008, 37(4), 279-84.

The microwave radiometer MSMR (Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer) data available in the months of June 1999-2001 have been studied. These data have been represented on the map of Rajasthan. The map has been generated using layered approach. The data available at 6.6 GHz for both horizontal and vertical polarization have been used for this study. The brightness temperature T_B within 150 km diameter circle is displayed on the map of Rajasthan at the longitude and latitude obtained from the data set. The longitudes and latitudes are grouped in three zones A, B and C, depending on the geophysical parameters of the different sites.

019395   Srinivas P;Sarala C;Prabhakara Chowdary P (Civil Engineering Dep, K.L. College of Engineering, Vaddeswaram, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh) : Integrated watershed management using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Nat Envir Pollut Technol 2007, 6(3), 463-70.

Watershed is a geo-hydrological unit draining at a common point by a system of streams. Watershed management is the rational utilization of land and water resources for optimum production with minimum hazard to natural resources. Remote sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques can be utilized for effective management of land and water resources in a watershed. Even the Government of Andhra Pradesh is implementing watershed development programs on priority basis for sustainable development of land and water resources on holistic approach. The activities of watershed management mainly include rainwater harvesting structures, soil conservation measures and environmental protection measures. The study area was Boothpur Mandal, which is one of the 64 mandals of Mahaboobnagar district. These areas have been identified as chronically drought affected areas in the State because of scanty and erratic rainfall. Collection of source data like satellite data of two seasons, SOI toposheets and village maps were carried out. Secondary data like ground water levels, agriculture, population and socioeconomic data were collected. Various thematic maps like base map, contour map, drainage map, soil map, geomorphology map, slope map and land use/land cover map were prepared by using SOI toposheets and satellite imageries. After analysing all maps, action plan map was generated for the soil and water conservation in the study area.

7 illus, 4 ref