001138   RINI T S, PRATIKNYO Y B, KUSUMA M N (Wijaya Kusuma Univ, Surabaya, Indonesia) : Simulation of prediction the capacity of Randegan Landfill, Indonesia. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 455-62.

The purpose of this research was to make a model of the waste management system in the Randegan landfill without intervention. The modeling results obtained are then used as a simulation model in predicting and describing Randegan landfill conditions. Computing The simulation carried out in this research is based on a quantitative approach using the Powersim Constructor software tools. Research does not ignore the naturalistic paradigm with a qualitative approach through grounded research. The construction of this approach analysis uses constant comparison techniques. The research was carried out at the Randegan waste landfill in Mojokerto city which has a land area of 2.5 ha and has been operating since 1990. Randegan landfill consists of a passive zone and active zone. The passive zone is zone 1 and zone 2 is a zone that cannot receive waste anymore. Active zone is zone 3 which is a zone that still receives new waste entering the landfill. The research method is divided into 2 stages. The first stage is data collection, presentation and analysis. The second stage is carried out dynamic model engineering using powersimcontructor software, stakeholder analysis, problem formulation and making causal loop diagrams. The second stage is carried out to describe the behavior of the model. From several experiments conducted in the research obtained several results, namely the prediction of population growth rate is an average of 1.09 % over a period of 30 years. The rate of population growth will increase the volume of waste consisting of inorganic and organic waste. Prediction of the rate of increase in the volume of organic and inorganic waste in the active zone is 167.58 %. With limited landfill capacity, the condition in 2018 can no longer accommodate waste. This is because the capacity is smaller than the volume of waste that enters. This condition will also cause the volume of waste that is not accommodated from year to year is also getting bigger. If this is left unchecked, then the predicted volume of unaccounted waste will increase by 901.69 % in the next 25 years. Based on simulations carried out using modeling without intervention, it is necessary to have a policy to reduce the burden of accumulating waste volumes in the Randegan landfill.

7 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

001137   PANCHAL A, RAI N, SHARMA N K (Environmental Sciences Dep , Mohanlal Sukhadia Univ, Udaipur) : Assessment of forest land degradation by remote sensing and gis: A case study of Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary, Udaipur (Rajasthan). Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 447-54.

Assessment of the degradation of forest cover by Remote Sensing and GIS (Geographical Information System) technique of the Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary is the main aim of the present investigation. Anthropogenic activities in the study area are so intense that forest cover is degrading at an alarming rate. Supervised classification methodology has been employed using maximum likelihood technique in ERDAS Imagine 14.0. The images of the maps were classified into Forestland, scrubland, water and barren land. Although the forests cover in the study area is of open forest type. The statistical analysis indicates change in land use pattern from the year 2001 to 2005 and till 2015. And this change in land use pattern is of great concern for environmentalists and this leading to the habitat loss to the endemic flora and fauna species. This scientific venture gives a vivid picture of the forest degradation due to human activities which has to be checked immediately to save the forest land and the sanctuary as well.

7 illus, 3 tables, 23 ref

001136   SUMARMI, PURWANTO, MUTIA T (Geography Education Dep, State Univ of Malang, Malang, Indonesia) : Spatio-temporal dynamics of mangrove forests in Surabaya from 1996 through 2016. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 439-46.

Surabaya is one of the fastest growing cities in Indonesia. There is rapid development in eastern Surabaya from year to year. This research aimed to identify the expansion of mangrove forests in the last 20 years (1996-2016) based on the data of remote sensing and Geographic Information System, to determine the zoning of mangrove in Surabaya to decrease the effects of global warming, identify the government role and community participation in mangrove conservation in Surabaya. This research was survey research which was designed by using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) approach. The remote sensing data in the form of Landsat and Quickbird satellite imagery were utilized to identify temporary changes in mangrove forests in the last 20 year period. The results of the study showed that in 1996, the mangrove forests were changed into 1,231 km² , expanded to 3,3039 Km² in 2001, 2,872 in 2006, 4,484 Km² in 2011, and 9,459 Km² in 2016. Second, there was both negative (declining) and positive changes in mangrove forests. The narrowing mangrove area was caused by the expansion of Juanda airport, residential area, industrial area, and so on. The mangrove forests expanded to the direction of the Brantas estuary which expanded along with the sediment distribution to the Northern part of the east coast. Third, the mangrove conservation was done through business communities. Tourists were invited to plant mangrove directly. Besides, there was also an involvement of local government through the establishment of the local governmental regulation year 2008 regarding protected areas of 338 meters from the seaside.

6 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

001135   NAIR M P, WILSON M M, MATHEW J, ROSILY A V, GOPINATH A (Aquatic Environment Management Dep, Kerala Univ of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi- 682 506, Kerala) : Seasonal microplastic documentation in Kerala mangrove sediments. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 436-8.

Seasonal microplastic abundance evaluation in the sediments of the diverse mangrove environments in Kerala - Kannur, Kochi and Kollam was attempted. Samples were collected from three stations of Kannur: Pazhayangadi (KP), Valapattanam (KV) and Dharmadam (KD); two stations of Kochi: Mangalavanam (MN) and Kundannur (KK) and two stations of Kollam : Munro Thuruthu (KM) and Ashramam (KA). Seasonal comparison recognized that microplastics are more in MN during pre-monsoon season and least in KP sediments during post monsoon. Among the samples analysed fragments identified as more in numbers than filament microplastics. The dominant colour of microplastics were observed as black. This study serves as a baseline for microplastics distribution in the mangrove sediments of Kerala.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

001020   PRATIWI U H, IBRAHIM E, SALEH E, NGUDIANTORO (Sriwijaya Univ, Palembang- 30139, Indonesia) : Hydrological characteristics analysis of Ogan Watershed, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 427-35.

Ogan Sub-watershed in South Sumatra is one of the relatively large Musi river sub-watersheds which area crosses several cities with management complexity. The Ogan watershed experiences flooding during rainy season annually, especially in the downstream of Ogan Ilir District and one of the reasons of flooding in Palembang City. The information about hydrological characteristics was needed for water resources management. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the hydrological characteristics of the Ogan watershed based on the morphometric conditions, geomorphology, and climatology. Data used was digital elevation model for analyzing the distribution and characteristic of sub-watersheds based on morphometric conditions, sentinel satellite imagery maps for land use analysis, and maximum daily rainfall data. Rainfall data used for analyzing climatology of sub-watersheds (hourly rainfall) using the Alternating Block Method (ABM) of the Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) curve with time intervals of 10 minutes for 360 minutes in return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. Peak discharge was analysed by developing hydrological model of synthetic unit hydrograph SCS using HEC-HMS 4.3 software. Flood discharge hydrograph analysis measured with Soil Conservation Service (SCS) by inputting characteristic of sub-watersheds based on the morphometric condition, geomorphology, and climatology. The result of analysis showed that the total area of the Ogan Watershed is 841,721 ha, which is classified as a large watershed with a length of 343.19 km. Ogan watershed divided into 12 sub-watersheds, namely Ogan Tengah, Rambang, Kuang Besar, Sakatiga, Ual, Gelas, Kisam, Kurup, Ogan Ulu, Ogan Ilir, Kelekar, and Tebangka. Ogan sub-watersheds were dominated by rubber plantations, oil palm plantations, and dry land forests. The highest depth of the rain occurred at 180 minutes and the lowest depth at 360 minutes and 10 minutes. Result of hydrological model using HEC-HMS 4.3 software presented a peak discharge hydrograph with a return period of 2 years from 12 sub-watersheds revealed that Ogan Ulu sub-watershed had the highest discharge of 180.9 m³ s^-1 and the lowest was Kisam sub-watershed at 24.7 m³ s^-1. The results of the overall peak discharge analysis of the Ogan watershed with a return period of 2 years is equal to 516.4 m³ s^-1.

5 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

001018   ALMUTAIRI A (Environmental Technology Management Dep, Kuwait Univ, Safat- 13060, Kuwait) : Estimation of reference evapotranspiration under hyper-arid climates: Testing several vapor pressure deficit models. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 421-33.

The estimation of reference evapotranspiration, ET_o , is profoundly important in water resources management. Avoiding all expensive methods, the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method is recognized as the standard approach for estimating ET_o, which requires daily meteorological data inputs such as vapor pressure deficit, VPD. In this study, thirteen VPD models are used to estimate ET_o . Nine of them are classified as meteorological models, which used hybrid combinations of minimum and maximum air temperature, minimum and maximum relative humidity, and dew point temperature, while the remaining four are known to be thermodynamic basis models that require only the air temperature to function. The actual vapor pressure, the VPD, daily ET_o, and cumulative ET_o are computed by the thirteen models. Several statistical tests are used to evaluate the efficiency of each model. Model 5 is used as the standard to compare all other models. Results show that Model 13 performs better than any tested model in this study in terms of ET_o estimation. In the meteorological group, Model 4 performs better than any model in this group with an R₂ value of 0.9994.

8 illus, 11 tables, 16 ref

001017   HIRANSUCHALERT R, SITTIKANKAEW K, YOCAWIBUN P, KUTAKO M, PAIBOONKICHAKUL C, KLINBUNGA S, PAUNGLARP N (Burapha Univ, Chanthaburi- 22170, Thailand) : Expression and recombinant protein purification of phycocyanin α and β subunits from Arthrospira platensis: Antimicrobial activity. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 416-26.

Molecular techniques were used to generate the recombinant C-phycocyanin protein of Atrhrospira platensis ) exhibited ab-subunit (C-PC/bvia an Escherichia coli expression system. The recombinant c-phycocyanin   production rate expressed in insoluble form of pET29a(+)/E. coli BL21-DE3-RIPL with 0.16 mgbC-PC/ ) expressed ina-subunit (C-PC/aprotein/g cell_wet (0.81 µg protein/ml_medium). The corresponding rate of the  insoluble form of pET32a(+)/E. coli BL21-DE3-RIPL was 9.35 mg protein/g cell_wet (25.55 µg protein/ml_medium). ) had a rate expressed in soluble form of pET29a E. coli BL21-DE3ab-subunit (C-PC/a-bThe recombinant   werea and C-PC/bwith 11.59 mg protein/g cellwet (24.68 µg protein/ml_medium). Results show that C-PC/  was soluble in E. coli BL21-DE3. Recombinant proteins did notab inclusion body proteins, while C-PC/ bexhibit blue-green colors, while low sensitivity to E. coli inhibition occurred in the A. platensis C-PC/ protein (1.53 mm ± 0.06 mm of the inhibition zone). Results suggest that recombinant phycocyanin subunits of A. platensis can be reconstructed via the pET expression vector in E. coli. This approach could be used to generate volumes of this protein.

5 illus, 3 tables, 41 ref

001015   AL-DULAIMI Z S A, AL-ASADY M H S, ALI H S (Al-Qasim Green Univ, Iraq) : Effect of sowing date and planting distance on growth and yield of oat. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 410-5.

The experiment was carried out during at winter agricultural season 2019-2020 in Babylon Governorate/ Abi-Gharq district For the purpose of knowing the effect of sowing date and planting distance on growth and yield of oats Avena sativa L.The sowing date is 1st and 15th of November and 1st and 15th of December and planting distance are 20, 25 and 30 cm. The treats are distributed in a factorial experiment according to RCBD with three replicates. The results show that sowing at November 15 produced higher tillers number, content of chlorophyll dyes in flag leaf, panicle number, number of grains in panicle, weight of 1000 grains, biological and grain yield, with averages of 645.5 tillers.m-2, 53.26 SPAD, 551.8 dalia.m2 and 54.16 grain.dalia1 , 41.40 g, 29.25 ton.ha^-1 and 12.59 ton.ha^-1 respectively. The planting distance 20 cm produces higher tillers number, panicle number, biological and grain yields with averages of 620.8 tiller.m-2, 587.8 panicle.m-2, 27.13 ton.ha^-1 and 10.21 ton.ha^-1 respectively. The interaction treat November 15 with 20 cm distance is significantly higher on average in tillers number, biological and grain yield with averages of 778.7 tiller.m² , 33.85 ton.ha^-1 and 15.38 ton.ha^-1 respectively. 

3 tables, 22 ref

001134   MOHAMMAD A J, ALYOUSIF N A, AL-MOSAWI U A S, AL-HEJUJE M M (Ecology Dep, Basrah Univ, Basrah, Iraq) : Assessment of water quality supplies in some areas of Basrah Governorate, Iraq. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 404-9.

Seventy samples were collected out from water supplies of seven stations at Basrah governorate from October, 2015 to April, 2016 to estimate physical characteristics and fecal coliform bacteria content. The fecal coliform bacteria ranged from 1–1370CFU/100 mL belonging to the species E. coli, Citrobacter sp and Enterbacter sp., The water temperature range (9 - 30 ) °C , turbidity ( 1.12 - 215.0) NTU, pH(7.0-8.8), electrical conductivity (0.24-9.48) ms/cm, salinity (0.15-6,07) g/L (PSU) and residual chlorine (0.01-3.56) mg/L. The results have shown contamination of water supplies with pathogenic microscopic organisms such as bacteria and pathogenic viruses. Furthermore, physical and chemical characteristics of water investigations have indicated the excess of the average values of some characteristics in most places subjected to the present study above the permitted WHO and Iraqi standards of drinking water.

2 tables, 29 ref

001133   HASAN A K, ALKARADY S A (Al Qasim Green Univ, Iraq) : Spatial diversity of oxides in soil affecting ceramics in babil governorate. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 394-6.

The current research dealt with the study of the Spatial variation of oxides in Babylon province. The research dealt with studying and conducting an XRF examination of twenty different regions of the Babylon province regions, and they were oxides and ten elements are: (U, ZrO₂ , SrO, NiO, Cr₂ O₃ , V₂ O₅ , TiO₂ , Cl, P₂ O₅ , ZnO) It was taken from the north, south, east and west of Babylon province, It turned out that there is a difference in the proportions from one region to another

10 ref

001132   PATEL A, CHAUDHARY V K, SINGH A, RAI D, PATEL N (Environmental Sciences Dep , Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh Univ, Ayodhya- 224 001, Uttar Pradesh) : Pollution in river Ganga due to heavy metal toxicity and various mitigation plans- A Review. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 382-93.

India is blessed with most holy and worshiped rivers of the world. These rivers have enormous importance not only to the people who lives in the nearby areas but also to those also who lives far from them. Because of rapid industrialization and urbanization various rivers of India including river Ganga, are under immense pressure of water pollution. Discharge of toxic elements like Pb, Cd, Cr, and As etc. in various water resources has been increased simultaneously. Heavy metals are founded to be carcinogenic and prove toxic not only to humans but also to aquatic life and also damages river ecosystem. Municipal waste water and industrial waste water are considered as major source of pollution of River Ganga. A number of plans has been started by Government of India, but still the condition of water remains unsatisfactory. This review mainly gives an idea about the presence of various toxic elements in water bodies, their toxic effect on human health and strategies and plan to mitigate them from river Ganga.

1 illus, 2 tables, 119 ref

001127   DEEPTI, BACHHETI A, BACHHETI R K, MISHRA V K (Environment Science Dep, Graphic Era Univ, Dehradun) : Seasonal variation assessment in physicochemical parameters of Nakatia River, Uttar Pradesh (India). Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 397-403.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the physical-chemical parameters and their variation across the stretch of the Nakatia river that flows through Bareilly comprising six sampling sites namely Mudiya Ahmadnagar, Harunagla, Mohanpur Nakatia, Thiriya Nijawat khan, Manpur Chikatiya and Ruriya. Data were analyzed on pH, TDS, alkalinity, chloride, total hardness, BOD, COD, nitrates, dissolved phosphates and heavy metals. The study found that pH, TDS, alkalinity, chloride, total hardness, COD, iron and nickel of the Nakatia River were found within the limits prescribed by BIS. However, at some sites, BOD, nitrate, dissolved phosphate and arsenic exceeded the permissible limit. Industrialization, urbanization, untreated waste and sewage disposal are some of the key indicators of pollution of the Nakatia river in Bareilly,Uttar Pradesh.

1 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

001111   FERDI (Andalas Univ, Padang Indonesia) : International environmental law enforcement using ISO 14001 in the WTO free trade system and its implementation in Indonesian law. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 240-6.

ISO 14001 is an international standard that contains guidelines (guidence) for management. International Environmental Law and national environmental law have not been able to achieve optimal enforcement of environmental law because it only contains rules in the form of a liability approach. Law enforcement must be done with other approaches such as the economic approach, especially marketing, namely the market based incentive approach. This approach provides incentives for goods and services companies holding ISO 14001 certificates, namely environmental management standards (EMS). The research problem is how the environmental management standard (EMS) of ISO 14001 helps the enforcement of International Environmental Law and Indonesian Environmental Law as well as what forms of implementation in Indonesia. The research method used is a normative juridical approach supported by a sociological juridical approach. Analysis of legal material is done descriptively through a comparative approach to management science, especially marketing management. The results show that EMS has been recognized by World Trade Organizations (WTO) member countries as a world trade standard. ISO 14001 has been required in trade by developed countries such as Europe, the United States, China etc. ISO member countries have also required ISO 14001 in the export and import of their goods and services. Companies are competing to get EMS certificates so that their products sell well in the market. One of the requirements for obtaining an ISO 14001 certificate is that each company has a commitment to uphold national and international environmental law. Indonesia as a member of ISO and WTO has implemented ISO 14001 as the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 14001). ISO 14001 has also been included in various laws such as Law Number 32 Year 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management.

23 ref

001110   CHOLA S (Gujarat National Law Univ, Gandhinagar, Gujarat) : Analysis of criminal law application in environmental offences. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 234-9.

India is one of the most polluted countries in the world. India has developed legislations and jurisprudence in the field of Environmental law. However, the offences keep on increasing and becoming graver. The paper discusses the role of criminal law in administering environmental offences. It discusses the various reasons to bring it further into application form a social and an economic angle. It also throws light upon the hurdles involved in the application of the same and why criminal law has not yet practiced frequently. The paper further suggests the various methods and alternatives in the forms of punishment that can be granted in criminal law to make it more effective and deterring

22 ref

001107   SAMITRA D, HARMOKO, SEPRIYANINGSIH, ROZI Z F, SETIAWAN A, YUSTIAN I (STKIP PGRI Lubuklinggau, South Sumatra, Indonesia) : Freshwater fishes of Gegas Dam, South Sumatra Indonesia: Composition and diversity. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 216-21.

Fish studies can be essential information about the health of aquatic ecosystems as well as a basis for policy making management of fish resources. Study of fishes in the Gegas Dam has never been reported.This study aims to determine the diversity of fish in the Gegas Dam. Data collection was conducted during rainy season in March 2020 at the Gegas Dam, Musi Rawas Regency, South Sumatra. Fish samples were caught with fish bait, cast net, gill net, and hexagonal fish trap. The fish obtained are tabulated based on species, genus and family. Data analysis included the index of Shannon diversity, Pielou’s evenness index and Simpson dominance index. Total fishes collected during the study were 414 individuals. The composition of the fish consists of 25 species representing 19 genera, and 12 families. Desmopuntius gemellus is the species most caught during the study. The results of diversity index analysis were 3.01, evenness index was 0.93 and dominance index was 0.05. Diversity in the Gegas Dam is of medium category with high species evenness and no species dominate.

1 illus, 3 tables, 56 ref

001106   BAKAR R N A R A, ZAKARIA S Z S, ISA N M, MAJID N A, RAZMAN M R (Kebangsaan Malaysia Univ, Selangor, Malaysia) : Teachers’ perception and roles regarding global citizenship for sustainable development. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 209-15.

This study aimed to explore the perceptions and role of primary school teachers in the implementation of global citizenship education (GCE) in Malaysia. GCE is something new in the country. There are three main aspects of the study - teachers’ perceptions of the implementation of the GCE and their views on what is needed and what prevents them from implementing the GCE. The respondents of this study were 108 teachers from 11 selected primary schools in Peninsular Malaysia. The research instrument used was the questionnaire survey. The data obtained were then analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science softwares “version 23 and is expressed in percentages for each answer to the question provided. The study found that 55.6 % of the total number of respondents in the GCE had to be educated in school. The study also found that the main barriers to implementing the GCE were the teachers lacking knowledge and skills about the GCE. Therefore, training and mentoring should be provided to teachers to help them implement GCE in learning activities in schools.

8 tables, 23 ref

001104   BAKAR R N A R A, ZAKARIA S Z S, ISA N M, MAJID N A, RAZMAN M R (Kebangsaan Malaysia Univ, Selangor, Malaysia) : Supporting sustainable development Goals (SDGS): Embedding global citizenship education across Malaysian primary schools curriculum. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 194-200.

The phenomenon of globalization has resulted in public concern about the best approach to prepare future generations as global citizen. Learning institutions are the centre of knowledge distribution and schools as the medium of learning process, canplay the important role, in setting the action towards nurturing global citizenship. Global citizenship is not a new additional subject, but it is a culture that needs to be applied. As such, it is a challenge for educators to determine the essential elements for the development of global citizenship, which is of course very subjective and have some definitions and vary according to needs and objectives. This study aims to identify the existence of the elements of the Global Citizenship in key components of the Primary School Standard Curriculum (KSSR) such as 21st Century Skills, High Level Thinking Skills developed by the Ministry of Education (MOE). These elements are examined using document analysis methods based on the syllabus of KSSR’s main subjects; Malay Language, English Language, Science Education, Islamic Education, Moral Education and History Education. Based on the analysis of the documents, these subjects do contain the elements of the Global Citizenship. Although the contents varied according to the subjects but the application of 21st Century Skills and the High Level Thinking Skills could be found embedded in the curriculum.

4 tables, 24 ref

001103   GOHIL P J, MAHATO A K R (Shree Ramkrishna Institute of Computer Education and Applied Sciences, Surat- 394 221, Gujarat) : Birds in semi-natural wetlands of arid landscape- a study on their diversity in Kachchh region of Gujarat, India. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 187-93.

Kachchh district of Gujarat despite falling into arid region is rich in presence of wetlands and dependent avifauna. Apart from the popularly known larger wetlands like Rann of Kachchh and Chharidhandh, other manmade water bodies in rural and urban areas of the region supports and enrich biodiversity which are poorly documented. The present study was carried out in the month of January and March, 2017 to analyse avian diversity of three selected lesser known semi-natural wetlands located within 25 km radius of Bhuj city of Kachchh district. A total of 64 species of birds belonging to 32 families and 11 orders were recorded includes 19 terrestrial bird and 45 water birds. The species dominance was highest of Fulica atra and Microcarbo niger among the recorded species. The analysis revealed that the bird species richness in these wetlands were 25, 49 and 16 with species diversity 2.29, 2.79 and 2.56 respectively. The results conclusively indicated the importance of studying and long term monitoring of such wetlands are vital for conservation of rich diversity of birds.

3 illus, 5 tables, 16 ref

001102   ZAKARIA S Z S, BAKAR R N A R A, ISA N M, MAHMUD S N D, ABDULLAH A, AHMAD C N C, SYED ABDULLAH, NURIAH MAJID S I S S, RAZMAN M R (Institute for Environment & Development, Selangor, Malaysia) : Global citizenship elements in Malaysian primary school curriculum towards sustainable development goals (SDGS). Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 178-86.

Global Citizenship (GC) is still a new concept in Malaysian education scenario, and existing research shows that a critical approach to teaching and learning about global issues is largely absent within Malaysian school settings. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the GC elements, embedded in the Malaysian education curriculum within the UNESCO framework. This paper will discuss the result of document analysis done on Malaysian primary school core subjects, which used critical discourse analysis to analyze the relevant parts of the curriculum within the core subjects. The analysis revealed that GC is taught across the curriculum in Malaysia, which aims to increase students’ knowledge, skills and behavior towards sustainability. GCE was presented in the curriculum as a multidisciplinary topic which follows through the values, aims and tasks of the core subjects. This study provides a clear starting point for future research of GC and its implementation and impacts in Malaysian education system, and hope to open the eyes and minds of the policy makers in Malaysia, the importance of GC which has a crucial role to play in tackling injustices and making the world a more just and sustainable place.

3 tables, 32 ref

001101   SAIKIA J, SAIKIA S (Geography Dep, Rajiv Gandhi Univ, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh) : Changing trend of forest cover in the Pabha reserve forest in the Lakhimpur District of Assam, India. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 172-7.

The change of the forest cover area into other land use and land cover types is known as forest cover depletion. Pabha Reserve Forest of Lakhimpur district has been experienced the same for the last few decades. This study has been conducted on the changing trend of forest cover of the said reserve forest for the years of 1977, 1987, 1997, 2007 and 2017. The Landsat-2 MSS data for 1977, Landsat-5 TM data for 1987, 1997 and 2007 and Landsat-8 OLI data for 2017 have been used to analyze the changing trend and supervised classification and has been used with the help of ERDAS Imagine 2014. Only 8.824 sq km of dense forest area was there in the year of 1977 out of the total geographical area 50 sq km of the Pabha Reserve Forest. That area has become 0 sq km during the year of 1997. The study reveals that the Pabha Reserve Forest has been depleted before the year of 1977. Only anthropogenic activities are responsible for the changing trend of the forest cover.

10 illus, 14 ref

001099   ROY D, MISTRY K (Sammilani Mahavidyalaya, Kolkata - 94, West Bengal) : Interpretation of species habitat relationship and animal interaction through remote sensing with reference to spotted deer and langur population in Kanha National Park, India. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 159-67.

The Spotted deer (Axis axis) and the Langur (Semnopithecus entellus) are the two sympatric herbivorous species that live in Kanha National Park of central India. They belong to two different weight categories under family Cervidae and Cercopithecidae. They share habitat, resources and suffer from the same generalist predators. Determining interactions between sympatric local populations of spotted deer and Langur, in different spatially apart forest sections categorized, grouped and ranked based on NDVI values are our prime target. We considered remote sensing technology, field study, NDVI values and location-based photographs to characterize and categorized the forest vegetation. Then the locations of the animals were specified with in NDVI map differentiated into multiple 1x1 sq.km grids and 250 m circular grids. The grid specific data of forest vegetation and respective NDVI values were taken in to consideration for evaluating the species habitat relationships and possible underlying interaction between two sympatric species, spotted deer and langur, under changing environment. Both the species are found to follow dynamic pattern in habitat usages and in interspecific interactions, either by mutual co-existence (Mutualism: +/+) or by competition (Parasitism +/-) as reported by previous researches

5 illus, 5 tables, 49 ref

001098   QUEVEDO L, MERINO K, GODOY S, CARRERA C (National Univ of Chimborazo, Ecuador) : Ecological assessment and water quality using benthic diatom communities in an Ecuadorian amazon river. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 152-8.

This work determined the water quality and ecological status of a stretch of the Río Blanco river becoming probably in the first approach to the study of benthic diatom communities inhabiting this small Amazon river of Ecuador. Surveys conducted in a study area with a length of 3 km and an altitudinal gradient of 500 meters were analyzed. Descriptive community parameters (Richness (S), Pielou’s evenness index (J’) and Margalef richness index (d)) were calculated, and water quality was estimated by the Specific Polluosensitivity Index (IPS). Even when there is the presence of punctual anthropogenic activities, we found a good quality of water which could be attributable to the geomorphologic and climatic characteristics of the zone where the altitude gradient allows permanent oxygenation of the water, and it is possible to evidence high volumes of precipitation and flow.

1 illus, 5 tables, 35 ref

001097   SIMANGUNSONG N I, FITRI R (Trisakti Univ, Jakarta- 11440, Indonesia) : Identification of oxygen production and oxygen demands in parks and green paths as an environmental sustainability effort in Selong area, Jakarta, Indonesia. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 146-51.

The availability of land for parks and green paths in the city of Jakarta is increasingly limited, so we need green open space that provides maximum value for the city community and surrounding communities.The purpose of this study is to identify how much oxygen is produced by the Parks and Green paths to the oxygen demand of residents and vehicles in the Selong Area. The method used in this study is an evaluative analysis method (calculating oxygen production from vegetation based on the number and type of trees; calculating the oxygen needs of residents and vehicles) and efforts to increase oxygen production. The study was conducted in 12 parks and 18 green paths in Selong area. The calculation results show that a park planted with many trees does not guarantee that more oxygen will be produced if the selection of tree species is not right. Characteristics of trees that are broad-crowned, leafy and pile more produce oxygen. This research is expected to increase government and community awareness of the importance of the existence of green open space for the sustainability of oxygen availability in urban areas and can be a reference for park development.

4 tables, 26 ref

001096   Jensy Roshan F, Sreejai R (Pathanapuram Univ of Kerala, Kollam) : Principal component analysis of the phytoplankton interaction with the environmental factors in Kottakayal (Kerala, India). Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 141-5.

In the current examination, we have analyzed the association between the principle ecological parameters and the quantitative characteristics of the phytoplankton networks in Kottakayal for three seasons (November 2015- October 2017). The point of this examination was to recognize the key natural elements affecting the phytoplankton development, by execution PCA investigation dependent on the Pearson correlation matrix. The PCA factors classified into 3 significant segments, for example, PC1, PC2 and PC3 individually. Out of the 23 natural variables 8 elements were found to have positive values and remaining 15 components had negative Eigen values. Just 4 segments like atmospheric temperature, TSS free CO₂ , nitrite and silicate had positive values in PC1, PC2 and PC3. The acquired outcomes exhibit the pertinence of the multivariate statistical analysis techniques for the determination of the principle factor impacting the quantitative, spatial and seasonal phytoplankton improvement in water bodies.

5 illus, 13 ref

001095   FATTAH M, ADIINTYAS C, UTAMI T N (Brawijaya Univ, Brawijaya, Indonesia) : Sustainability management evaluations of bee jay bakau resort in probolinggo using multi dimensional scaling rapeco tourism approach. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 135-40.

Mangrove forests have ecological, economic, and social values that need to be sustainably maintained to minimize its destruction. This study is aimed to analyze the sustainability and management priority of Bee Jay Bakau Resort in Probolinggo. The analysis employs Multi-Dimensional Scaling using Rapecotourism (Rapid Appraisal for Ecotourism) approach. The result showed that the multi dimensional management of BJBR Mangrove resort generated a 71.32 % index that categorized as adequately sustainable. The sustainable index value of ecological, economic, social, law and corporation, and technology dimensions were 74.95 %, 73.54 %, 66.81 %, 70.83 %, and 70.49 %, respectively. The index value of five dimensions was between 51 – 75 and categorized as adequately sustainable. The main priorities for each dimension in management consideration are environmental pollution, economic contributions, educational facilities, legal awareness, and technological security. The development of BJBR ecotourism should consider ecological aspects so that it can improve its sustainability.

6 illus, 2 tables, 24 ref

001093   RIZALI A (Lambung Mangkurat Univ, South Kalimantan Indonesia) : Comparing the use of bioplastic cassava and plastics ethylene as packaging cayenne pepper. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 123-8.

The high use of plastics has a negative impact on sustainable, environmental because it is difficult to be degraded so that there is waste build up of plastic waste that pollutes the environment. Environment pollution due to plastic waste taking too long to decompose has become problem. There have been numerous solutions proposed, one of which is the use of bioplstics. The use of cassava starch as the main ingredient in the manufacture of bioplastics shows great potential, since Indonesia has diverse range of starch-producing plant. The aims of the present study is to compare the use of cassava bioplastic and polyethylene plastic as packaging for cayenne pepper. The experimental research investigated the use of cassava bioplastic. Observation by using cassava bioplastic that is P2.SD treatment that is with an average rate of good chili damage is 85 %, 15 % rather soft, 0 % soft, and 0 % rotten. This data shows the best results compared to the other two treatments. This is because the chili only shrinks and does not decay. This is because the packaging of cassava-pectin starch has a high value of the rate of water vapor transmission. The packaging of horticultural commodities is an effort that places fresh commodities into a container that meets the requirements so that the quality is maintained or only slightly decreases when received by consumers, by using packaging, the commodity can be protected from mechanical and microbiological collisions during transportation and storage.

6 illus, 19 ref

001092   MAHESHWARI A (Amity Univ, Uttar Pradesh) : Attitude and perception of the local community towards community based tourism development in Har Ki Dun Valley, Uttarakhand. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 115-22.

Community based tourism is a growing segment in the dynamic travel industry and has probability of acting as a sustainable development tool. It operates differently than any other form of tourism and helps in conservation of natural areas, enlighten the visitors about sustainability and befitting the locals. As per the above-mentioned facts, it is desirable to study such landscapes which are having abundant natural resources, is eco fragile in nature and can attract potential visitors for economic growth by considering the fact of conservation of ecosystem with the interest of local population. Thus, one such landscape is valley of Harki-dun which has been selected for the present study. The research analyses the attitude and perception of the local community towards Community Based Tourism. To achieve this purpose a survey based on a questionnaire was conducted in the year 2019. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistic and Principle Component Analysis. The results indicate that Community Based Tourism is considered as a tool for advancement of the har ki dun region.

2 tables, 29 ref

001090   SUROSO H, FITRI L E, HAYATI Y S (Brawijaya Univ, Malang, Indonesia) : Analysis of factors related to flood Mitigation in the Welang Watershed, Pasuruan City. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 98-104.

Indonesia is a country that has a disaster-prone area; in the year, 2005-2015 it recorded more than 78 % hydrometeorology disaster such as a flood occurred including in Pasuruan City. Mitigation of individuals in households is an effort to reduce flood disaster risk. This research aims to analyze factors related to the mitigation of flood disaster in the Welang Watershed, Pasuruan. Design research using analytic observational with Cross-sectional approach. This research samples are 105 head of family located in the disaster-prone area of Welang River Flood, Pasuruan. Data in analysis through correlation test rank Spearman with a significant level (α) = 0.05. Correlation rank Test Spearman showed there was a significant correlation between knowledge (P = 0.000), self-efficacy (P = 0.000), and socioeconomic status (0.000) with flood mitigation. Factors of knowledge, self-efficacy, and socioeconomic status are significantly correlated with community mitigation in the face of the flood disaster, the most correlated factor against flood disaster mitigation is socioeconomic status compared to 2 other factors.

5 tables, 28 ref

001088   PATOR R C, RAY D C (Ecology and Environmental Science Dep, Assam Univ, Silchar- 788 011, Assam) : Seasonality of litter dwelling microarthropods and their relation with the climatic variables in acacia plantation of Cachar District, Assam. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 80-4.

Litter microarthropods play a crucial role in ecosystem functioning. The present study deals with the litter microarthropods and their relation with climatic variables in an Acacia plantation. The study was conducted for a period of one year (April 2016-March 2017) and the litter microarthropods were studied by following the litter bag techniques. The microarthropods were extracted from the litter bags by using the Berlese Tullgren funnel apparatus. Results revealed that the Collembola (43.99 %) as the most dominant groups out of the 16 extracted microarthropod groups followed by Oribatid mites (29.53 %). The peak population was recorded in April 2016 and lowest was in February 2017. The climatic variables (rainfall, atmospheric temperature, and relative humidity) showed a weak positive correlation with the litter inhabiting microarthropods while the CCA plot revealed a strong association of rainfall and relative humidity with some of the microarthropod groups.

2 illus, 3 tables, 27 ref

001087   MAHDI B A, MOYEL M S, JAAFAR R S ( Ecology Dep, Basrah Univ, Basra, Iraq) : Adopting the water quality index to assess the validity of groundwater in Al-Zubair city southern Iraq for drinking and human consumption. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 73-9.

Ground water is an alternative source of water in arid and semi-arid area. The present study aimed to assess the suitability of twenty well waters in Al-Zubair area, southern Iraq for drinking and human consumption. Water Quality index (WQI) was adopted to evaluate the water of the studied wells. Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated depending on a fifteen physiochemical parameter including: pH, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Calcium (Ca⁺²), Magnesium (Mg⁺²), Chloride (Cl- ), Sulphate (SO4 ^-2), Nitrate (NO3 - ), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Lead (Pb⁺²), Cadmium (Cd⁺²), Copper (Cu⁺²), Zink (Zn⁺²). Iron (Fe⁺²) and manganese (Mn⁺²). Results of WQI values indicated that the wet season has the lowest average of WQI (795.6), with range values from 604 to 1274, while the dry season recorded the highest average of WQI(1372.1), with range values ( 878 – 2997) respectively. The WQI results indicate that groundwater is classified as unfit for drinking and human consumption purpose. This study is useful in the planning and rational management of groundwater resources and their potential for use as drinking water.

1 illus, 5 tables, 28 ref

001085   HUSSEIN S A, MEDAN R A, NOORI A M (Kirkuk Univ, Iraq) : Effect of different agricultural media and wounding on rooting and growing of Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) semi wood cutting. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 54-60.

The study was conducted in Collage of Agriculture / Kirkuk University –Iraq during period of 15/12/2019 to 1/5/2020. The study included influence of two type of cultural media (Peat moss, river soil) and wounding three levels (without wounding, mono-wounds,di-wounds) of European grape cutting under plastic house condition. The factorial experiment arranged using randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) with triplicates and five seedlings for each experimental unit. The results were analyzed by using SAS V 9.0 software and the variation of means compared depending on Duncan test for significant level of 0.05. The obtained results can be summarized that Peat mossmedia significantly increased most of roots and shoots characteristics (percentage of rooted cutting, roots length, dry weight of shoots and roots systems, length and diameter of cutting, numbers of leaves and new branches, branches length and leaf area) on river soilmedia. While, mono-woundsexhibited a significant superiority on other wounding levels in following characteristics (percentage of rooted cutting, roots length, dry weight of shoots and roots systems, diameter of cutting, numbers of leaves and new branches, branches length, leaf area, total chlorophyll and percentage of Nitrogen).

5 tables, 34 ref

001084   HARAHAP F R, TAQWA R, JUNIAH R, WILDAYANA E (Environmental Sciences Dep , Sriwijaya Univ, Palembang, Indonesia) : Rapfish analysis on sustainability status of post-tin mining in Jebus subdistrict, West Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Islands Province, Indonesia. Eco Env Cons 2021, 27(1), 44-53.

Bangka is well known as the largest tin producer in Indonesia that has widely ruined to the environment due to exaggerated exploitation. The extreme exploitation potentially generates landscape changes that are caused by the formation of giant pools with tailings and overburden. The aim of this research will analyze the sustainability of post-tin mining conducted in Jebus Regency, West Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Islands Province. The data are obtained by filling questionnaires which is assessed in three aspects such as environmental, economic, and social. These aspects contribute to the post-tin mining sustainability and arranged through observations, literature reviews, and previous studies. This study involved 166 respondents who were randomly selected in 11 villages in Jebus sub-district, West Bangka Regency. The results show that the post-mining sustainability status in multidimensional is less sustainable. The environmental and economic dimensions are less sustainable while the social dimension is sustainable. Sustainable or less sustainable status depend on the five greatest attributes of leverage sustainability status of tin mining in the environmental, economic, and social dimensions.

2 illus, 3 tables, 42 ref

000472   PORKAVI B M, KALAISELVI P, DAVAMANI V, ANANDHAM R, MAHESWARI M (Environmental Sciences Dep, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu) : Qualitative and quantitative assessment of cellulolytic enzyme production in the microbial isolates from environmental samples. J Pharma Innov 2021, 10(2), 127-31.

The biological treatment of lignocellulosic biomass through enzymatic hydrolysis serves as an ecofriendly and cost efficient method. As these biomass is the most abundant renewable resource which lacks proper utilization and disposal. This study was conducted to isolate and screen the presence of cellulosic enzymes from the microbes of natural ecosystem under laboratory condition. The microbes were isolated from elephant dung, forest soil, termites (gut) collected from Anaikatty forest range of Coimbatore district. Microbes were screened qualitatively and quantitatively for the presence of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, β-glucosidase enzymes. Among the total microbes recovered, one bacteria (BT4), one action bacteria (AS3)and two fungal isolates(FE5,FE6)showed maximum cellulolytic efficiency during qualitative screening, those were further subjected for quantitative estimation of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, β-glucosidase activity.

4 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

000413   VISHWAKARMA A, ANTHONY F M, TIWARI S, CHOUBEY S (Forestry Wildlife and Environment Science Dep, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur- 495001, Chhattisgarh) : Avifaunal diversity of winter season in kopra reservoir of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India. Proc Zool Soc 2021, 74(1), 118-26.

Wetlands are an important habitat for all kinds of dependent water birds. They are vital habitats for resident as well as migratory birds for foraging, roosting and breeding activities. Kopra wetland is an important and suitable bird habitat for both resident and migratory birds in Chhattisgarh. This wetland fulfills the need of water for the surrounding agricultural land and it also acts as a site for food as well as a roosting ground to many resident and migratory bird species. Every year a huge number of birds including Waterfowl, waders and Terrestrial Birds migrate to this wetland between the months of October to March. A study was carried out to estimate the avifaunal diversity during three consecutive winter seasons from 2016 to 2018 and estimated 133 avifauna species belonging to 18 orders and 47 families. Out of 133 avifauna 80 resident and 53 migratory species were recorded, including four Near Threatened species which are Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata), Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) and one Vulnerable (VU) Woolly-necked Stork (Ciconia episcopus) and one Endangered (EN) Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus).

24 ref

000413   VISHWAKARMA A, ANTHONY F M, TIWARI S, CHOUBEY S (Forestry Wildlife and Environment Science Dep, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur- 495001, Chhattisgarh) : Avifaunal diversity of winter season in kopra reservoir of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India. Proc Zool Soc 2021, 74(1), 118-26.

Wetlands are an important habitat for all kinds of dependent water birds. They are vital habitats for resident as well as migratory birds for foraging, roosting and breeding activities. Kopra wetland is an important and suitable bird habitat for both resident and migratory birds in Chhattisgarh. This wetland fulfills the need of water for the surrounding agricultural land and it also acts as a site for food as well as a roosting ground to many resident and migratory bird species. Every year a huge number of birds including Waterfowl, waders and Terrestrial Birds migrate to this wetland between the months of October to March. A study was carried out to estimate the avifaunal diversity during three consecutive winter seasons from 2016 to 2018 and estimated 133 avifauna species belonging to 18 orders and 47 families. Out of 133 avifauna 80 resident and 53 migratory species were recorded, including four Near Threatened species which are Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala), Black-headed Ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata), Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa) and one Vulnerable (VU) Woolly-necked Stork (Ciconia episcopus) and one Endangered (EN) Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus).

24 ref

000410   GENTILUCCI M, PARISI C, COPPOLA M R, MAJDOUBI F-Z, MADONNA A, GUERRIERO G (Earth Sciences Dep, Camerino Univ, Camerino- 62032, Italy) : Influence of mediterranean sea temperature increase on gaeta gulf (Tyrrhenian sea) biodiversity. Proc Zool Soc 2021, 74(1), 91-103.

In this study, temperature variations and invasion on marine fauna are investigated to ascertain their relationship in the Mediterranean at the Gaeta Gulf (Tyrrhenian Sea). Sea temperatures were collected from 1986 to 2009, the only period in which the AVHRR sensor installed on NOAA satellite was available. Changes in the sea surface temperature from satellite using GIS software were estimated. Research on marine species was carried out using the barcoding technique. Nine organisms of which one Anthozoa and one Malacostraca and eight belonging to Actinopterygii Class were barcoded from 2005 to 2019 and four of these were detected as non-indigenous species. The first sightings are related to Fistularia commersonii, and Sphoeroides pachygaster identified since 2009 and well reported in our previous publication. They have penetrated the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean (through the Suez Canal) and from the Atlantic Ocean (Strait of Gibraltar) respectively and are still sporadic. These bioinvasions were linked for the first time to water heating, which increased by about 0.4 °C between 1989–1999 and 1999–2009. In addition, there are other identifications, such as Arothron diadematus from the Suez Canal, Percnon gibbesi from the Strait of Gibraltar; thermophilus indigenous species such as Pomadasys incisus and Astroides calycularis and sporadic autochthonous species such as Sudis hyalina, Tetragonurus cuvieri, Trachipterus trachipterus, and Remora osteochir. Non-native species and their invasions could lead to radical and sudden upheavals in the Mediterranean marine ecosystem and therefore require constant alert of sea surface temperature change.

5 illus, 1 table, 65 ref

000192   BUAN I J A, DU D J C (Chemistry and Environmental Science Dep, Science and Technology Univ, Philippines- 3100, Philippines, Email: ivybuan01@gmail.com) : Microwave-Assisted synthesis of para-nitrophenol using calcium nitrate. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 243-5.

Conventional process of nitrating phenolic compounds involves the use of excess corrosive reagents that impose environmental threats. Rapid and environmentally friendly microwave-assisted nitration of phenol has been employed to limit the use of corrosive nitric acid and sulfuric acid. In this study, phenol is reacted to calcium nitrate and acetic acid, which served as nitrating agents. The solution is irradiated under microwave to complete the nitration process. This microwave-assistedsynthesis is a rate-enhanced process that showed complete nitration in a short reaction time of 1 min with a high yield of 89%. Bands of phenyl ring, OH, CO, and nitro groups observed in the FTIR spectra correspond to the vibration modes of para-nitrophenol. GCMS analysis showed a retention time of 7 min for the product with 139m/z base peak with matches that confirms the synthesis of para- nitrophenol. This microwave-assisted method can be employed as an efficient, environmentally safe, and rapid alternative nitration method for the synthesis of para-nitrophenol.

2 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

000187   MAHANTA S S K, PANDA B S, PATI S S, MALLIK M R, MAHANTA B, BISWAS K, SA R (Environmental sciences Dep, Sambalpur Univ, Odisha, Email: mymummy5083@gmail.com) : Influence of meteorological variables on ambient air pollutants of a coastal District in Eastern India. Orient J India 2021, 37(1), 194-203.

The study of various air pollutants and meteorological parameters are very important for all the researchers. Baleswar was known to be a seaside districts of odisha which is the economic and cultural heart of Northern Odisha. The aim of this study is to measure the air pollutants, meteorological parameters and to enumerate the air pollution index at three specific sites (Sahadevkhunta, Mallikashpur, Rasalpur) according to CPCB procedures. The air pollutants analysed by supplying through specific absorbing reagents and the pollutants were analysed up to 3 year (2017, 2018 and 2019) with a regularity of thrice per week. Analyses of our data sets showing that SO2 and NO2 concentration during summer, rainy and winter season are within the prescribe standard of NAAQS by CPCB but PM10 and PM2.5 are above the prescribed standard except PM2.5 concentration of rainy season in year 2019. Air pollution index is remaining in the condition between clean air (CA) to moderate air pollution (MAP) and it shows that the pollution index in all the sites are reducing from the year 2017 to 2019 may be due to enhancing technologies to reduce the pollutant concentration in air.

6 illus, 26 ref

000179   PEREZ K S M, JR M A (Chemistry and Environmental Science Dep, Arts and Sciences Coll, Nueva Ecija- 3100, Philippines, Email: karlshaineperez@gmail.com) : Synthesis of gold nanoparticle using coconut for encapsulation of curcumin. Orient J Chem 2021, 37(1), 116-9.

Today, cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Currently, there are no cancer treating-drugs available. Cancer cells generally respond to radical-scavenging compounds like polyphenols, and Curcumin is one of them. Also known as diferuloylmethane, Curcumin is a low molecular-weight active constituent from the perennial herb Curcuma longa (commonly known as turmeric) with an established anticancer property. However, this compound has very low bioavailability for efficient absorption. In the present study, Curcumin is encapsulated with gold nanoparticles to improve its bioavailability. Gold nanoparticle synthesized from coconut extract renders the element to be less toxic. The curcumin-gold nanoparticle solution was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope for its morphology and LC50 (Lethal Concentration needed to kill the 50% of the population) toxicity of the solution. The results confirmed the synthesis and encapsulation of Curcumin with gold nanoparticles.

5 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

000157   ZHENG X, FU L, DENG H, HUANG K, LIU T, DENG Y, LUO J, XIANG M, WANG A, QIU M, HAN L, WANG H (Shaoxing Univ, Shaoxing- 312 000, P. R. China, Email: wanghai@usx.edu.cn) : Adsorption of U(VI) in solution by biochar and fes nanoparticles. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2021, 20(1), 433-7.

Uranium (U) is a common radionuclide in soil and groundwater. Uranium contamination often results from uranium mining and processing, nuclear energy power plants, nuclear weapon tests and nuclear accidents. Due to its toxicity and bioaccumulation, it was necessary to treat it effectively. Biochar and FeS nanoparticles were prepared for the treatment of U(VI) in solution. The characteristics of biochar and FeS nanoparticles were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectrum and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and BET adsorption method. The results showed that a large number of functional groups were present on the surface of biochar and FeS nanoparticles. The influencing factors, such as contact time, pH of the solution, initial concentration U(VI) and solution temperature, had an important influence on the adsorption capacity of U(VI) by biochar and FeS nanoparticles.

4 illus, 23 ref

000156   AJI A, IRYANTHONY S B, SIDIQ W A B N, TRIHATMOKO E (Geography Dep, Semarang State Univ, Semarang, Indonesia, Email: ajiananto@mail.unnes.ac.id) : Relationship between ndvi and the microbial content of soil in detecting fertility level at semarang regency, Jawa tengah, Indonesia. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2021, 20(1), 425-32.

Global warming is the most significant environmental issue that causes the utmost concern for researchers and scientists. Furthermore, impacts recorded include the potential for drought and the reduction of soil ability to support biomass production, subsequently posing a significant threat to agriculture. Moreover, vegetation density is known to support microorganism activities actively, and its analysis requires remote sensing techniques, involving normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) and soil adjustment vegetation index (SAVI), associated with microbial content in the soil. Besides, the level recorded is assumed to have a strong correlation with soil fertility, which is a prerequisite for the development of vegetation cover. Hence, most of the research was conducted in fertile lands situated in the Ungaran, Merbabu, and Telomoyo volcanic areas. The results show the absence of a positive correlation between soil fertility and the number of microorganism’s present, although the association with vegetation cover is relatively low

6 illus, 32 ref

000155   LI Y Y, ZHANG T T (Qingdao Univ of Technology, Qingdao- 266 033, China, Email: ttz_dshb@163.com) : Studies on engineering and microstructure properties of chromium(vi)- contaminated soil. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2021, 20(1), 411-6.

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]-contaminated soils have introduced a serious problem in China. Cr(VI) is hazardous to both the environment and public health and may degrade the engineering properties of soils. Accordingly, the effects of Cr(VI) on the physicochemical, mechanical, and microstructure properties of Chinese clay were investigated in this study. Results show that Cr(VI) had a considerable negative effect on the physicochemical, mechanical, and microstructure properties of soil. Specifically, Cr(VI) changed the physicochemical properties and degraded the mechanical properties of soil, led to the aggregation of soil particles, and created a large void space. Cr(VI) also changed the mineral composition of the soil and converted clay minerals into calcite. The changes in the microstructure and mineral composition of the soil were the primary reasons for the differences in the engineering properties of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil.

11 illus, 1 tables, 21 ref

000154   LI X, WU X (North China Univ of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou- 450 045, China, Email: 466199307@qq.com) : Study on the effects of sewage irrigation on soil. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2021, 20(1), 335-40.

The long-term use of sewage to irrigate farmland will increase the content of heavy metals in the soil and cause soil pollution. Heavy metal pollution in soils will restrict the sustainable development of local agriculture and will have a negative impact on the ecological environment. In this paper, the irrigation areas using domestic sewage, mixed sewage and industrial sewage as an irrigation water source for many years have been selected as the research objects, and the content of the heavy metals lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in the soil with the depth of 0-20cm, 20-50cm and 50-80cm of three kinds of sewage irrigation areas are assessed using single factor pollution index method and Nemerow comprehensive index method, and the potential ecological risks of heavy metals in the soil are assessed using Hakanson ecological risk index method. The results show that the content of heavy metals Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd in different depths of the three sewage irrigation areas does not exceed the national standard limit, and the heavy metal pollution grade in the soil belongs to the safety grade, indicating that the content of heavy metals in the soil has not reached the alert level. The potential ecological risks of heavy metals in the soil show minor ecological risks judging from single indexes, while Cd shows that the ecological risks are at a strong level. Judging from the comprehensive potential ecological risk index, the potential ecological risks of the heavy metals in the study area is minor in graded, but the heavy metals in the soil of the mixed sewage irrigation area and the industrial sewage irrigation area have a moderate grade of potential ecological risks at the depth of 50-80 cm. Therefore, although the content of the heavy metals in the soil of the three kinds of sewage irrigation areas in the study area is safe, the potential ecological risk of Cd is quite high, which should be paid attention to.

1 illus, 5 tables, 13 ref

000153   BOUZID M, DJADI A, BEZZAZI B (M’Hamed Bougara Univ, Boumerdes, Algeria, Email: technosante1@hotmail.fr) : Study and physicochemical characterization of the diesel particles inducing bronchopulmonary obstructions and inflammation. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2021, 20(1), 329-34.

Micro-Visiography reveals that diesel soot particles are soluble in the physiological pulmonary liquid. It also shows that these substances stick to bronchial capillary walls. Electronic microscopy reveals structures of non-homogeneous morphology with spherical, fibrous and platelet-like structures. Analysis of the surfaces of the aggregates by Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) shows the composition of chemical charges. Besides, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric study show the existence of two phases: organic and crystalline, with a rubber elastomer aspect. Infrared and UVVisible spectroscopic analysis confirmed the existence of reactive chemical groups.

9 illus, 1 table, 21 ref

000152   WANG Y, WEI M C, YU Q C, ZHU M T (Anhui Science and Technology Univ, Fengyang- 233 100, P.R. China, Email: yanwang0129@126.com) : Temperature-sensitive ionic liquid-based dispersive microextraction for removal of industrial dyes in water. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2021, 20(1), 311-6.

In this study, a new and effective temperature-sensitive ionic liquid-based dispersive microextraction method was developed for dye removal from water. Through the temperature change, the ionic liquid (IL) could complete dispersion in the aqueous phase to fully contact with the dyes, and then it was recovered as particles enriching target substance by cooling. Parameters including chemical structure and amount of IL, dispersing solvent and its volume, extraction temperature, extraction time, pH adjustment and ionic strength were investigated and optimized in detail. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction recovery was 98.9 % of methyl violet, 95.6 % of Congo red, and 98.8 % of methylene blue, respectively. The results showed that the major driving force for the extraction might be the hydrophobic interaction between the dye and IL. In short, the proposed technique is rapid, simple, relatively inexpensive and effective. This implies meaningful information for further research and application in the field of actual samples.

6 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

000151   RUBAI H F A, HASSAN A K, SULTAN M S, ABOOD W M (Environment and Water Directorate, Baghdad, Iraq, Email: hasanfalrubai66@gmail.com) : Kinetics of adsorption of reactive red 120 using bentonite modified by ctab and study the effect of salts. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2021, 20(1), 281-9.

Commercial bentonite was activated by aluminium hydroxide and then modified by cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The properties of modified bentonite were diagnosed using FTIR, X-ray diffraction and SEM. The adsorption of Reactive Red 120 (RR120) onto supported bentonite (B.A.CTAB) was investigated. The influence of various experimental parameters, such as temperature, initial concentration of dye, adsorbent dosages, initial pH and inorganic salts on RR120 removal was studied. The results showed that the optimum conditions for dye adsorption on modified bentonite are: temperature = 303k, pH = 3.5, contact time = 10 min, adsorbent dosage = 0.1 g and RR120 concentration 96 mg.L-1, it achieved a removal efficiency of 91%. The pseudo-second-order version yields a higher fit to the experimental facts than the pseudo-first-order model. The consequences revealed that Langmuir version turned into extra appropriate to explain RR120 adsorption than the Freundlich model. Also, the thermodynamic function such as ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° was evaluated. The consequences of various inorganic anions (which included Cl– , SO4 2-, CO3 2-, and so forth.) on the removal activity of RR 120 adsorption on modified bentonite was examined.

12 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

000150   SHARMA I, TONGKUMCHUM P, UERANANTASUN A (Prince of Songkla Univ, Thailand, Email: irasg123@gmail.com) : Regression analysis of normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) to compare seasonal patterns and 15 year trend of vegetation from east to west of Nepal. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2021, 20(1), 267-73.

Understanding the changing patterns and trend of vegetation is essential for its socio-environmental values. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a satellite based data obtained from Moderate Resolutions Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) were analysed. The data have a characteristic resolution of 250 × 250 m2 and a 16-day composite period. They were ordered separately for each sample plot from east, centre and west of Nepal, for 15 years period, 2000 to 2015. MODIS, Land Surface Temperature (LST) data were used to identify unreliable NDVI values and hence eliminated. Also, the unusually fluctuating NDVI values during the rainy season were removed. A cubic spline function (for seasonal patterns), linear regression model (for NDVI trend) and generalized estimating equations (GEE for comparison of the changing trends) were the models used. The results showed a patterned annual seasonal vegetation and significant trends during the 15 years. Seasonal growth showed a peak in rainy season and trough in the winter season, with slight temporal variation among the areas with a characteristic shift of seasonal greening (start of greening) and browning (end of greening) from east to west of Nepal. The NDVI trend was significantly rising in eastern and western suburban areas while the central urban city had a significant decline. The temporal shift of start and end of the season from east to west can be of value to agriculturalists.

6 illus, 34 ref

000148   SATYANARAYANA G V, REDDY T B, VEMURI R S S S, RAO K S, KARNENA M K (BS&H Dep, Vignan’s Institute of Engineering for Women, Visakhapatnam, Email: vrsssrikanth@gmail.com) : A study on development of pollution index models and multivariate statistical analysis for heavy metals in the soils of apiic, Visakhapatnam. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2021, 20(1), 251-7.

Soil pollution is a worldwide problem caused by both natural and anthropogenic activities. This has resulted in health and physiological problems to both plants and animals. This study investigated heavy metals in soils within the immediate vicinity. Soils from Seven APIIC zones in Visakhapatnam were collected and analysed for physicochemical characteristics and heavy metals. The data obtained were subjected to the pollution index model and multivariate statistical analysis. The data obtained showed that the soils are rich in zinc, and heavy metals are above trace level with a minor positively skewed distribution. The analysis of pollution index, geoaccumulation index and ecological risk factors in soils in all the locations showed that they are mainly contaminated and polluted by Cd followed by Zn. The mean heavy metal concentrations around APIIC can be arranged in increasing order as Cr < Co < Pb < Cu < Cd < Zn. Element pairs such as Zn-Pb, Zn-Cu, Zn-Cd, Pb-Cu, Pb-Cd, Cu-Cr, Cd-Co and CrCo showed strong positive correlation coefficient “r” indicating their association in the study area. The observed concentrations of heavy metals revealed that soil contamination has been increasing and measures must be taken to ensure the adoption of more environment-friendly practices.

1 illus, 9 tables, 25 ref

000146   WAN Y, ZHAI J, WANG A (Changzhou Univ, Jiangsu, China, Email: wanyushan@cczu.edu.cn) : Comparative study on electrode arrangement in electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2021, 20(1), 221-7.

To improve the efficiency of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil, by introducing single pollutant cadmium and setting up a self-made device test, electrokinetic remediation technology was applied to artificially simulated contaminated soil to explore the influence of three different two-dimensional electrode arrangements [triangle (2-e-1), rectangle (2-e-2) and hexagon (2-e-3)] on electrokinetic remediation of cadmium contaminated soil in this paper. The cathode of the test device was made of high purity (99.9%) graphite electrode, and the anode was made of stainless steel electrode. Under the condition that the voltage gradient, electrode material, electrolyte and electrification time of the three groups of tests were consistent, the current change, pH value, conductivity, total cadmium content and cadmium morphology of the three groups of tests were compared. The experimental results showed that the triangle (2-e-1) group, the current increased slowly during the process of power on, the pH value of soil was over acid, and the transformation rate of various forms of cadmium contained in the soil after the restoration was low. The current change rate of the rectangular (2-e-2) electrode arrangement was the highest, the soil environment was super alkaline, and the removal rate of cadmium was an average level. The hexagonal electrode arrangement (2-e-3) led a large current drop rate and a weakly alkaline pH environment, the removal efficiency of cadmium at sampling points (S1 and S2) near the anode was as high as 95.54 %, and the comprehensive removal rate of cadmium at each sampling point reached 89.6 %, moreover, the pollutant removal was uniform and efficient.

7 illus, 1 table, 20 ref

000144   WANG Q, LIANG L P, XI F F, WU Q, XUE Y Y, CHENG L B, ZHANG Y T, MENG X (Shaoxing Univ, Shaoxing- 312 000, P. R. China, Email: liangliping0702@163.com) : Kinetics studies on toxic hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions by magnetic nano-magnetite. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2021, 20(1), 203-9.

In this study, the chemical co-precipitation method was used to prepare magnetic nano-Fe₃O₄. In order to investigate the adsorption capacity of magnetic nano-Fe₃O₄ for Cr(VI) in aqueous solution, three aspects of solution pH, magnetic nano-Fe₃O₄ dosage and initial solution concentration were studied. The experimental results showed that Cr(VI) adsorption capacity by magnetic nano-Fe₃O₄ decreased with increasing pH and increased with the increasing initial concentration of Cr(VI) ions and magnetic nano-Fe₃O₄ dosage. In addition, the experimental data were fitted to the adsorption kinetics and three adsorption isotherms. It could be seen that the adsorption process of Cr(VI) by magnetic nano-Fe₃O₄ accorded with pseudo-second-order kinetics, which demonstrated that the adsorption process was controlled by chemical adsorption. And it was also found to be well represented by the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum capacity obtained from the Langmuir model was 34.0136 mg/g, indicating that magnetic nano-Fe₃O₄ is an efficient adsorbent.

6 illus, 2 tables, 25 ref