017008   Shrivastava G P (Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment, , Manali-175 103) : Percentile data analysis of snowfall in J & K and Saichen glaciers region. Def Sci J 2006, 56(4), 569-76.

Indian Hsimalayas are located between castings 72° to 96° and the northings 26° to 37° stretching to about 43000 km² area. There are five major ranges in this region, ie. Pir Panjal, Greater Himalayas, Zanskar, Laddakh, and Karakoram. Saltoro range is the major branch of widespread Karakoram range which falls in Indian territory. Saichen glaciers are located in Saltoro range. Percentile data of snowfall gives first-hand information about the snowfall pattern in Jammu and Kashmir and Saichen glaciers, the two distinguished areas of Indian Himalayas which would help in prediction of avalanche activity in these areas. Western disturbance originating from Caspian sea basically dictates the weather condition in this region. Western disturbance approaches from western side and hits Pir Panjal range and Greater Himalayan range first, and then either it moves to further north or towards north-estern region. Western disturbance yields maximum precipitation during winter season over north-west Himalayas, but as it moves further, it looses the moisture content, hence reducing the solid snowfall quantily but stays for a longer duration due to extremely low temperatures observed in the region of Saichen glaciers. The data analysis shows that the snowfall takes place in Saichen glacier throughout the year whereas in Jammu and Kashmir area, snowfall takes place only during winter season. Change in snowfall pattern in these two regions is attributed to the variation in temperature in these regions, movement of weather system, and the difference in altitude. In the present study, four locations at varied altitudes from Jammu and Kashmir area and the complete Saichen glaciers region have been covered to analyse the snowfall pattern for the period from 1995-2000.

6 illus, 5 tables, 4 ref

017007   Shrivastava G P (Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment, , Manali-175 103) : Percentile data analysis of snowfall in J & K and Saichen glaciers region. Def Sci J 2006, 56(4), 569-76.

Indian Himalayas are located between eastings 72° to 96° and the northings 26° to 37° strecthing to about 43000 km² area. There are five major ranges in this region, ie, Pir Panja, Greater Himalayas, Zanskar, Laddakh, and Karakoram. Saltoro range is the major branch of widespread Karakoram ranges which falls in Indian territory. Saichen glaciers are located in Saltoro range. Percentile data of snow fall gives first-hand information about the snowfall pattern in Jammu and Kashmir and Saichen glaciers, the two distinguished areas of Indian Himalayas which would help in prediction of avalanche activity in these areas. Western disturbance originating from Caspian sea basically dictates the weather condition in this region. Western disturbance approaches from western side and hits Pir Panjal range and Greater Himalayan range first, and then either it moves to further north or towards north-eastern region. Western disturbance yields maximum precipitation during winter season over north-west Himalayas, but as it moves further, it looses the moisture content, hence reducing the solid snowfall quantity but stays for a longer during winter season. Change in snowfall pattern in these two regions is attributed to the variation in temperature in these regions, movement of weather system, and the difference in altitude. In the present study, four locations at varied altitudes from Jammu and Kashmir area and the complete Saichen glaciers region have been covered to analyse the snowfall pattern for the period from 1995-200.

^ssc6 illus, 5 tables, 5 ref

017006   Sashi Kumar M C;Jayanthi S;Chandran S (Civil Engng Dep, Govt Coll of Technol, Coimbatore) : Assessment of ground water potential zones for a watershed using GIS. Indian J envir Res 2006, 18(1), 22-6.

Attempts to demarcate groundwater potential zones in study area using a GIS approach. GIS combines spatial database management, statistical analyzing and cartographic modeling capabilities within computer hardware and software configuration. GIS technique has been used to create the database, which is necessary to assess the ground water potential and demarcation of the different ground water potential zones of the watershed. To find out the ground water potentiality map of the area, the various thematic maps such as Land use pattern, Soil type, Geology, Geomorphology, Slope were integrated in Arc View environment and the weighted average method has been used by assigning suitable weights to each themes. The outputs from the GIS based weighted overlay method show that integration of all thematic layers and its attributes provides more accurate results in identification of groundwater potential zones in the study area.

7 illus, 1 table, 5 ref

017005   Sadhuram Y;Ramana Murthy T V;Somayajulu Y K (NO, National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, 176, Lawsons Bay Colony, Visakhapatnam-530 017, Email: sadhuram@nio.og) : Tropical cyclone heat potential in the Bay of Bengal and its role in the genesis and intensification of storms. Indian J Mar Sci 2006, 35(2), 132-8.

Cyclone heat potential (CHP) in the Bay of Bengal has been estimated for different seasons using Levitus climatology. A good association was noticed between CHP and the efficiency of intensification (i.e. the ratio between severe storms to total number of storms (in 5° X 5° grid), for the period, 1877-1977. CHP has been estimated using CTD data collected along the transects 88°E(4° -20° N) and 11.5°N(81° -92°E) during 1993-96 under pre-, during and post-SW monsoon seasons. These estimates are compared with those obtained from TOPEX/Poseidon sea surface height anomalies (SSHA) and TMI (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Microwave Imager) SST using a two layer gravity model. The above estimates are also compared in the Andaman Sea for the 1996 post- SW monsoon season. It appears that the later method underestimates the CHP in the regions of anti cyclonic gyre (ACG). A relation between CHP and SSHA is proposed for the Bay of Bengal which shows a high correlation of 0.79 (N=67; significant at <62>99% level) using the CTD data.

3 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

017004   Rhome J R;Raman S (Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch, Tropical Prediction Center, Miami, FL, USA) : Environmental influences on tropical cyclone structure and intensity: a review of past and present literature. Indian J Mar Sci 2006, 35(2), 61-72.

Tropical Cyclone (TC) track forecast skill has shown a steadily increasing trend in the north Atlantic basin over the last decade in contrast to little or no improvement in intensity forecast skill. This is attributable in part to a lack of in-situ observations to measure important inner-core processes and the inability of current operational numerical models to accurately resolve the inner-core dynamics. Consequently, much is unknown about TC intensity change, and the most skillful intensity forecasting techniques still rely upon climatology and persistence. The forecasting of rapid changes in intensity has been particularly difficult. the need for improved TC intensity forecast has never been greater due to rapidly increasing population in coastal communities. this is the motivation for the review, which seeks to discuss our current knowledge and highlight the most fruitful area for future work. this is accomplished through a literature review of past and present research with emphasis on current gaps in knowledge.

^iia124 ref

017003   Rao K H;Smitha A;Ali M M (Oceanography division, National Remote Sensing Agency, , Balanagar, Hyderabad 500 037) : Cyclone induced productivity in south-western Bay of Bengal during November-December 2000 using MODIS (SST and chlorophyll-a). Indian J Mar Sci 2006, 35(2), 153-60.

MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on board TERRA weekly composite mean products of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a, and modeled ocean net primary productivity with a spatial resolution of 4.63 km and altimeter derived sea surface height (SSH) data are used to study the changes in the primary productivity (PP) induced by the November-December 2000 tropical cyclone in the Bay of Bengal. A maximum SST drop of 2°, a sea surface depression of 10 cm compared to the periphery, increase in chlorophyll-a by 1.5 mg/m³ and enhanced average mixed PP of 964 gC/m²/y were observed around 11.0°N and 81.0°E after the passage of the cyclonic storm. The enhanced PP after the passage of the cyclone supports the base of the pelagic marine food web, directly affecting the fishery productivity.

5 illus, 18 ref

017002   Mandal M;Mohanty U C;Das A K (Centre for Atmospheric Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016) : Impact of satellite derived wind in mesoscale simulation of Orissa super cyclone. Indian J Mar Sci 2006, 35(2), 161-73.

Prediction of track and intensity of tropical cyclones in one of the most challenging problems in numerical weather prediction (NWP). Providing reasonably accurate initial condition to tropical cyclone forecast models has always been a problem to numerical weather forecasters. Recent advancements in spatial resolution and radiometric sensitivity have significantly improved the accuracy and density of satellite derived wind. Examined the impact of satellite derived winds in improving model initial condition and hence in mesoscale simulation of cyclonic storm. In this study, PSU/NCAR mesoscale model MM5 is used to produce 5-day simulation of the super cyclone that crossed Orissa coast on 29 October 1999. Winds derived QSCAT, SSM/I, MSMR and METEOSAT-5 satellites are used in preparation of high-resolution reanalysis (HRR) and improving model initial condition. The strength of the southwesterly wind (over ocean) converging to the storm is found to be stronger both in the HRR and improved model initial condition compared to that in the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The strenth of the cyclonic vortex is also better represented in the HRR and improved model initial condition. Improvement in model initial condition has resulted in consistent and significant improvement (35% in average) in prediction of the track of the storm.

12 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

017001   Gusain H S;Chandel C;Ashwani;Prashar A (Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment, , RDC, Chandigarh-160 036) : Quantitative step-loading block test: a substitute for loaded-column test. Def Sci J 2006, 56(4), 577-83.

9 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

017000   Gusain H S;Chaman Chandel;Ashwani;Prashar A (Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment, , RDC, Chandigarh-160 036) : Quantitative step-loading block test: a substitute of loaded column test. Def Sci J 2006, 56(4), 577-83.

New snowpack stability test, quantitative step-loading block test (QSLBT) has been developed and used operationally by the Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment durign the winter 2004-05 at Patsio Research Station in Great Himalayan range. The test is simple, takes less time in measurement, and effectivel communicates the results. In the test, an isolated snow column of area 13 cm x 18 cm (0.234 m² or may be upt to 0.30 m²) is cut out of the wall of a snow pit. A wooden block of known weight (0.21 kg) and of the dimension 13 cm x 18 cm is placed over the snow block and loaded in steps with iron weights of known quantity. On loading if the block fails, the height of failure from ground and the load by which the failure of block has taken place, are noted. While most of the stability tests in snow provide just an estimate of snowpack instability, the test provides the quantity of load required to fail the snowpack. More than 40 tests has been carried out in Great Himalayan range during the winter 2004-05 and were compared with the shear strength of the failure plane. The results are in good agreement with shear frame test.

^ssc9 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

016999   Deo A A;Ganer D W;Salvekar P S (NO, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan,Pune 411 008, Email: aad@tropmet.res.in) : Oceanic mixed layer variations during the movement of cyclone along symmetric tracks in the Indian Ocean. Indian J Mar Sci 2006, 35(2), 111-22.

The understanding of significant changes in the oceanic mixed layer is important for dynamical prediction of tropical cyclone. Study aims at examining the variations in the upper ocean parameters during the movement of dropical cyclone in northern and southern Indian Ocean, by applying 1 1/2 layer wind driven reduced gravity ocean model. Different idealized tracks in the Bay of Bengal and their mirror images in southern hemisphere are considered. the model produced mixed layer depth, temperature and currents are compared for northern and southern hemispheric cyclone cases. Also the effect of latitude for westward moving cyclones in both the hemisphere is investigated. Gor this, tracks in the Arabian Sea and their counter parts in the southern hemisphere are considered. The maximum cooling found in the wake of cyclone is of the order of 3 - 4°C, which is comparable with earlier studies and observations. This significant cooling can cause weakening of the storm. This can be useful for prediction especially in the event of a cyclonic storm heading towards land and likely to make land fall. Moreover it is also seen the mixed layer is cooled more on the right (left) of the storm tract in northern (southern) hemisphere. this cooling decreases for the storms translating along higher latitudes implying the sensivity of the latitudinal location of the storm.

7 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

016998   Chowday J S;Gnanaseelan C;Thompson B;Salvekar P S (Theoretical Studies Division, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune-411 008) : Seasonal variations of synoptic features over the north Indian Ocean during dipole years. Indian J Mar Sci 2006, 35(2), 75-86.

Recent studies found that the atmospheric circulation over the Indian Ocean region is highly influenced by the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) forcing. National Centre for Environmental Prediction and National center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis data toobserve the IOD related variability at different pressure levels from surface to upper troposphere during the spring season. The study period (1982-2001) includes three positive IOD (1982, 1994 and 1997) and two negative IOD years (1992 and 1996). It is observed that during the spring season the variations in the lower tropospheric winds were stronger in the positive IOD years than the negative dipole mode years. Signals associated with IOD were weak over upper tropospheric fields. In order to strengthen the IOD events in the upcoming boreal autumn, the warming in the central and western Indian Ocean is necessary right from spring season onwards. The extreme western Indian Ocean (west of 60°E) warming and eastern cooling are not sufficient to strengthen the dipole mode structure. Although the variations in surface wind stress is small over the central Indian Ocean during spring, it has significant effect on equatorial Wyrtki Jets and the resultant variation may occur in thermal structure of equatorial Indian Ocean in summer monsoon period. During strong dipole mode years the seasonal variability was found to be more in various fields (surface, wind, sea furface temperature, outgoing long wave radiation and surface heat flux) than weaker dipole mode years.

8 illus, 17 ref

016997   Bhatla R;Mohanty U C;Raju P V S (Department of Geophysics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005) : Variability of Indian Ocean surface meteorological fields during summer monsoon in EL Nino/La Nina years. Indian J Mar Sci 2006, 35(2), 93-103.

Possible linkages between Indian summer monsoon rainfall and surface meteorological fields (basic fields and heat bedget components) were investigated during El Nino years and La Nina years. for this purpose, monthly surface meteorological fields in pre-monsoon month of May and summer monsoon season (June to September) were analyzed using reanalysis data NCEP/NCAR (National Centre for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research). the statistical significance of the anomaly (difference) between the El Nino years and La Nina years in the surface meteorological fields was also examined. The significant negative precipitation anomalies over Indian landmass show that monsoon activity increases considerably during La Nina years. Significant positive anomalies of mean sea level pressure are observed over India during, Arabian Sea and Arabia in pre-monsoon month of May and monsoon season during El Nino years. Weaker westerlies develop in the west Arabian Sea in the month of may during El Nino years. the stronger southerlies in the monsoon months of La Nina years indicate higher northward transport of moisture. In the month of May, significant negative anomalies of cloud amount are observed over Somali coast, north Bay of Bengal and adjoining West Bengal and Bangladesh. During monsoon season, cloud amount shows negative anomalies over northwest India and Arabian Sea. There is overall reduction in the incoming shortwave radiation flux over northwest India, Arabia and north Arabian Sea during La Nina years. A significant higher magnitude of latent heat flux was also found over northwest India, central India and south Indian Ocean during La Nina years during monsoon season. the distribution of net heat flux is predominantly positive over northwest India and adjoining region, south Indian Ocean during monsoon season.

5 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

016996   Ali M M;gopalan A K S;Babu K N;Sharma R; Weller R A (Oceanography Division, National Remote Sensing Agency, , Hyderabad-500 037) : Predicting upper ocean mixed layer depth in the north Indian Ocean using surface fluxes from a medium range weather forecast system. Indian J Mar Sci 2006, 35(2), 104-10.

Prediction of mixed layer depth (MLD) in the North Indian Ocean up to five days in advance was attempted using the one-dimensional numerical model of Price et al. The model was first tested using the computed fluxes and profiles data from a moored buoy in the Arabian Sea. The model was first tested using the computed fluxes and profiles data from a moored buoy in the Arabian Sea. the forecast fields from National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) were sued for predicting MLD. MLD over the entire study area was computed by running the model on a 1°X1° grid. The predicted MLD was compared with estimations from the in situ temperature profiles. Except at a few stations, where heat advection would have played a critical role in controlling mixed layer thermodynamics and thereby influencing the MLD, the RMS error was less than 10 m.

2 illus, 4 tables, 14 ref

016038   Varshney R S (NO, , Siddhi Datri, 8/127, Sector-3, Rajendra Nagar, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad-201 005) : Navigation in vedic and buddhist period. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2005, 25(3), 39-45.

4 illus, 8 ref

016037   Umma Sabitha A;Santhidevi R;Rajamanickam G V (Earth Sciences Dep, Tamil Univ, Thanjavur-613 005) : Geomorphology of the coast between Devipattinam to Sethubavachattiram, Tamil Nadu. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 59-68.

Coastal geomorphology is gaining momentum for various usages by the Planners, Administrators and Scientists in the field of Coastal Zone Management a study of such nature has been undertaken in the east of Palk Bay region starting in the south from Devipattinam and ending in the north at Sethubavachattiram in Tamil Nadu. The base map is prepared from a toposheet of 1:50,000. The characteristics observed independently in aerial photographs and satellite imagery, are superimposed in the base map to get the coastal geomorphological map of the study region. Every landform such as beach ridge, swale, sand dune, palaeo-tidal flat, tidal barrier island, alluvial plain, chenier, palaeo-lagoon, salt marshes, mudflat, mangroves, lagoons, etc., have been recognized from imagery have been confirmed after the field check. The various dimensions of palaeo-tidal flats and beach ridges in this area atleast three transgressions that had taken place during Late Quaternary and Holocene period. The presence of landforms typical of depositional environment directs the possibility of progradation and also the emerging nature of the studied coastline.

1 illus, 17 ref

016036   Ramani S E;Rajamanickam G V (School of Civil Engineering, Sastra University, Thanjavur-613 402) : Drainage morphometry of Thevankarai river. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 69-76.

Morphometry is the measurement and mathematical analysis of configuration of the earth's surface, the shape and dimensions of its landforms. This paper attempts to quantify the drainage properties of the Thevankarai River. The geometric properties of the drainage basin are estimated using GIS. The geomorphic (linear, aerial and relief aspects) properties are calculated using the geometric properties. This gives an idea about the drainage characteristics and general geomorphic processes in the study area. The quantity of erosion is estimated using the Jose and Das formula. The drainage morphometric parameters are useful to study the terrain configuration and the effect of the drainage morphometry on stability of the study area. The drainage network also serves as an index of the magnitude of fluvial processes and resultant soil erosion.

3 illus, 1 table, 7 ref

016035   Rajesh Kumar V;Rajamanickam G V (School of Civil Engineering, Sastra Univ, Thanjavur-613 402) : Estimation of sediment production rate for a subwatershed using geographic information system. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 77-80.

Sediment Production Rate(SPR) is the volume of sediment produced per unit drainage area per unit time. In the study, sediment production rate was estimated using Jose & Das formula (1982) for a subwatershed since this technique can be adopted when data on the land use/cover, soil and slope Information is not available and is also time saving compared with SYI and USLE methods. The geometric parameters of the study area needed for estimating, SPR such as length, perimeter and area of the watershed were found out with the help of GIS.

1 illus, 4 ref

016034   Panda M;Ray P (Geology Dep, Khallikote Autonomous College, Berhampur (GM)-760 001) : Role of lithology and structure in the development of drainage network in the Patatma watershed, Orissa, India based partly on remote sensing data. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 1-8.

Lithology and the structure play a great role in the development of drainage network in any area which can be better understood by studying the drainage pattern and quantitative morphometric analysis. A study was carried out in the Patama Watershed, Orissa (India) in which different drainage patterns are deciphered and different quantitative morphometric characteristics (both linear and areal) and analysed using standard established methods. The detailed analyses reveal that, the drainage network are indeed controlled and affected by bedrock lithology and associated structures.

6 illus, 2 tables, 38 ref

016033   Nayak G K;Agrawal P K;Rama Rao C;Pandey O P (NO, National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad-500 007, Email: goutam_mi@hotmail.com) : Thickness estimation of deccan flood basalt of the Koyna area, Maharashtra (India) from inversion of aeromagnetic and gravity data and implications for recurring seismic activity. Curr Sci 2006, 91(7), 961-5.

Inversion of aeromagnetic data results into a Deccan basalt thickness of about 1500 m below the Koyna region. Further, inversion of gravity data indicates that the entire column of lava below this region is made up of non-massive vesicular type of basalts having a low density of 2.58 g/cm³ and a porosity of about 17%. Presence of vesicles, faults and fractures within the porous basaltic column appears to facilitate the diffusion of fluid in the surrounding medium and in the basement, thus causing the reactivation of faults which may be responsible for recurring seismic activity in this region.

8 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

016032   Naik P K;Awasthi A K (Central Ground Water Board, Central Region, , NS Building, Civil Lines, Nagpur-440 001) : Groundwater resources development in the Koyna river basin, Maharashtra-strategy for the western ghats region. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2005, 25(3), 25-33.

Groundwater resources development has been a challenge for the Western Ghats region of the Indian Peninsula characterized predominantly by the basaltic lavaflows. Discusses few development options relevant to the prevailing hydrogeological conditions in the Koyna River basin that characteristically represents the physiographic set-up of the Western Ghats region in Maharashtra State. Artificial recharge measures have been suggested for the water-scarcity areas, while conjunctive use of water resources has been recommended for the command areas of the irrigation schemes. Emphasis has been laid upon the popularization of borewells and augmentation of the existing dugwells. Suggestions have also been given for proper siting of the dugwells and borewells on the basis of an analysis of the fracture and lineament patterns and geomorphic features. Measures have been suggested for the development springs at higher elevations.

1 illus, 10 ref

016031   Mukhpadhyay S C (Geography Dep, Calcutta Univ, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata-700 019) : Recent tsunamis and the coastal geomorphology of India. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 105-12.

Deals with a study on the problems of recent tsunamis and the coastal geomorphology of India. The earthquakes have generated the seismic waves which have occurred recently in the coastal tracts of the South and South Eastern Asia. One of the greatest earthquake and of the country, of magnitude (9.3, BGS; initially estimated M=8) struck northern Sumatra on 26 December 2004 at 00'.58:53UTC (06:39 1ST). It triggered off the deadliest tsunami related disaster in modern history devastating vast stretches of coastal belts cutting a swathe through in Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Maldives and even those at the east coast of Africa. There were also catastrophic damages and devastations in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and in Sumatra, and in islands nearby. The earthquake originated in the Indian ocean at 30 km depth below MSL (earlier estimated 10 km) and just north of Simeulue island, 160 km off the coast of north Sumatra. The causative fault rupture was upthrusted-15 m along the Sunda-Andaman subduction zone. The rupture was not instantaneous along this entire length but incremental and spasmodic in two main phases. Seismographic data indicate that the first phase involved a rupture of about 400 km long and 100 km wide. "The rupture proceeded at a speed of about 2 km/sec, beginning off the coast of Acheh (Sumatra) and proceeding NW Waras over about 100 sec. A pause of about another 100 sec took place before the rupture continued northward to Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Tsunami (or 'Harbor Waves' as the name imply) is caused by a shock near or below the sea surface. It is often referred to as the result of a sudden rise or fall of a section of the earth's crust under or near the ocean. This rise or fall in the sea level initiates a tsunami. Volcanism, landslides and the impact of asteroids on the sea/ocean occurring above or below the sea surface can also create tsunami. These activities generally produce tsunamis with much less energy than those produced by submarine faults and that too by thrust faults in the subduction zone.

5 illus, 7 ref

016030   Magar P P;Nagarale V R;Mishra N C (A.A. College, Winzar (Velhe), , Pune-412 038) : Piedmont plain: a geomorphic overview of Satpura piedmont in western Vidharbha, Maharashtra. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 37-42.

Piedmont refers to the plain, which slopes gradually from highland to the plain or slopes away from the base of mountain masses, escarpments, in arid and semiarid environments. World's major mountain systems and mountain ranges are bordered by plain lands. However, the piedmont-plains are not restricted to a mountainous topographic setting, but they are also located along the low and moderate relief terrain. Relationship between the piedmont and the erosional/depositional system, in which the it occurs, has been studied with greater interest by many geomorphologists and geologists. In the study an attempt has been made to identify geomorphic and geologic characters of piedmont-plain of Satpura foothills (Purna Basin). The slope profile of Satpura piedmont is generally concave to the sky and slope varies within the range of 0 to 11 degrees. Three geomorphic zones for the whole Purna valley have been identified on the basis of landform assemblage, the nature of drainage, the slope characters and sediment generation and deposition from the north to the south. The entire Purna valley is tectonically active. This is indicated by unusually thick Quaternary deposits, the thickness of this deposit at some places goes below the sea level. The area is characterized by tropical monsoon rainfall. The Satpura piedmont is entirely dissected by stream trenching process, particularly in their upslope portions, incised by dendritic channel system.

5 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

016029   Lakshumanan C;Govindaraju M;Yeon C H (Centre for Remote Sensing, Bharathidasan Univ, Tiruchirappalli-620 023) : Effects of tsunami inunadation on coastal landforms and damage pattern in Tamil Nadu coast, India. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 113-28.

India was taken to surprise when massive tsunami struck the Andaman and Nicobar coast, one and a half hour after the massive earthquake on 26th December, 2004. In India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands located near the epicentre and the Tamil Nadu State in the south eastern part of India bore the major impact. A field survey to document the major event was undertaken along Tamil Nadu coast to estimate the wave run-up height, to assess the damage and inundation distances in the different parts of the affected areas. Documentation of the tsunami event was done based on a standard interview form of Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC). Overall, the results indicate that inundation of tsunami waves were high in the southern region (Nagapattinam coast) than the northern part (Chennai coast) due to the onshore topography. Coastal ridges has played a major role in the northern region than in the southern region of Tamil Nadu State, where numerous riverine systems has allowed inundation of seawater to longer distances into the mainland. The data reveals that the onshore topography has played a major role in the calamity and its relationship with near-shore bathymetry needs to be evaluated in detail.

9 illus, 10 ref

016028   Karanth R V;Thakker P S;Gadhavi M S (Geology Dep, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390 002, Email: r_v_karanth@yahoo.co.in) : Preliminary report on the possible impact crater of Kachchh. Curr Sci 2006, 91(7), 877-9.

^ssc3 illus, 9 ref

016027   Jayaprakash M;Nagarajan R (Applied Geology Dep, Madras Univ, Guindy Campus, Chennai-600 025) : Integrated study on flow of water on the north Kodaimelalagian channel, Tambraparani river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 137-56.

Kodaimelalagian Dam, the first dam constructed in the late 1869. in Tambraparani system is located below the Papanasam Reservoir in Ambasamudram Taluk, Tirunelveli District. This dam acts as divider for two channels (North and South Kodaimelalagian channel) at its both sides. The flow of water in North Kodaimelalagian channel is not proper due to various reasons and also water is not reaching the tail end. First, the belief is that it is due to siltation problem over the entire canal length. This lack of water flow seriously affected the agricultural system. Hence, an integrated study was carried out to understand the causes, effects of the problems and to find out the remedial and preventive measures to control or rectify those problems in the channel. Different thematic maps were prepared to understand the geomorphological characters. Sediment and water samples were collected over the channel and its geochemical characters were analysed. The sieve analysis was also carried out to understand the characters of the sediments of the channel. Grain size analysis, sediment texture, heavy mineral analysis, soil and water chemistry clearly point to the significant fact that the siltation problem in the North Kodaimelalagian channel is not due to erosion and transportation of sediments from the upper reaches of the channel. In fact, the siltation in this channel is mostly localized, i.e., accumulation of loose soil or sand in the channel, derived from its unlined sidewalls either naturally by the flowing water or due to anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, the free flow of water in several portions of the channel is hindered due to a combination of several factors such as the presence of rocky outcrop reflecting the water back, thick intergrowth of some weeds and plants, variable channel width and construction of pillar supported small foot bridges. The remedial measures suggested would drastically reduce the siltation problem and facilitate free flow of water in the North Kodaimelalagian channel.

6 illus, 10 tables, 13 ref

016026   Govindaraju M;Lakshumanan C;Nagarathinam V (Eco-Biotechnology Dep, Bharathidasan Univ, Tiruchirappalli-24) : Water resources potential assessment using geomorphic characteristics for Thoothukudi taluk through remote sensing and GIS. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 51-8.

Exploitation of ground water is one of the major problems in the developing country like India. Population pressure, urban development and industrialisation are the main reasons. The study carried out an analysis of geomorphic characteristics with the support of other parameters like geology, soil, slope, and watershed and water quality status through satellite data in the platform of Geographic Information System. Based on the thematic layers of the terrain condition it is estimated that there are five different levels of groundwater resource within the study area, such as excellent, good, moderate, poor and very poor. The results shows that maximum geographical area falls under the poor and very poor conditions of groundwater taking into consideration both quantity and quality.

7 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

016025   Damodar P (Geography Dep, Utkal Univ, Bhubaneswar) : Hydrogeomorphological analysis of the Rushikulya basin using remote sensing technique. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 81-90.

Hydrogeomorphological units of the Rushikulya basin have been analysed using Geocoded IRS-IC-LISS III-FCC of 1995 on scale 1:50,000 with ground checking. The geomorphological and ground water potential units have been identified on the basis of erosional, depositional and geological characteristics. The major hydrogeomorphic units are denudational hills, structural hills, residual hills, inselbergs, valley fills, intermontane valleys, structural valleys, pediment, buried pediment, deeply weathered buried pediplain, flood plain, coastal plain, beach and sand dunes. The various monolgies are granite, granite gneiss, charnockite, khondalite, sand, silt and clay. The prospect of the ground water potential has been studied based on geological characteristics like, lithology, fold, fault, lineaments etc. While ground water potential has been grouped as poor, moderate, good, very good and excellent.

3 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

016024   Dabral P P;Jhajjaria D (Agricultural Engineering Dep, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli (Itanagar)-791 109) : Rainfall analysis for Doimukh (Itanagar) Arunachal Pradesh. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2005, 25(3), 9-14.

4 tables, 7 ref

016023   Biswas M (Geography Dep, Barnipur College, Calcutta Univ, Kolkata) : Geomorphology and related problem of the tista-jaldhaka interfluvial area, Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 43-50.

Attempt has been made in this paper to study the geomorphology character and related flood hazard of Tista-Jaldhaka interfluvial area. The study are has a grate diversity of landscape with many striking features of landforms which are the combined effect of structure, processes and stage. In the context of litho-tectonic background, the area is very unstable and presence of active faults indicate the high possibility of earthquake in near future. The current morphological system of the inter-valley variation have resulted from a set of eadogeneous and exogeneous factors which may be grouped together as climate-soil-vegetation and also related hazards life flood, river bank erosion and soil erosion. Intensive rainfall in the upper catchment area, decreasing rate of gradient towards south, soil texture and rapid change of land use pattern are the main focusing factors which caused devastating flood over this area.

3 illus, 12 ref

016022   Bhishm Kumar;Singh U K (National, Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee-247 667) : Hydrological studies in India using stable isotopic techniques. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2005, 25(3), 47.

In the past few decades, the use of stable isotope techniques have come up as a new tool to investigate various hydrological processes. This could be possible due to the availability of stable isotope ratio mass spectrometric measurement facilities. As a result, a large number of hydrological studies have been carried out world over. Hydrological studies carried out in India using stable isotopic techniques have been reviewed and are grouped under four categories: surface water studies, groundwater studies, basic data generation and climate changes. A list of organizations/institutions in India, where stable isotope measurement facilities are available, is also presented.

illus, tables, ref

016021   Baskaran R;Mohan Doss R;Rajamanickam G V (Geology Dep, National College, Tiruchirappalli-620 001) : Geomorphology and gem prospects in Karur area, Tamilnadu. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 19-22.

Location of Gemstone prospects demands a detailed knowledge of varied aspects of Geology. The concentration of the gems by natural agents is influenced by several factors. Geomorphology is a factor, which plays a crucial role in the localization of gemstones in an area. The relationship between the landforms and the distribution of gemstones makes an interesting case study. On the basis of this relationship, it is established that geomorphology could be used as a tool in the prospecting of gemstones. Discusses how the process and structure controlled landforms serve as a host for a variety of gemstones in the Karur district of Tamilnadu.

3 illus, 5 ref

016020   Banukumar K;Rajamanickam G V;Aruchamy S (Geography Dep, Bharathidasan Univ, Palkalaiperur, Tirchy-620 024) : Drought prone areas in Pudukkottai taluk, Tamil Nadu - a hydro-geomorphological approach. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 23-36.

Drought and famines are associated with periods of decline in food production and many parts of the world have been confronted with failure of crops, which has been linked, with inadequate rainfall. It is increasingly realized that the stability and prosperity of Indian agriculture are intimately related to the finding of the lasting solutions to the problem of drought. There is great need for bridging the gap between the scientific knowledge of drought and Brought prone areas on the one hand and the application of this knowledge into appropriate policy measures on the other. Though, the rainfall is root cause of moisture condition of an area, it is necessary to analyse the drought prone area with reference to the hydrological condition, being a major factor to cause the severity of drought. It will yield the fruitful result towards understanding the spatio-temporal nature of the prevailing drought. An effect of precipitation is apparent in the hydrological condition of any area. It is observed only in the form of ground water table, its oscillation and surface drainage density of the area. A attempt is made to calibrate all these hydrological parameters to evaluate the drought prone area in terms of hydrogeomorphological condition. 35 years ground water level data, rainfall, drainage density results and current land use pattern are constitutes the database of the present study. From the investigation, it is identified that the severance, periodicity, extent of hydrological drought are varied according to the drought-wet year occurrences, seasonal variation of rainfall within a year and also hydro-geomorphological condition of the area. The ground water fluctuation rather than the rainfall pronounces the spatial variation of drought. Land use pattern/cropping pattern also reflect the level of the drought of the area. Rainwater harvesting schemes and changed cropping pattern is highly recommended to manage the ground water for the areas identified as high and moderate drought risk.

7 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

016019   Anil Kumar;Garg A;Verma K (Dep of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145) : Dimensionless unit hydrograph approach for estimating direct runoff from a hilly watershed. J Indian Wat Resour Soc 2005, 25(3), 33-8.

Hydrological investigations were carried out for estimation of direct runoff using dimensionless unit hydrograph approach for Naula sub-watershed of Ramganga river catchment in Uttaranehal. Out of eight single-peaked flood events available, six were used to develop dimensionless unit hydrograph and remaining two were used for prediction of direct runoff hydrographs for the watershed. Comparison between the observed and computed direct runoff on the basis of percent absolute error indicated a satisfactory performance of this approach, particularly in estimating the peak rate and total volume of direct runoff from the watershed.

1 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

016018   Ahmed M;Basumatary S K;Deka S K (Botany Dep, Goalpara College, Goalpara-783 101) : Deforestation effects on sedimentation of Krishna river, south bank of Brahmaputra river basin in Northeastern India. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 91-8.

The Brahmaputra is a major river system having exceedingly high rate of basin erosion. This study provides some estimates of Krishnai basin erosion based on measured sediment load, based on Krishnai basin parameter and Brahmaputra river high flood level at station, Goalpara for which data are available. A predictive equation for sediment loads and flood level is an indicator of basin erosion and high flood level was developed. Northeastern India has especially witnessed a considerable poplation pressure that causes heavy depletion of forests; mainly due to large-scale practice of shifting cultivation (Jhun) and illegal felling of trees. The Brahmaputra valley and its adjoining high lands constitute a highly active seismic region. Krishnai basin is a southern part tributary of the main river Brahmaputra, characterized by exceeding high rate of erosion. The work was concerned with sedimentation of Krishnai basin from 1978 to 1991 and high flood level of Brahmaputra at station, Goalpara from 1978 to 2004. The flood level of river Brahmaputra at Goalpara site was 37.27 m in 1988 and 37.35 m in 2004. In the year 2004 July the flood of 1.76 m higher than in 1978 (35.59 m).

3 illus, 3 tables, 33 ref

016017   Agnihotri S P;Singh P K;Agnihotri A (Post-Graduate Dep of Geography, M.M.P.G. College, Kalakankar, Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh) : Channel morphology and stream erosion - a case of tributary stream in and around Kondra locality in great gangetic plan. Indian J Geomorph 2005, 10(1-2), 9-18.

In general fashion, the surface flow augmented by discharge from glacial, seasonal (rain) and wider ground sources is gathered into stream channels and this fashioning is achieved either by erosion of surface rock or more commonly by picking up and redepositing fragmental material which is too large for movement by a particular set of velocity and flow conditions. In fact, these erosional and depositional processes require potential energy, which the stream possess by virtue of the elevation above its base level. As the water flows down the channels, this potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, which ultimately modifies the stream floors and walls either by removing the detritus from the river basin or by redepositing it due to lacking of power to carry it further. Deals with the erosional and depositional actions of the 'Kondra Channel' a tributary of the Sai River' in 'Great Gangetic Plain'. Nature of channel morphology and stream erosion of Kondra channel is mostly affected and controlled by various physical factors. These factors have exercised their demonstrable influence upto considerable extent over the rate of river-bed erosion, channel bank erosion, types of river load, development of longitudinal and transverse profiles of the main and tributary streams and channel patterns etc.

5 illus, 11 ref

014856   Wadatkar S B;Singh R V (Soil and Water Engineering Dep, College of Technology and Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur-313 001) : Frequency analysis of weekly pan evaporation of different agro-climate zones in Maharashtra. Indian J Soil Conserv 2006, 34(3), 204-6.

Frequency analysis of maximum weekly pan evaporation data of eight stations of Maharashtra was carried out using three distributions viz., log Pearson type-Ill, Gumbel and Weibull (maxima). Chi-square test (x2) for goodness of fit of the observed data to the theoretical distribution was also performed. The distribution resulted in the lowest Chi-square value while fitting the different completing distributions to the pan evaporation data was selected as the best distribution for that location and the maximum weekly evaporation at 20, 40, 60. 80 and 90% probability levels were computed employing the best fit. The maximum weekly pan evaporation at 70% probability level at Akola, Colaba, Dapoli, Kolhapur. Nagpur, Pune, Rahuri and Sindewahi was observed to be 17.9, 5.0. 6.5. 5.7. 10.3, 10.9, 12.6. and 13.9 mm, respectively.

1 illus, 2 tables, 4 ref

014855   Vats H O (Physical Research Laboratory, , Ahmedabad-380 009) : IMF and geomagnetic activity during the solar wind disapperance event. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2006, 35(5), 307-11.

There was a very peculiar situation reported during 11-12 May 1999, that the "solar wind disappeared". This was one of the long lasting, low velocity and low density solar wind events and was caused by the passage of a "void" around the earth and its environment. The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), especially, the north-south component (B₂) remained quiet during the event. However, it showed a fast and intense fluctuation after the passage of this low solar wind region or "void". The equatorial Dst and Ap variations indicate a mild geomagnetic storm after the passage of void. This mild geomagnetic storm is probably due to fluctuations in B_z whose value varies from -12 to 9 nT.

3 illus, 19 ref

014854   Upadhayay A K;Singh V;Tyagi S (NO, Amity School of Engineering & Technology, Bijwasan, New Delhi-110 061, Email: akuphdph@iitr.ernet.in) : Latitudinal and diurnal variations of some important atomic oxygen dayglow emissions. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2006, 35(5), 327-34.

Latitudinal and diurnal variations of 5577 Angstrom, 6300 Angstrom, 7320 Angstrom and 8446 Angstrom dayglow emissions are presented. The volume emission rate profiles for these emissions are calculated using updated Glow model. To test the model, the calculated emission rate profiles for 5577 Angstrom and 6300 Angstrom are compared with the measurements of Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) for which data are available. The emission intensities have been studied on 15 Jan. 1995 and 15 June 1995 using Tobiska solar EUV flux model. These calculations show that the intensity is maximum at 1200 hrs LT for both the dates at all latitudes for 5577 Angstrom and 8446 Angstrom emissions. The position of maximum intensity is found to be variable for 6300 A emission on 15 January. At 30°N latitude, the peak is found at 1000 hrs LT, while at 5°N and 45°N the maximum intensity is found to occur at nearly 1200 hrs LT. On 15 June, the intensity of 6300 A emission does not show any pronounced peak and emission is found to vary within 15% between 0800 and 1400 hrs LT. On 15 January, the 7320 Angstrom emission shows that the peak of maximum intensity occurs at nearly 1200 hrs LT at 5°N, which moves quite close to 1000 hrs LT at 30°N and 45°N latitudes. On the other hand, the peak of maximum intensity for 7320 Angstrom emission is found between 1200 hrs and 1400 hrs LT at all latitudes on 15 June. The smooth variation in 8446 Angstrum intensity may be attributed due to steadiness of photoelectron fluxes at higher energies.

7 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

014853   Sinha V;Pradhan D (Aerodrome Meteorological Office, Netaji Subash chander Bose International Airport, Kolkata700 052, Email: pradhan_dev1960@yahoo.com) : Supercell storm at Kolkata, India and neighbourhood-analysis of thermodynamic conditions, evolution, structure movement. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2006, 35(4), 270-9.

On 12th March 2003 a very severe thunderstorm traversed across the Gangetic West Bengal in India and adjoining areas of Bangladesh. Documentation and analysis of the thermodynamic condition of the atmosphere and evolution, structure and movement of the storm as tracked by the Doppler radar is presented in this paper. One particular cell of the system lasted for over 12 h. Based on the internal structure, reflectivity, duration and weather pattern on the ground, it has been concluded that the particular cell was a supercell.

6 illus, 1 table, 11 ref

014852   Singh M J;Khera K L (Soil Dep, Punjab Agriculture Univ, Ludhiana, Punjab) : Runoff and soil loss as affected by land use, rainfall intensity and antecedent soil moisture under simulated raifall conditions. Indian J Soil Conserv 2006, 34(3), 254-6.

4 tables, 10 ref

014851   Singh L N;Regar R L;Singh S L;Banglani S (Geological Survey of India, , Jhalana Dungri, Jaipur-302 004) : Transect mapping for bedrock tophography and delineation of lignite -bearing horizons in Barmer district, Rajasthan. Indian Miner 2005, 59(3,4), 133-8.

Presents the significant results of resistivity and gravity surveys carried out along the 24-km-long stretch of road between Kelnor and Sarup Ka Tala, Barmer district, Rajasthan to study bedrock topography under a thick blown-sand cover and also to locate zones favourable for lignite occurrences. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) has yielded five sub-surface layers along this 24-km transect. First, second and third layers correspond to overburden, i.e. surface blown sand, dry sand mixed with bazri/coarse sand and clayey sand with resistivity ranging from 13 ohm-m to 1575 ohm-m. Wherever it is six-layer case, the second and third layers have been considered as second layer only. The fourth layer with resistivity value varying from 2 ohm-m to 13 ohm-m may be due to clay or sand saturated with saline water or clay associated with lignite (?) appears to be significant. The resistivity of fifth layer varying from 33 ohm-m (approx.) to above is indicative of bedrock, i.e. basement of a Malani volcanic suite. The depth of this bedrock inferred from resistivity survey%'varies from 204.8 m to 342.9 m below ground level (b.g.l). The results of resistivity soundings are well corroborative with lithology observed at the tubewell sites located at Kelnor and Sarup Ka Tala villages. Gravity profile also reflects the deepening of basement from north to south with corroborating resistivity observation.

4 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

014850   Singh D;Bhatia R C (Department of Science and Technology, Technology Bhavan, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi-110 016) : Retrieval of atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles from satellite data over Indian using the ICI inversion model. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2007, 36(1), 44-51.

Radiance measurements from satellites offer the opportunity to retrieve atmospheric variables at much higher spatial resolution than is presently afforded by in situ measurements (e.g., radiosondes). However, the accuracy of these retrievals is crucial to their usefulness, and the ill-posed nature of the problem precludes a straight forward solution. Inversion Coupled with Image (ICI) model has been investigated to retrieve vertical temperature and moisture profiles of earth's atmosphere from infrared and microwave brightness temperatures from a polar-orbiting satellite. The analyses were done using the Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) data for the January and July 2002 representing winter and summer conditions. The results are compared with NCEP (National Center for Environmental Prediction) reanalysis data 1 x 1 degree latitude and longitude. Emphasis has been given in analyzing the role of the channels combination used in the retrieval process. Different surface types (sea and land) and atmospheric conditions (clear and cloudy sky) were also considered.

4 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

014849   Sharda V N;Ojasvi P R (NO, Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute, 218 Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun-248 195) : Development of daily rainfall erosivity model for sub-humid climate of outer Himalayas. Indian J Soil Conserv 2006, 34(3), 199-203.

Attempt has been made to develop rainfall erosivity model based on the daily rainfall amounts which is an easily available parameter for all the raingauge stations. Three sets of data period were used in the study. The calibration data set covers 6 years (1996-2001) and validation data sets cover 15 years (1981 -1995) and 2 years (2002-2003) periods, representing historical and future scenarios of rainfall with respect to calibration period. Among the three types of equations, viz. linear, quadratic and logarithmic fitted to the calibration data set; the logarithmic equation produced the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) as 20.1 mT cm ha^-1 h^-1 and, therefore, was adjudged as the best fit regression equation for estimation of EI₃₀ from daily rainfall data. The performance of developed model was compared with the existing available model which predicts annual EI₃₀ from annual rainfall data. It was observed that the existing model could not capture the year to year variability in EI₃₀ as the total annual rainfall was almost the same in all the years, whereas the estimated annual EI₃₀ with the developed model was in close agreement with the actual values. From the validation results, it is concluded that the annual EI₃₀ can be satisfactorily predicted from daily rainfall amounts whereas prediction of event-wise EI₃₀ may not be satifactory with the developed regression model in the sub-humid rainfall conditions.

4 illus, 4 tables, 15 ref

014848   Sengupta S K;Nathan N P;Ganeshan V;Shome S (Central Petrological Laboratories, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata700 016) : Detection of rare-earth-mineral phases by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-rays (sem/edx) in the alkaline complexes of Tamil Nadu. Indian Miner 2005, 59(3,4), 99-114.

The alkaline complexes of the Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT) are generally restricted within NNW-SSE-trending Dharmapuri Shear Zone (DSZ), extending from Gudiyatham in the north and Bhavani in the south in Tamil Nadu. REE-rich phases have been studied under EDX (Energy Dispersive X-rays) from the different alkaline suites of Tamil Nadu. In Elagiri, the Th-rich epidote/allanite is concentrically zoned and occurs in the outermost coarse sub-solvus syenite, indicating that the REE concentration is restricted within the late-stage magmatic activity. In Koratti, the apatites are LREE rich. In Samalpatti Complex, the carbonatites host a number of REE-rich minerals commonly classified as betafite, along with nioborutite and nioboilmenite. The niobo-rutile and niobo-ilmenite show exsolved texture. The betafite is zoned with mendelyeerite. Some of the molybdenite in Samalpatti is dendritic indicating incomplete crystallisation. In Sivamalai, the REE phases are generally associated with ferrosyenite and nepheline syenite as adsorbed grains around apatite or carbonate. The REE minerals are Zr-REE titanate, REE-titano silicate and REE-yttrium silicate. In the Pikkili Complex, the REE minerals generally occur as rim around apatite and calcite. A discrete metamict allanite grain with radial cracks occurs within syenite. In Pakkanadu Complex zoned allanite occurs with distinct chemical zonation in syenite. Monazite and celesto-barite arc associated with barite suggesting that the REE phases are developed in the late intrusive stage.

16 illus, 15 table, 35 ref

014847   Saxena A K;Sahiwala N K (Geological Survey of India, , Jhalan Dungri, Jaipur-302 004) : Preliminary evaluation of efficacy of gravity survey in exploration for lignite in the Palana lignite field district Bikaner, Rajasthan. Indian Miner 2005, 59(3,4), 143-6.

^ssc2 illus, 1 table, 6 ref

014846   Sarma A A L N;Lakshmi Kumar T V (Meteorology & Oceanography Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Email: aalnsarma_met@rediffmail.com) : Studies on crop growing period and NDVI in relation to water balance components. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2006, 35(6), 424-34.

The primary water balance components such as rainfall, water need, actual evapotranspiration, water deficit and water surplus, are studied for All Andhra Pradesh for the south-west monsoon.months of 1999 to 2002 on daily basis. Crop growing periods for the selected stations over Andhra Pradesh (AP) are reported to understand the climatic potentialities of the region for crop and irrigation schedule under consideration. The investigation also addresses the spatiotemporal variability of the integrated normalized difference vegetation index (INDVI) in relation to the pattern of soil moisture adequacy. Using mean daily water deficit and water need, aridity index is obtained and studied to understand drought monitoring over Andhra Pradesh in relation to INDVI. The present study shows that the crop growing periods are high to the north of 15° latitude compared to south. The relation of the rainfall with NDVI is found to be weak when the rainfall is taken for the 10-day periods compared to soil moisture adequacy. But in the case of cumulative rainfall, the results revealed better positive correlation with NDVI.

11 illus, 4 tables, 27 ref

014845   Santra P;Mertia R S;Pratap Narain (NO, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Post Box No. 63, Jaisalmer-345 001) : Land dergadation by wind erosion in thar deseart- issues and research priorities. Indian J Soil Conserv 2006, 34(3), 214-20.

Wind erosion is a severe land degradation process in arid western part of India, comprising four states namely Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab, called as Thar desert. Accurate prediction of soil loss in different desert scenarios of India, is essential to implement necessary conservation measures. Several research efforts were made to characterize different causative factors and to quantify soil loss in an isolated way and several advanced research works are still lacking. This paper aims to give an overview of the past research work done and possible future research priorities on wind erosion. At extreme conditions of the desert, 50-420 kg ha^-1 soil is eroded in a single stormy day, and such loss can be quantified in several components through saltation/surface creep sampler and suspension sampler like BSNE sampler or MWAC sampler. High prevailing wind speed (20-30 km h^-1) during hot summer months may be forecasted from daily meteorological variables through Artificial Neural Network approach. Large part of this desert region falls under severe and very severe category of soil erodibility classes based on the percentage of aggregates >0.84 mm in diameter. Importance of different sized soil particles to erodibilty factor can be incorporated through conversion of particle size distribution to mass fractal dimension (D_m>). High spatial resolution, multispectral capability and twice daily coverage of the remote sensing image captured by MODIS sensor, can effectively be utilized for monitoring dust storms around Thar desert. Detailed field experiments on wind erosion events may be carried out at different locations for validation of existing wind erosion model like WEPS, RWEQ, WEELS. etc. and to develop new models. Fruitful results of all these possible research hypotheses in a concerted way may alter the adverse effect of wind erosion and may change the desert scenario in future.

3 illus, 2 tables, 54 ref

014844   Sankar Ganesh P;Ramasamy E V;Gajalakshmi S; Sanjeevi R;Abbasi S A (Centre for Pollution Control and Energy Technology, Pondicherry Univ, Pondicherry-605 014, Email: prof_abbasi@vsnl.com) : Treatment of low-strength effluents by UASB reactor and its application to dairy industry wash waters. Indian J Biotechnol 2007, 6(2), 234-8.

In the backdrop of lack of success achieved by the past workers in using upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for treating low-strength wastewaters, the paper highlights the importance of R&D in this area. The two main reasons behind the importance of using UASB are: (1) generation of large volumes of low-strength wastewaters, which are often disposed untreated due to high costs, and (2) the potential of stabilizing the organic wastes by producing valuable energy as byproduct. Results are presented on the successful operation of UASB in treating low-strength dairy industry wash waters [Chemical oxygen demand (COD 1200-2000 mg/L]. The reactors achieved treatment efficiency of the order of 75-85% and were able to withstand shock-loads without adversely affecting the treatment efficiency. One of the reactors which was accidentally contaminated with acid, recovered quickly.

3 illus, 4 tables, 25 ref

014843   Saini B L;Meena O P;Vijay R G (Geological Survey of India, Western Region, Jaipur-302 004) : Determination of trace elements in stream sediment and soil samples in the lower limits of detection by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Indian Miner 2005, 59(3,4), 127-32.

Geo-analytical studies have been carried out for the estimation of trace elements in stream sediment and soil (NGCM) samples to the lowest attainable limits of concentraction using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It has been observed that, in order to determine the elements present in very low quantities, as the concentration of the sample in solution is increased, errors due to viscosity and interelemental interferences increase. It is very difficult to determine these elements with accuracy by atomic absorption spectrophotometer by normal method using pure standard solutions for calibration of the instrument. Attempts were made to minimise the errors due to these interferences by using matrix matching standards and background corrector.

1 illus, 4 table, 1 ref

014842   Saha M C;Bhattacharya T;Roy N K (Geological Survey of India, Eastern Region, Salt Lake, Kolkata-700 091) : Determination of trace metals at low levels by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FASS) using various acid digestion mixures. Indian Miner 2005, 59(3,4), 123-6.

A flame AAS method for determination of Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Ag, Cd, Li, Rb and Cs in soil and stream sediment samples have been described. The method involves sample decomposition by various acid mixtures e.g. HNO₃, aqua regia or HNO₃ - HF - HClO₄ followed by measurement of the trace metals by F-AAS techniques. A comparative study has been carried out for extraction of the elements with acid digestion mixture, and it is observed that about 95% extraction is achieved for Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Ag and Cd by HNO₃ digestion, 97-98% extraction by aqua-regia digestion and complete extraction by HNO₃ - HF - HC1O₄ digestion. Thus, the HNO₃ - HF - HClO₄ digestion procedure is recommended in soil and stream sediment samples for determination of Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, Ag, Li, Rb & Cs by FAAS technique.The detection limit achieved for Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Li and Rb is 1 ppm, for Cd and Ag is 0.5 ppm and, for Cs is 2 ppm. Several international standard samples have been analysed following the procedures and the results are presented.

4 tables, 5 ref