008006   Mahata K (Nuclear Phy Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: kmahata@barc.gov.in) : Fisson barrier heights in the A <126> 200 mass region. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(2), 281-9.

Statistical model analysis is carried out for p- and α-induced fission reactions using a consistent description for fission barrier and level density in A <126> 200 mass region. A continuous damping of shell correction with excitation energy is considered. Extracted fission barriers agree well with the recent microscopic-macroscopic model. The shell corrections at the saddle point were found to be insignificant.

7 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

008005   Mahagaonkar P;Kulkarni S (Mathematics Dep, Ballari Institute of Technology and Management, Ballari, Email: pralahadpralhad@yahoo.com) : Some results on electrical network in graph theory. Ultra Scient phys Sci-Sect B 2015, 27(1), 17-20.

The behavior or dynamics of a circuit is described by three systems of equations determined by Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's voltage law, and Kirchhoff's current law, Ohm's law specifies the relationship between the voltage and current variables associated with a circuits element. This relationship could be a linear or non linear. If the relationship is linear, then the circuit element is called a linear element, other wise, it is a non linear element. In this paper we shall develop most of those results that form the foundation of graph theoretic study of electrical circuits.

1 illus, 6 ref

008004   Lokesh Kumar;Keane D (School of Physical Science, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar-751 005, Email: lokesh@pu.ac.in) : Experimental studies of the quantum chromodynamics phase diagram at the star experiment. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(5), 773-86.

Authors review the STAR experiment's results to date from the Beam Energy Scan (BES) at Brookhaven's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, and outline future plans and prospects in this area. BES Phase-I is based on Au + Au data taken in 2010 and 2011 at √SNN = 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27 and 39 GeV, and when interpreted in conjunction with the large datasets available at 62.4 and 200 GeV, permits an initial exploration of the phase diagram of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) matter. The three goals of BES Phase-I are as follows: (1) a search for turn-off of the promising signatures of quark gluon plasma (QGP) already reported at the top RHIC energies; (2) a search for evidence of a possible first-order phase transition such as a signature of softening of the QCD equation of state (EoS); (3) a search for a critical end point as expected in a scenario where there is a cross-over transition from hadronic matter to QGP at the highest RHIC energies, but a first-order phase transition at lower energies with finite net-baryon density. We summarize several analyses of BES data from 2010 and 2011 that are either published or submitted, as well as several more that have been reported at meetings in preliminary forms. The physics interpretation of BES Phase-I measurements is frequently limited by the increasing statistical error bars as the beam energy decreases, and the planned BES Phase-II will have much improved capabilities in this regard.

10 illus, 1 table, 66 ref

008003   Liu B;Liu Y (Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei Univ of Scienc, Shijiazhuang 050018, Hebei Province, P.R. China, Email: lby7150@sina.com) : Density, viscosity and conductivity of aqueous solutions of acetamide-NaSCN eutectic ionic liquid at several temperatures. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(6), 2277-84.

Density, conductivity and viscosity of aqueous solutions of acetamide-NaSCN eutectic ionic liquid were investigated at atmospheric pressure and temperatures from (303.15 to 343.15) K and within the whole composition range. The density and viscosity values decrease monotonically when the water is added and the data decrease with increasing temperature. The mole volume (V_m), excess molar volumes (V^{E) and viscosity deviation (Δη) were deduced from the experimental results. The mole volume (V_m) values decrease linearly with the increase of the mole fraction of water. The VE and Δη values are both negative over the whole composition range at all temperatures studied and were both well fitted by a fourth-order Redlich-Kister equation. The relationship between the conductivity and the mole fraction of water can be well described by a Castell-Amis equation. The variation of the properties with the composition of water and temperatures has been discussed in terms of ion-molecular interactions and the structural effects.}

7 illus, 10 tables, 54 ref

008002   Lin G T R;Wang J S;Hsieh P H (Institute of Technology Management, National Chiao Tung Univ, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Email: vincent.mt98g@nctu.edu.tw) : Platform-integrated cap and trade with renewable energy technologies. J scient ind Res 2015, 74(8), 433-7.

Taiwan is an island country that is technological-innovation-oriented but has scant natural resources. Taiwan addressed the emerging policy and strategic issues in renewable energy development and carbon reduction. Those themes regarding how to enhance green competitiveness for enterprises were also emphasized in particular. In this study, we looked at the related concerns at a country level. The Delphi method was applied to select the renewable energy that meets the requirements of the environmental, economic, and energy policy goals of Taiwan. Conversely, a cooperation platform was designed to integrate the mechanism of C&T and suggested renewable energy technologies. Besides, a SWOT analysis was used to elaborate on and verify the empirically functioning aspects of the platform design. The goal of this platform is to create a new and appropriate energy business model to commercialize suitable renewable energy technologies and provide incentives in facing its energy and economic dilemmas.

2 illus, 22 ref

008001   Liao J (Physics Dep and Center for Exploration of Energy and Matter, Indiana Univ, 2401 N Milo B Sampson Lane, Bloomington, In 47408, USA, Email: liaoji@indiana.edu) : Anomalous transport effects and possible environmental symmetry 'violation' in heavy-ion collisions. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(5), 901-26.

Heavy-ion collision provides a unique many-body environment where local domains of strongly interacting chiral medium may occur and in a sense allow environmental symmetry 'violation' phenomena. For example, certain anomalous transport processes, forbidden in usual medium, become possible in such domains. We briefly review recent progress in both the theoretical understanding and experimental search of various anomalous transport effects (such as the chiral magnetic effect, chiral separation effect, chiral electric separation effect, chiral electric/magnetic waves, etc.) in the hot QCD fluid formed by such collisions.

5 illus, 115 ref

008000   Kapoor S S (NO, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai-400 085, Email: kapporss2002@yahoo.co.in) : Seventy-five years of nuclear fission. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(2), 191-8.

Nuclear fission process is one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century. In these 75 years since its discovery, the nuclear fission related research has not only provided new insights in the physics of large scale motion, deformation and subsequent division of a heavy nucleus, but has also opened several new frontiers of research in nuclear physics. This article is a narrative giving an overview of the landmarks of the progress in the field.

26 ref

007999   John B (Nuclear Phy Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: bencyv.john@gmail.com) : Statistical and dynamical aspects in fission process: the rotational degree of freedom. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(2), 267-80.

In the final phases of fission process, there are fast collective rotational degrees of freedom, which can exert a force on the slower tilting rotational degree. Experimental observations that lead to this realization and theoretical studies that account for dynamics of the processes are discussed briefly. Supported by these studies, and by assuming a conditional equilibrium of the collective rotational modes at a pre-scission point, a new statistical model for fission fragment angular and spin distributions has been developed. This model gives a consistent description of the fragment angular and spin distributions for a wide variety of heavy- and light-ion-induced fission reactions.

7 illis, 36 ref

007998   Goswami A (Radiochemistry Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: agoswami@barc.gov.in) : Radiochemical studies on nuclear fission at Trombay. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(2), 211-25.

Since the discovery of nuclear fission in the year 1939, both physical and radiochemical techniques have been adopted for the study of various aspects of the phenomenon. Due to the ability to separate individual elements from a complex reaction mixture with a high degree of sensitivity and selectivity, a chemist plays a significant role in the measurements of mass, charge, kinetic energy, angular momentum and angular distribution of fission products in various fissioning systems. At Trombay, a small group of radiochemists initiated the work on radiochemical studies of mass distribution in the early sixties. Since then, radiochemical investigations on various fission observables have been carried out at Trombay in n, p, a and heavy-ion-induced fissions. An attempt has been made to highlight the important findings of such studies in this paper, with an emphasis on medium energy and heavy-ion-induced fission.

12 illus, 61 ref

007997   Ghosh T K;et al (NO, Saha Institute of Nuclear Phy, 1AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata-700 064, Email: tilak@vecc.gov.in ) : Fusion - fission dynamics studies using mass disttibution as a probe. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(2), 291-301.

Study of quasifission reaction mechanism and shell effects in compound nuclei has important implications on the synthesis of superheavy elements (SHE). Using the major accelerator facilities available in India, quasifission reaction mechanism and shell effects in compound nuclei were studied extensively. Fission fragment mass distribution was used as a probe. Two factors, viz., nuclear orientation and direction of mass flow of the initial dinuclear system after capture were seen to determine the extent of quasifission. From the measurement of fragment mass distribution in α-induced reaction on actinide targets, it was possible to constrain the excitation energy at which nuclear shell effect washed out.

6 illus, 24 ref

007996   Gelis F (Institute De Physique, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif Sur Y vette Cedex, France, Email: fracois.gelis@cea.fr) : Initial stages of heavy ion collisions in the colour glass condensate framework. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(5), 685-701.

In this short review, we present the description of the early stages of a heavy-ion collision at high energy in the colour glass condensate (CGC) framework.

15 illus, 96 ref

007995   Gavai R (Theoretical Physics Dep, Tata institue of Fundamental Reseearch, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai-400 005, Email: gavai@tifr.res.in) : QCD critical point: the race is on. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(5), 757-71.

Critical point in the phase diagram of quantum chromodynarmcs (QCD), if established either theoretically or experimentally, would be as profound a discovery as the good-old gas-liquid critical point. Unlike the latter, however, first-principles-based approaches are being employed to locate it theoretically. Due to the short-lived nature of the concerned phases, novel experimental techniques are needed to search for it. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) in USA has an experimental programme to do so. This short review is an attempt to provide a glimpse of the race between the theorists and the experimentalists as well as the synergy between them.

6 illus, 38 ref

007994   Dileep K (Physics Dep, IIT Madras Adyar, Chennai-600 036, Email: dileepkiitm@gmail.com) : Deriving a unified equation for doppler effect for any wave in any medium from Lorentz transformations. Resonance 2015, 20(10), 931-44.

Authors use the Lorentz transformation equations to derive a unified equation for the Doppler effect -that can be used for any one-dimensional (sound, water, EM, etc.) wave in any medium. This unified equation includes the effects of motion, if present, of the medium relative to the observer as well as the relative velocity between the observer and the source. This master equation can be applied to both relativistic and non-relativistic situations to recover the more familiar Doppler effect expressions and it clarifies that the Doppler equations given in standard textbooks for both sound and EM waves, are basically the same. The advantage of this unified equation is that it reduces the effort in solving complex problems. Basic knowledge of Lorentz transformations and their physical effects is enough to understand this derivation.

1 illus, 1 ref

007993   Datta S (Theoretical Physics Dep, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai-400 005, Email: saumen@theory.tifr.res.in) : Quarkonia at finite temperature in relative heavy ion collisions. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(5), 881-99.

The behaviour of quarkonia in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is reviewed. After a detailed discussion of the current theoretical understanding of quarkonia in a static equilibriated plasma, we discuss quarkonia yield from the fireball created in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collision experiments. We end with a brief discussion of the experimental results and outlook.

4 illus, 81 ref

007992   Choudhury R K (Nuclear Phy Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: rkc.slr@gmail.com) : Overview of research by the fission group in Trombay. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(2), 199-209.

Nuclear fission studies in Trombay began nearly six decades ago, with the commissioning of the APSARA research reactor. Early experimental work was based on mass, kinetic energy distributions, neutron and X-ray emission in thermal neutron fission of ^{235U, which were carried out with indigenously developed detectors and electronics instrumentation. With the commissioning of CIRUS reactor and the availability of higher neutron flux, advanced experiments were carried out on ternary fission, pre-scission neutron emission, fragment charge distributions, quarternary fission, etc. In the late eighties, heavy-ion beams from the pelletron-based medium energy heavy-ion accelerator were available, which provided a rich variety of possibilities in nuclear fission studies. Pioneering work on fragment angular distributions, fission time-scales, transfer-induced fission, γ-ray multiplicities and mass-energy correlations were carried out, providing important information on the dynamics of the fission process. More recently, work on fission fragment γ-ray spectroscopy has been initiated, to understand the nuclear structure aspects of the neutron-rich fission fragment nuclei. There have also been parallel efforts to carry out theoretical studies in the areas of shell effects, superheavy nuclei, fusion-fission dynamics, fragment angular distributions, etc. to complement the experimental studies. This paper will provide a glimpse of the work carried out by the fission group at Trombay in the above-mentioned topics.}

7 illus, 29 ref

007991   Bhushan P;Shukla B B (NO, , ) : Molecular theory of ideas. Indian J Inf Libr Soc 2015, 28(1-2), 1-3.

Here it's a puts forth the concept of the molecular theory of ideas what says that the ideas are identical to that of molecules. Provides the mathematical correlation of the universe of ideas and knowledge describing the molecular dynamism of the ideas of the universe of knowledge, Attempts towards finding out the potency of molecules in terms of universe of knowledge.

1 ref

007990   Behera B R (Physics Dep, Panjab Univ, Chandigarh-160 014, Email: bivash@pu.ac.in) : Overview of the recent results on fission dynamics from the nand facility. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(2), 323-33.

This paper summarizes the results of some of the recent fusion-fission experiments carried out at the National Array of Neutron Detectors (NAND) Phase-01 installed at the Pelletron+ LINAC accelerator facility of Inter-University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New Delhi. Pre-scission neutron multiplicity excitation functions are measured for the ^{213,215,217Fr, 210,212,214,2l6Rn and 206,210Po compound nuclei populated through the fusion of the 19F+194.196,198Pt, 16,18O+194,l98Pt and 12C+ 194,198Pt systems, respectively. Pre-scission neutron yields from these reactions are compared with the extensive statistical model calculations to look for the effects due to the compound nucleus shell closure, N/Z ratio of the compound nucleus, magnitude of the saddle-point shell corerction and fission time-scale.}

7 illus, 19 ref

007989   Becattini R (Physics and Astronomy Dep, Univ Di Firenze, via G Sansone 1, I-500 19, Sesto F no(Firenze), Italy, Email: becattini@fi.infn.it) : Freeze out dynamics in heavy ion collisions: Recent advances. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(5), 747-55.

Authors briefly review recent advances in the subject of hadron production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We focus on the issues of chemical freeze-out, chemical equilibration and the role of post-hadronization inelastic collisions. From the observations collected in elementary and heavy-ion collisions, a picture emerges in which hadrons are born in chemical equilibrium at hadronization, thereafter undergoing inelastic and elastic collisions whose impact on the primordial distribution depends on the system size.

4 illus, 25 ref

007988   Bawa A;Mahajan S;Bawa M;Virdi S (NO, Physics and Electronics, University of Jammu, Email: bawa312@yahoo.com) : Impact of photovoltaic appliances on load factor. Invertis J renewable Energy 2015, 5(2), 61-4.

This paper gives an idea regarding the impact of photovoltaic appliances upon load factor; the impact is measured by calculating the maximum demand of site with and without usage of photovoltaic devices. This paper also gives an idea regarding power factor and impact upon life of appliance by using photovoltaic devices.

4 table, 7 ref

007987   Back B B (NO, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, Email: back@anl.gov) : Some aspects of fission and quasifission processes. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(2), 239-49.

The discovery of nuclear fission in 1938-1939 had a profound influence on the field of nuclear physics and it brought this branch of physics into the forefront as it was recognized for having the potential for its seminal influence on modern society. Although many of the basic features of actinide fission were described in a ground-breaking paper by Bohr and Wheeler only six months after the discovery, the fission process is very complex and it has been a challenge for both experimentalists and theorists to achieve a complete and satisfactory understanding of this phenomenon. Many aspects of nuclear physics are involved in fission and it continues to be a subject of intense study even three quarters of a century after its discovery. In this talk, I will review an incomplete subset of the major milestones in fission research, and briefly discuss some of the topics that I have been involved in during my career. These include studies of vibrational resonances and fission isomers that are caused by the second minimum in the fission barrier in actinide nuclei, studies of heavy-ion-induced fission in terms of the angular distributions and the mass-angle correlations of fission fragments. Some of these studies provided evidence for the importance of the quasifission process and the attendant suppression of the complete fusion process. Finally, some of the circumstances around the establishment of large-scale nuclear research in India will be discussed.

8 illus, 33 ref

007986   Alam J (Theoretical Physics Div, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata-700 064, Email: jane@vecc.gov.in) : Electronmagnetic probes of strongly interacting matter. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(5), 861-80.

Nuclear matter under extreme conditions of temperatures (T) and baryonic densities (NB) undergoes a phase transition to quark gluon plasma (QGP). It is expected that such extreme conditions can be achieved by colliding nuclei at ultrarelativistic energies. In the present review, the suitability of photons and dileptons as diagnostic tools of QGP has been discussed. The photon and dilepton spectra originating from heavy-ion collisions at LHC energies have been explicitly displayed in this article. Results from SPS and RHIC have been discussed adequately with appropriate references. The role of single electron spectra originating from the decays of heavy flavoured mesons on QGP detection has also been discussed briefly.

7 illus, 96 ref

007985   Abdulsattar M A;Mohamad M M (NO, Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: mudarahmed3@yahoo.com) : Ab initio structural, electronic and vibrational properties of GaSb nanocrystals using diamondoids and large unit cell method. Asian J Chem 2015, 27(6), 2200-4.

GaSb diamondoids and large unit cell method are used as building blocks to investigate size dependence of electronic properties of GaSb nanocrystals. Density functional theory is used combined with large unit cell and diamondoids structures. GaSbH₆ and Ga₃Sb₃H₁₂ molecules and GaSb diamondoids that include GaSb-diamantane, GaSb-tetramantane and GaSb-hexamantane are investigated in addition to 8, 16, 54 and 64 atoms large unit cells. Results show that energy gap generally decreases with shape fluctuations as the number of atoms increases and eventually stabilizes and gradually increases for the number of atoms greater than 200 atoms. Bond lengths and tetrahedral angles of diamondoids show that these molecules are very close to ideal zinc blende structure. Bond lengths encounter an expansion near the surface of diamondoids. Variation with size of some of the vibrational lines that include the radial breathing mode, highest force constant mode, Ga-H symmetric vibrations and Sb-H asymmetric vibrations is shown. A comparison with experiment reveals the good results that can be obtained from present theory.

10 illus, 21 ref

007984   Aarts G (Physics Dep, College of Science, Swansea Univ, Swansea SA2 8pp, UK, Email: g.aarts@swan.ac.uk) : Developments in lattice quantum chromodynamics for matter at high temperature and density. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(5), 787-99.

Brief overview of the QCD phase diagram at nonzero temperature and density is provided. It is explained why standard lattice QCD techniques are not immediately applicable for its determination, due to the sign problem. A selection of recent lattice approaches that attempt to evade the sign problem are then discussed and classified according to the underlying principle: constrained simulations (density of states, histograms), holomorphicity (complex Langevin, Lefschetz thimbles), partial summations (clusters, subsets, bags) and change in integration order (strong coupling, dual formulations).

3 illus, 92 ref

006978   Setyawati (Sub-Directorate of Marine, Coastal and Small Island, Directorate of Marine and Fisheries, National Development Planning Age, Indonesia, Email: setyawati@bappenas.go.id) : Managing marine protected areas in Indonesia. J Mar Biol Ass India 2014, 56(1), 13-18.

Indonesia, an archipelagic nation that consists of 17,504 islands and a total marine area of 5.8 million square kilometers, has valuable ocean and coastal resources and services that support development and community livelihood. However, overfishing, pollution, unsustainable fishing practices, and destruction of nursery habitats have threatened the sustainability of marine and coastal ecosystems and resources. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are considered an effective tool to manage resources of marine and coastal areas, including fisheries resources sustainably. With 15.7 million hectares of marine protected areas that have been established until 2012, Indonesia is committed to manage resources of marine and coastal areas in an effective and sustainable way. The Long-Term National Development Plan, the National Medium-Term Development Plans, Law on Fisheries and Law on Management of Coastal and Small Islands areas, and several government regulations provide policies to manage MPAs that adopt the concept of sustainable use. A zoning system has been established to harmonize the multiple objectives of the MPAs. The introduction of sustainable fisheries zone in the zonation systems of MPAs management has accomodated the rights of local communities, especially fishers, to utilize fisheries resources in eco-friendly practices. This paper addresses benefits and conflicts among users of MPAs and discusses the institutional and legal framework for managing MPAs. A tool to evaluate performace of MPA management and a zoning system are also addressed. Since the government of Indonesia is also committed to increase total area of MPAs to 20 million ha by 2020, the strategies to achieve the target are also reviewed.

1 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

006977   Rathod K D;Natarajan V (Physics Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru-560 012, Email: provasant@gmail.com) : Magnetometry using Ramsey interferometry in a Yb atomic beam. Curr Sci 2015, 109(3), 592-5.

Authors use the Ramsey separated oscillatory fields technique in a 400°C thermal beam of ytterbium (Yb) atoms to measure the Larmor precession frequency (and hence the magnetic field) with high precision. For the experiment, we use the strongly allowed ^{1S₀ → 1P₁ transition at 399 nm, and choose the odd isotope 171Yb with nuclear spin I = 1/2, so that the ground state has only two magnetic sublevels m_F = ± 1/2. With a magnetic field of 22.2 G and a separation of about 400 mm between the oscillatory fields, the central Ramsey fringe is at 16.64 kHz and has a width of 350 Hz. The technique can be readily adapted to a cold atomic beam, which is expected to give more than an orderof-magnitude improvement in precision. The signalto-noise ratio is comparable to other techniques of magnetometry; therefore it should be useful for all kinds of precision measurements such as searching for a permanent electric dipole moment in atoms.}

5 illus, 11 ref

006976   Kulkarni V;Suryawanshi S;Kulkarni P (Physics Dep, Hutatma Rajguru Mahavidyalaya, Rajgurunagar, Pune-410 505, Email: pramodskulkarni3@gmail.com) : Biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Eucalyptus sp. plant leaves. Curr Sci 2015, 109(2), 255-7.

3 illus, 21 ref

006975   Kolekar R V;Bhade S P D;Rajiv Kumar;Reddy P; Singh R;Pradeepkumar K S (Radiation Safety Systems Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: sonali@barc.gov.in) : Thermal neutron flux measurements using lithium carbonate and liquid scintillation counting system. Curr Sci 2015, 109(2), 253-5.

6 illus, 1 table, 4 ref

006974   Farahmand Y;Heidarnezhad Z;Heidarnezhad F; Muminov K K;Heydari F;Tabar G S (NO, Physical-Technical Institute Named After S.S. Umarov Academy of Scienc, Dushanbe, Tajikistan) : Structure of qubit and quantum gates in quantum computers. Oriental J Chem 2014, 30(4), 1785-90.

In regard to the important of qubits role and quantum gate in quantum computers, in this article we will consider to the qubit structure and quantum gate on the basis of theory and quantum principles and in various from we will show the qubit and quantum gate (quantum operator). Finally we will express cloning theorem the quantum computers by binary gate.

10 ref

006973   Dadhich N (NO, Centre for Theoretical Physics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi-110 025, Email: nkd@iucaa.ernet.in) : Einstein is Newton with space curved. Curr Sci 2015, 109(2), 260-4.

Two defining features of the Einsteinian gravity are that it is self-interactive and it links universally to all particles, including zero-mass particles. In the process of obtaining the Schwarzschild solution for gravitational field of a mass point, we demonstrate how these features are incorporated? Authors also show, unlike the Newtonian gravity, why gravitational potential in the Schwarzschild solution can have its zero only at infinity and nowhere else, i.e. it is determined absolutely. Further we consider particle orbits to expose certain insightful and subtle points of concept and principle.

20 ref

006972   Bhatia B;Patel K R;Tripathi R P;Layek S;Verma H C (Physics Dep, Jai Narain Vyas Univ, Jodhpur-342 001, Email: drbeenabhatia@rediffmail.com) : Implication of Mossbauer spectra on the mixing model of eucrites and diogenites (resulting in howardites). Curr Sci 2015, 109(2), 331-7.

In the present communication, authors show that Moss-bauer spectra of cumulate eucrites are characteristically different from those of non-cumulate eucrites. In cumulate eucrites, iron occupies only one site, i.e. the M2 site in pyroxene crystal lattice, while it is distributed in both Ml and M2 sites in non-cumulate eucrites. Authors discuss the importance of asymmetric doublet observed in the Mossbauer spectrum of cumulate body, especially in Vissannapeta cumulate eucrite (fallen in Andhra Pradesh, India), where an appreciable asymmetry was observed. The Mossbauer parameters of diogenite almost exactly replicate those of cumulate eucrites, suggesting that they originate from the same magma ocean. Howardites which are mixed eucrites and diogenites, show iron mineralogy which is different from what one would expect from a physical mixture model. The possible reasons for this difference are also discussed.

3 illus, 3 tables, 38 ref

006007   Yu W H;Bao K L;Peng S;Ling H Z (School of Physics, Anshan Normal Univ, Anshan-114 005, Email: sunpeng169@126.com) : Instability of relativistic electron beam dielectric system for backward microwave amplification. Indian J pure appl Phys 2015, 53(7), 488-91.

Linear wave dispersion relation of relativistic electron beam propagating along the negative direction of a constant guiding magnetic field in a slow wave structure has been presented by cold fluid limit. The instability occurs when the velocity of beam electrons exceeds the phase velocity of the wave. The numerical simulations of microwave amplification due to the instability indicate that the maximum interaction efficiency achieves about 16%. The maximum transverse drifting distance of the beam electrons calculated from single particle theory is about 0.02 cm and this result is also verified by Particle-In-Cell simulations.

4 illus, 20 ref

006006   Yadav R;Sharma M;Jha S;Lal P;Siddiqui M J; Rahman F;Dalela S;Alvi P A (Physics Dep, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan-304 022, Email: drpaalvi@gmail.com) : Investigation of gain characteristics of Grin_In GaAsp/InP nano heterostructure. Indian J pure appl Phys 2015, 53(7), 447-55.

Modal gain characteristics along with optical losses theoretically within TE and TM polarization modes for GRIN-In_0.90Ga_0.10As_0.59P_0.41/InP lasing nano-heterostructure by taking into account the number of quantum wells as active layers inserted between barriers, have been investigated in the present paper. In addition, the behaviour of saturated modal gain, transparency current density and maximum optical loss for the single and multiple quantum wells based nano-heterostructures, has also been studied. Moreover, temperature and GRIN dependence of modal gain characteristics with in TE and TM mode have been studied. Under simulation, the anti-guiding factors (a substantial parameter for optical gain) along with modal gain as a function of photonic energy and lasing wavelength at different temperatures have also been investigated. The maximum gain is achieved in the NIR (near infrared) regions at the wavelengths <126>1.40 μm and <126>1.25 μm in TE and TM polarization modes, respectively in the present paper. Hence, the nano-structure studied in this work is very useful as a light source for the optical fiber based communication system functioning in the NIR region due to less attenuation.

13 illus, 25 ref

006005   Shiv Chaitanya K V S;Ranjani S S;Panigrahi P K;Radhakrishnan R;Srinivasan V (BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad-500 078, Email: chaitanya@dyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in) : Exceptional polynomials and Susy quantum mechanics. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(1), 53-63.

Authors show that for the quantum mechanical problem which admit classical Laguerre / Jacobi polynomials as solutions for the Schrodinger equations (SE), will also admit exceptional Laguerre /Jacobi polynomials as solutions having the same eigenvalues but with the ground state missing after a modification of the potential. Then, we claim that the existence of these exceptional polynomials leads to the presence of non-trivial supersymmetry.

15 ref

006004   Sarita;Rakesh Kumar;Singh G;Singh B P (Physics Dep, CCS Univ, Meerut-250 002, Email: mrssaritasaroha@rediffmail.com) : Optical and surface morphological studies of Cd_1-xZn_x Se thin films prepared by vacuum evaporation technique. Ann Biol 2015, 31(1), 122-5.

Ternary system of Cd, Zn and Se provide a possibility of tailoring their physical properties as per device fabrication requirements and prove themselves as an important semi-conducting system for future advancement in the field of device fabrication. Thin films of Cd_1-x Zn_x Se with variable composition (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) have been deposited onto highly clean glass substrates by vacuum evaporation technique. The optical characterization of as-deposited films was done by using Hitachi Spectrophotometer Model U-3400 at room temperature. The energy band gap of these films was determined with the help of absorption spectra by using well known Tauc relation. The absorption edge shifts towards lower wavelength range as x (composition) increases-from x=0 (CdSe) to x=l (ZnSe). The variations of energy band gap were determined and discussed. The SEM micrographs with EDAX of Cd_1-x Zn_x Se thin films show that homogenous, without cracks or pinhole and well cover the glass substrate. Smooth background that may correspond to some amorphous phase of ZnSe as well as CdSe.

8 illus, 3 tables, 20 ref

006003   Sarath R;Vinodkumar P C (Applied Physics Dep, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004, Email: sarath91@live.com) : Bose-Einstein condensation in generalized poshl-teller potential. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(1), 77-89.

Authors analyse and explore some peculiar features of the generalized Poschl-Teller potential. This particular potential can be tuned in terms of the allowed number of excited states, the shape of the potential, and the strength of the confinement. As an application we investigate the Bose-Einstein condensation of noninteracting ^{39K atoms in this trapping potential. We numerically study the effect of different tuning schemes of this particular potential on the dynamics of noninteracting BEC.}

14 illus, 18 ref

006002   Philip A;Thomas S;Nisha R;Kumar K R (Instrumentation Dep, Cochin Univ of Science and Technology, Cochin-682 022, Email: rajeev@cusat.ac.in) : Effect of frequency and bias voltage on the electrical and dielectric properties of atomic layer deposited Al/Al₂O₃/p-Si Mos structure at room temperature. Indian J pure appl Phys 2015, 53(7), 464-9.

In the present work the effect of frequency and bias voltage on electrical and dielectric properties of Al/Al₂O₃/p-Si structure in which Al₂O₃ dielectric layer is deposited by ALD using TMA and water as precursors, has been studied. The parameters were extracted from C-V and G-V characteristics by varying frequency from 50kHz to 1MHz at room temperature. Experimental results show that dielectric constant (ε'), dielectric loss (ε") and dielectric loss tangent (tan δ) decrease with increasing frequency, while ac conductivity (σ_ac) increases with increasing frequency. It is also observed that interface states density, series resistance and thickness of dielectric layer are major parameters which influence electrical and dielectric properties of MOS structure. The present results indicate that ALD films have low interface states density values and show superior properties than samples prepared by other techniques and are promising for future applications.

5 illus, 30 ref

006001   Mukherjee N;Poria S (Applied Mathematics Dep, Calcutta Univ, 92 APC Road, Kolkata-700 009, Email: swarup_p@yahoo.com ) : Bistable dynamics of an insect pathogen model. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(1), 65-75.

Authors consider a model for insect-pathogen interaction where the insect population is divided into two groups, one group susceptible to disease and other resistant to disease. An individual born susceptible to or resistant to disease depends on the local population levels at the start of each generation. Here we consider density-dependent models of transmission because we characterize diseases that spread through environmental propagules or through random contact among individuals. We consider the case where the fraction of resistant individuals increases as the total population increases. White and Wilson (Theor. Popul. Biol. 56, 163 (1999)) have reported the results of density-dependent monotonic increase of resistance class by choosing a particular type of function. In this paper, we have chosen a class of monotonic density-dependent resistance functions and studied their effects on insect-pathogen dynamics. In particular, we have investigated the effects of different types of monotonic density-dependent resistance on the bistable nature of the model. Numerical simulation results are presented and interpreted.

8 illus, 16 ref

006000   Manafian J;Lakestani M (Applied Mathematics Dep, Faculty of Mathematics Science, Tabriz Univ, Tabriz, Iran, Email: j_manafianheris@tabrizu.ac.ir) : Solitary wave and periodic wave solutions for burgers, fisher, huxley and combined forms of these equations by the (G'G)-expansion method. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(1), 31-52.

Application of the (G'/ G)-expansion method to search for exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations is analysed. This method is used for Burgers, Fisher, Huxley equations and combined forms of these equations. The (G'/G)-expansion method was used to construct periodic wave and solitary wave solutions of nonlinear evolution equations. This method is developed for searching exact travelling wave solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. It is shown that the (G'/G)-expansion method, with the help of symbolic computation, provides a straightforward and powerful mathematical tool for solving nonlinear partial differential equations.

37 ref

005999   Luo W;Zhao X;Lv S;Zhu H (School of Electronic Engineering, Xi'an Univ of Post and Telecommucation, Xi'an, Shaanixi-710 121, Email: luowenfeng@xupt.edu.cn) : Measurements of egg shell plasma parameters using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(1), 105-14.

Measurements of 1064 nm laser-induced egg shell plasma parameters are presented in this paper. Of special interests were its elemental identification and the determination of spectroscopic temperature and electron density. The electron temperature of 5956 K was inferred using an improved iterative Boltzmann plot method with six calcium atomic emission lines, and the electron number density of 6.1 x 10^{16 cm-3 was determined by measuring the width of Stark-broadened once-ionized calcium line at 393.37 nm. Based on the experimental results, the laser-induced egg shell plasma was verified to be optically thin and satisfy local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). Furthermore, experiments also demonstrated that the loss of energy due to the reflection of the laser beam from the plasma can be neglected and the inverse bremsstrahlung (IB) absorption was the dominant mechanism of plasma heating at the IR wavelength.}

6 illus, 1 table, 23 ref

005998   Li W Z;Qiang L X (School of Mathematics Sciences, Liaocheng Univ, Liaocheng-252 059, Shandong, China, Email: liuxiq@sina.com) : Symmetry reductions and exact solutions of the (2+1)-dimensional camassa-holm Kadomtsev Petviashvilli equation. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(1), 3-16.

In this paper, the classical Lie group method is employed to obtain exact travelling wave solutions of the generalized Camassa-Holm Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (g-CH-KP) equation. We give the conservation laws of the g-CH-KP equation. Using the symmetries, we find six classical similarity reductions of g-CH-KP equation. Many kinds of exact solutions of the g-CH-KP equation are derived by solving the reduced equations.

4 illus, 25 ref

005997   Kumar V;Singh J K;Prasad G M (Electronics Engineering Dep, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004, Email: vkumar52@hotmail.com) : Elastic properties of elemental, binary and ternary semiconductor materials. Indian J pure appl Phys 2015, 53(7), 429-35.

Elastic properties of elemental (C, Si, Ge), binary (II-VI, III-V) and ternary (I-III-VI₂, II-IV-V₂) semiconductors have been studied. New relations, based on plasma oscillation theory of solids, have been proposed for the calculation of bulk modulus (B), microhardness (H) and shear modulus (G) of these materials. The values of B, H, G and G/B ratio have been calculated for 13 new compounds of II-IV-V₂ family. The calculated values are compared with the available experimental and reported values. Reasonably good agreement has been obtained between them. The average percentage deviation of proposed relations has also been estimated and found to be better than earlier correlations.

3 table, 47 ref

005996   Khateb F;Kumngern M;Dabbous S B A;Kulej T; Lahiri A (Microelectronics Dep, Brno Unive of Technology, Technicka10, Brno, Czech Republic, Email: khateb@feec.vutbr.cz) : Ultra low voltage low power current conveyor transconductance amplifier. Indian J pure appl Phys 2015, 53(7), 478-87.

This paper presents ultra low-voltage (LV) low-power (LP) CMOS structure for Current Conveyor Transconductance Amplifier (CCTA). The proposed structure is performed using recently presented technique named bulk-driven quasi-floating gate (BD-QFG) enabling the CCTA to operate at low supply voltage ±0.3 V with low-power consumption in the micro range of 34 μW. Moreover, the proposed circuit provides adjustable transconductance via external grounded resistor. In addition to the topology simplicity, the proposed circuit offers high linearity and extended range of transconductance controlling. Two new figure of merit (FOM) are used to characterize the performance of the design and prove its effectiveness as compared to other. Eventually, to verify the functionality of the circuit, two current mode multi-function biquad filters are included as examples of application. The simulations are performed in PSPICE environment using the 0.18 μm CMOS n-well process from TSMC.

16 illus, 3 table, 46 ref

005995   Kazempour S;Keshavarz A;Honarasa G (Physics Dep, Faculty of Science, Shiraz Univ of Technology, Shiraz, Iran, Email: keshavarz@sutech.ac.ir) : Effects of resonator input power on kerr lens mode locked lasers. Pramana J Phys 2015, 85(1), 115-24.

Using the ABCD matrix method, the common stability region between the sagittal and tangential planes of a four-mirror Kerr lens mode-locked (KLM) laser cavity is obtained for different ranges of input power. In addition, the effect of the input power on the Kerr lens sensitivity is investigated. Optimal input power and position for highest Kerr lens sensitivity in the stability region are presented and self-starting regime has been achieved. Results show that the resonator input power has a great influence on designing the KLM lasers which can be used in fabricating an optimal femtosecond laser.

5 illus, 4 table, 22 ref

005994   Goyal S L;Sharma S;Jain D;Kishore N (Applied Physics Dep, Guru Jambheshwar Univ of Science and Technology, Hisar-125 001, Email: goyalsneh@yahoo.com) : Structural, electrical and thermal properties of polyaniline/ZnO composites synthesized by in situ polymerization. Indian J pure appl Phys 2015, 53(7), 456-63.

This paper reports the structural, electrical and thermal properties of the polyaniline doped with ZnO composites. Conducting polymer composites of polyaniline/zinc oxide (PANI/ZnO) have been synthesized by in-situ polymerization of aniline using various compositions (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt %) of ZnO in PANI using ammonium persulphate as an oxidant. The amorphous nature of the composites has been ascertained by the X-ray diffraction. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirms the interaction between PANI and dopant. Thermal stability of polymer composites has been analyzed by TGA and corresponding thermal kinetic parameters were calculated using Horowitz-Metzger method. Thermal analysis shows higher thermal stability of PANI/ZnO composites than pure PANI. The surface morphology of these composites was analyzed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), which also confirms the presence of ZnO in the composites. The dc conductivity behaviour of these composites has also been investigated as a function of temperature and concentration in the temperature range 313-393 K and the results were compared with pure PANI. The dc electrical conductivity of PANI/ZnO composites decreased as the ZnO content increased in PANI but increased with the increase in temperature.

10 illus, 3 table, 43 ref

005993   Gabdo H T;Ramli A T;Saleh M A;Sanusi M S; Garba N N (Physics Dep, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia, Email: tghamman2@gmail.com) : Influence of geology on terrestrial gamma radiation dose rate in Pahang state, Malaysia. Curr Sci 2015, 109(1), 177-83.

Terrestrial gamma radiation dose (TGRD) rate measurements have been made in Pahang state, Malaysia. Significant variations were found between TGRD measurements and the underlying geological formations. In some cases revealing significant elevations of TGRD. The acid-intrusive geological formation has the highest mean TGRD measurement of 367 nGy h^{-1. This is more than six times the world average value of 59 nGy/h-1, while the quaternary geological formation has the lowest mean gamma radiation dose rate of 99 nGy h-1. The annual effective dose equivalent outdoor to the population was 0.216 mSv. The lifetime equivalent dose and relative lifetime cancer risks for an individual living in Pahang state were 81 mSv and 4.7 x 10-3 respectively. These values are more than two times the world average of 34 mSv and 1.95 x 10-3 respectively.}

4 illus, 4 tables, 19 ref

005025   Xie A G;Lai M;Yao Y J;Wu H Y (School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 210044, Nanjing, China, Email: xagth@126.com) : Formule for secondary electron yield and the ratio of the average number of secondary electrons generated by a single backscattered electron to that generated by a single primary electron. Indian J pure appl Phys 2015, 53(5), 298-303.

On the basis of the characteristic of secondary electron emission, the number of secondary electrons (δ_PEθ) released per primary electron entering metals in the incident energy (W_p0) range 10-102 keV and the incident angle (θ) range 0-89° was deduced. In addition, the number of secondary electrons released per primary electron entering metals at θ=0 (δ_PE0) was obtained. Based on the deduced δ_PEθ, the characteristic of the emission angle distribution of the backscattered electrons and the definition of β_θ, the relationships among β_θ, cosθ and the parameter x were given, where β_θ is the ratio of the average number of secondary electrons generated by a single backscattered electron to that generated by a single primary electron entering the emitter at θ. Considering the relationship between δ_PEθ and δ_PE0 and the relationship between the secondary electron yields at W_p0=10-102 keV and θ=0-89° (δ_{θ) and the secondary electron yields at θ=0(δ0), a universal formula for expressing δθ through δ0, the backscattered coefficient at θ (ηθ), the backscattered coefficient at θ=0(δ0), cosθ and the parameter x were deduced. Further, the parameters x related to beryllium, uranium, aluminium and copper were computed with the deduced formula and experimental results; then, the formulae for expressing δθ from the four metals through δ0, ηθ, η0 and cosθ were obtained; and the relationships between βθ of the four metals and cosθ were found. The δθ calculated with the formulae and the yields measured experimentally were compared. Finally, it is concluded that the formulae for δθ and βθ from the four metals at Wp0=10-102 keV and θ=0-89° have been established, respectively.}

4 illus, 2 tables, 22 ref

005024   Tuan D A;Tung V T;Chuong T V;Tinh N T;Huong N T M (College of Sciences, Hue Univ, Vietnam, Institute of Applied Physics and Scientific Instrument of Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, Vietnam, Email: datuan1984gmail.com) : Structure, microstructure and dielectric properties of lead-free- BCT -xBZT ceramics near the morphotropic phase boundary. Indian J pure appl Phys 2015, 53(6), 409-15.

There is an urgent demand for high performance Pb-free piezoelectrics to substitute for the current workhorse, the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) family. In the present study, the high performance lead-free BCT-xBZT ceramics near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) were prepared by traditional method. The structure, microstructure of the ceramics samples were analyzed. Results show that MPB for these ceramics is achieved with BZT component of x = 0.48. Dielectric properties show ferroelectric-relaxor behaviour of this system. Furthermore, the combination of ImageJ and Lince software allows analyzing SEM images of the ceramics for estimating average particle size and particle size distribution.

8 illus, 2 tables, 33 ref

005023   Todica M;Simon V;Stefan T;Trandafir D;Balasz I (NO, Babes-Bolyai Univ, Faculty of Physics, No. 1, M. Kogalniceanu, Cluj-Napoca 400084, Romania, Email: mihai.todica@phys.ubbcluj.ro) : Spectroscopic investigation of gamma irradiated PAA-graphite membranes. Indian J pure appl Phys 2015, 53(6), 359-66.

Electrical conductivity and structural properties of PAA-graphite membranes after gamma irradiation at D=1.7 KGy, have been studied. The electrical conductivity of pure PAA membranes is very low, but the introduction of small quantity of graphite increases this property significantly due to the connections established between the graphite trapped in the polymeric holes. The electrical conductivity of the doped membranes increases after irradiation. This behaviour is correlated with the modification of the local ordered structure of the polymeric matrix and the apparition of supplementary unpaired electrons from the graphite. These microscopic modifications have been investigated by XRD and ESR methods.

9 illus, 2 tables, 20 ref

005022   Thirupathaiah P;Dharwan M;Singh V (Physics Dep, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, Email: virphfph@iitr.ac.in) : Updated model of O<. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2015, 44(1), 7-13.

A comprehensive model is developed using the updated rate coefficients and transition probabilities to study the rO+(2P)O^{+(2P) 7320 angstrum dayglow emission. The solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) fluxes, calculated using the Solar Irradiance Platform (SIP), are incorporated into the model. The neutral atmospheric parameters are adopted from the Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter Radar Exosphere (NRLMSISE-00) model. The ionospheric parameters are adopted from the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-07) model. The measurements as provided by instruments onboard Atmosphere Explorer-C satellite, Dynamics Explorer-2 spacecraft and Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite are used to validate the model results. It has been found that the emission rates computed using the present model are in good agreement with the measurements. It is also found that the present model results are in better agreement with the measurements in comparison with the earlier models. The model results show that the updated rate coefficients and transition probabilities are quite consistent with each other and may be used in the aeronomical studies.}

4 illus, 43 ref

005021   Sharma U D;Kumar M (Physics Dep, G B University of Agriculuture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Email: munish_dixit@yahoo.com) : Effect of pressure and temperature on CaF₂ and ZNO. Indian J pure appl Phys 2015, 53(5), 304-10.

Simple theory based on the knowledge of Equation of State (EOS) has been developed to study the thermodynamic properties of CaF₂ with fluorite type structure and zinc oxide with wurtzite and rocksalt structure under varying conditions of pressure and temperature. The pressure and temperature dependence of V/V₀, thermal expansivity and isothermal bulk modulus, has been computed. The results are compared with the available experimental data. A good agreement obtained between theory and experiment supports the validity of the present approach.

10 illus, 23 ref