006250   Balakrishnan C;Rachel Priya J (Faculty of Management Studies, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute Univ, Chennai, Email: baluzonein@gmail.com) : E-waste management in India. Pollut Res 2016, 35(3), 539-43.

You are welcome to change your personal computer, cell phone, refrigerator, or for that matter any electronic or electrical gadget, but be careful while disposing of the old one. Throwing it into the dustbin is not the proper disposal of electronic equipment which has attained obsolescence as per your judgment. It may end up adding to e-waste, which creates problems for the ecology in general and directly or indirectly for the living beings around there through air, water and soil pollution electronics items with newer models for various reasons. The net effect is a higher rate of obsolescence, which is leading to growing piles of e-waste. The aim of this article is to spread awareness among our readers about the various issues involved in generation and management of e-waste, particularly from Indian perspective.

9 ref

006249   Azam M;Tripathi J K (School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, New Delhi-110 067, Email: jktrip@yahoo.com) : Recent contributions in the field of sediment geochemistry. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 2016, 82(3), 805-15.

Sediment geochemistry is a powerful tool to investigate earth surface processes because sediments record geochemical signatures of their provenance, generation, transport, deposition, and environmental conditions. A significant advancement in the technology of analytical geochemistry has made geochemical analyses of sediments more rapid and precise, which together provided an impetus to the study of sediment system. As a result, high-quality research papers on sediment geochemistry have been published during the last five years from India. A foreseeable growth of research and an increase in the publication are likely in the future because of the new set-ups of state- of the- art analytical instruments for geochemical research at various research and academic institutions in India. Here we are presenting the published important work on sediment geochemistry under three categories, i.e., weathering, erosion, deposition and provenance determination; sediment geochemistry as palaeoclimate proxy; and environmental geochemistry.

59 ref

006248   Ataikiru H;Okieimen F E (NO, College of Education, Warri, Nigeria, Email: ataikiru@yahoo.com) : Distribution patterns and availability of heavy metals in soils in the vicinity of an open dumpsite in Warri, Nigeria. Pollut Res 2016, 35(3), 459-67.

The total and spatial variations of Cr. Pb, Zn and Mn concentrations in the soil samples collected from Esisi open dumpsite in Warri were determined and used to evaluate the anthropogenic pollution status of the soils and the apparent spatial variations of the metals in subsurface soil in the vicinity of the dumpsite. The speciations of Cr, Pb, Zn and Mn in the soil were determined to ascertain the potential public health hazard presented by the heavy metals. Aggregate test soil samples were collected from Esisi dumpsite, background soil samples were also collected at about 2 km from the dumpsite and spatial test samples were collected at various increasing distances 5-100 m from the epicenter of the Esisi dumpsite using a stainless steel augur. The physico-chemical properties, pH, TOC, CEC, the soil textural class and the total metal content of the soil samples were determined using standard procedures/methods. The soil pH was determined in water, a 1:1 soil / water slurry using a suntex digital pH meter according to the method of Folson. Total organic carbon was determined using the Walkley-Black rapid oxidation method. In order to assess the geochemical forms and bio available Mn, Cr, Pb and Zn in the soil of the open dumpsite, Tessiers sequential extraction procedures were employed. The concentrations of heavy metals (Mn, Cr, Pb and Zn) in the various extracts were determined in a pre-calibrated atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The total metal concentrations of Pb, Cr, Mn and Zn reported in this study were higher than background samples values. The heavy metal assessment indices indicated that the soils in the vicinity of the open dumpsite were highly polluted. The metals were found mostly in the Fe-Mn oxide fraction of all the soils analyzed. This study has provided data and information on the chemical forms of the heavy metals of environmental concern in the soils in the vicinity of Esisi open dumpsite. The data obtained suggest environmental risk of the metals in the vicinity of the dumpsite in Warri metropolis.

2 illus, 9 tables, 20 ref

006247   Ashwini M;Krishnaswamy V G;Fathima N (Biotechnology Dep, Stella Maris College, Cathedral Road, Chennai-83, Email: veenagayathri@yahoo.com) : Removal of chromium by a bacterial consortium isolated from kolar gold fields and chromium contaminated sites. Envir Conserv J 2016, 17(1-2), 109-18.

Pollutants from mining and tannery industries adversely affect the natural ecosystem and pose harmful effect to the human beings once it enters the food chain. They also deteriorate the soil fertility and the quality of the ground water. Bioremediation is being viewed as a clean technology for the removal of chromium from tannery effluent. This study was conducted to isolate an efficient bacterial consortium from Kolar Gold Fields and from tannery effluent contaminated site which could remove Chromium. The isolated bacterial consortium could remove chromium at the concentrations of 10 mg/L to 50 mg/L concentration. The optimum concentration found to be 50 mg/L removal up to 96.77% by the end of 5th day. The isolated bacterial consortium consisted of three strains, which were identified through biochemical tests and 16s rRNA sequencing as Catellicoccus sp., Bacillus safensis strain FFA35, and Pseudomonas stutzeri strain AO 0002. In the present study the isolated bacterial consortium could remove chromium at pH 7 at 37°C up to 96.77 %. The removal of chromium by bacterial consortium was found to be maximum at 25°C up to 97.92 %. The bacterial consortium was supplemented with carbon sources like glucose, lactose, mannitol and fructose. The bacterial consortium could grow their best and remove chromium in the media supplemented with 1 % of fructose showing removal up to 97.85 %. Among nitrogen sources used in the present study, yeast extract could enhance the growth of the organism and the removal reached maximum up to 96.77 %, followed by ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate showing removal up to 96.08 and 95.12 %. Sodium nitrate could enhance only 93.28 % of removal. Thus, our isolated consortium appears to have great potential for simultaneous bioremediation hexavalent chromium from the contaminated sites.

8 illus, 3 tables, 21 ref

006246   Agrawal S;Singh N B (NO, Research and Technology Development Centre Sharda Univ, Greater Noida-201 306, Email: nbsingh43@gmail.com) : Removal of arsenic from aqueous solution by an adsorbent nickel ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite. Indian J chem Technol 2016, 23(5), 374-83.

Nickel ferrite-polyaniline nanocomposite has been prepared and characterized using different techniques. The prepared nanocomposite is used as an adsorbent for the removal of arsenic from aqueous solution of sodium arsenite. The effect of temperature on the equilibrium adsorption of As(III) from aqueous solution on nanocomposite has been investigated. Effect of pH (2-12), contact time (0-70 min), adsorbent dose (0.1-0.8) and initial metal ion concentration (10-30 mg/L) on the removal of As (III) have been studied. The maximum removal efficiency is found at pH 8.0. It is found that nickel ferrite-polyaniline is a better adsorbent for removal of As(III) as compared to many others. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model fits the data well and the process is found to be pseudo-second order. In order to understand the adsorption process, thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°, have been calculated.

6 illus, 5 tables, 67 ref

006245   Agrawal B (Environmental Sciences and Limnology Dep, Barkatullah Univ, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: bhawana.agrawal9@gmail.com) : Seasonal variations of physico-chemical factors and diversity of desmids (Algae) in Shahpura lake of Bhopal, India. Envir Conserv J 2016, 17(1-2), 67-72.

The study aimed at determining the seasonal variations of physico-chemical aspects and their effects on diversity of desmids in Shahpura Lake of Bhopal, India. The physico-chemical parameters of the Lake, like, water temperature, transparency, pH, DO, total hardness, calcium hardness, chloride, phosphate, and nitrate were studied and data analyzed. The Desmidaceae taxa of winter, summer, monsoon and post monsoon seasons from December 2006 to November 2007 have been identified, resulting 36 species in 5 genera, and their monthly variations are presented.

1 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

005226   Yaqub G;Aftab M;Riaz A;Sadiq Z (Environmental Sciences Dep, Kinnaird College of Women, Lahore-54000, Pakistan) : Carbazole as cleaner fuel for future. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(11), 948-52.

In this review article we have briefly summarized the importance of ecofriendly fuel carbazole. Many fuels are synthesized in bulk to fulfill our basic energy needs. The conventional processes involved in preparation, generate chemical and thermal pollution which effects environment and human health. Fuels, like carbazoles can be produced in bulk by replacing the conventional processes by the sustainable technology of microwave. It is preferred over conventional process because it is an eco-friendly fuel, causes less pollution, prepared without using hazardous solvents, has better yield approach, less time consuming and can easily adapted to fulfill the future energy demands.

24 ref

005225   Thaku A K;Yadav D K;Jhariya M K (Farm Forestry Dep, Sarguja Univ, Ambikapur-497 001, Email: manu9589@gmail.com ) : Socio-economic status of human-elephant conflict: its assessment and solutions. J appl nat Sci 2016, 8(4), 2104-2110.

The study was made to examine the effect of human-elephant conflict (HEC) on socio-economic vulnerability in corridors of northern Chhattisgarh. Incidents relating to conflicts were observed and analyzed to understand the socio-economic status of the people, their attitudes towards elephant, the way people and elephants were affected along with different aspects of conflicts. The records whatsoever available on HEC of forest department were also took into consideration during analysis. It was found that majority of respondents involved in farming besides other sources like livestock (63.0%), NTFPs collection (42.50%) etc. Paddy (57.50%) and sugarcane (40.0%) constitute major crops which likely favours the incidence of HEC in the region. Nearly 112 houses and 939.02 acre of crops were damaged along with 06 human deaths. It was found that 46% of the respondents respected the animal as a religious figure while 30% fear them and most of the respondents (77.50%) were in favour of compensation. This necessitated a detailed assessment of habitat suitability and dispersal corridor for elephants in the area. There-fore, an attempt has been made to present various aspects of HEC along with management implications.

6 tables, 46 ref

005224   Sun L;Peng W;Cheng C (School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Suzhou Univ, Suzhou, Anhui-234 000, China, Email: sunlinh@126.com) : Source estimating of heavy metals in shallow groundwater based on UNMIX model: a case study. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(6), 756-62.

In this study, the concentrations of eight kinds of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Ni) of sixty-two shallow groundwater samples from the urban area of Suzhou, northern Anhui Province, China have been measured, and the data have been analyzed by UNMIX model for quantifying their sources. The results indicate that the concentrations of all of the heavy metals except for Mn and Pb can meet the guidelines for drinking water quality of World Health Organization. Four sources, including both anthropogenic sources (related to transportation/ centralization and car industry) and geological sources (related to Fe and Mn hydroxides), have been identified by UMIX model, and their contributions for the total heavy metals are 29.3% and 70.7%, respectively. The study demonstrated that the UNMIX model can be applied for estimating the source of heavy metals in groundwater.

3 illus, 3 tables, 24 ref

005223   SudarsanaRaju G (Geology Dep, Yogi Vemana Univ, Kadapa-516 003) : Determination of nitrate and fluoride in groundwater of Rajupalem Mandal, Kadapa district. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(12), 990-5.

Determination of nitrate and fluoride from groundwater was evaluated in the Rajupalem mandal of Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh. The physico-chemical analysis of groundwater samples from 23 locations in and around Rajupalem has been carried out. The analysis of different parameters, namely fluoride, nitrate, pH, chloride, sulphate, alkalinity and hardness were carried out as per standard methods. The pH ranges from 6.8 to 8.24, nitrate ranges from 1.2 to 32.33 with the mean of 15 and fluoride ranges from 0.01 to 1.23 with the mean of 0.42 and alkalinity ranges from 160 to 608 with mean of 399.37 in the study area. Almost all samples in the study area are within the permissible limit.

1 illus, 1 table, 12 ref

005222   Srinivasan Raju (NO, All India Agro Board Association, Hyderabad) : Agro particle board industry-an ideal solution to deforestation. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(11), 953-7.

005221   Sivakumar A A;Rajasree P V (Zoology Dep, Kongunadu Arts & Science College, G.N. Mills Post, Coimbatore-641 029, Email: aasivakumar52@gmail.com) : Efficiency of water hyacinth in the removal of nutrients from polluted waters of Coimbatore. J Aquacult Trop 2016, 31(1-2), 85-9.

Nutrient removal in three different polluted water samples has been made by introducing the water hyacinth, Eichhornia cressipes. Changes in the chemical characteristics and nutrient contents of the samples were recorded on 7th, 14th and 21st day. Carbonates and Bicarbonates were moderately removed from the domestic sewage whereas Nitrates, Phosphates, Silicates Iron were efficiently removed from all the three samples.

1 table, 8 ref

005220   Singla M K;Aggarwal V (AMSSS, Environmental Research Lab Chemistry Dep, Geong, Kaithal) : Water quality index assessment of water in Eastern Doon valley. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(12), 1016-24.

In the present paper water quality of eastern Doon valley was assessed. The evaluation of water quality of different localities of Raipur block was studied in the different months throughout the year. WQi for drinking water of the eastern Doon valley has been calculated with the help of estimated values of different physico-chemical parameters, such as pH, turbidity, conductivity, alkalinity, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Ca<^>+2, Mg<^>+2 and heavy metals, like Fe<^>+2, Mn<^>+2, Pb<^>+2 and WHO drinking water quality standards. Estimated higher values of different parameters verify the results of contamination which can be compared with the values of WQI based on Natural Science Foundation Studies. It was observed that some harmful chemicals are hindering the growth of vegetation in Doon valley. But in Doon valley the industrial effluents are very low as there are no harmful industries around the study areas. The ground water contains salts which are derived from the location and movement of water. The main purpose of analyzing the physico-chemical and toxicological of water is to determine its pollution status. After analyzing, it was concluded that ground water sources in Raipur block is hygienic and safer in all senses to be used for drinking or other domestic purpose without any specific treatment whereas, the surface water of Rispana river which is near the Raipur region need some treatment before use. The people dependent on this water are often prone to health hazards due to contaminated drinking water.

8 tables, 16 ref

005219   Singh P;Jain P;Verma R;Jagadish R S (Chemistry Dep, JSS Academy of Technical Education Noida, Uttar Pradesh, Email: pratibhasingh@jssaten.ac.in) : Characterization of lignin peroxidase for Paecilomyces species for decolorisation of pulp and paper mill effluent. J scient ind Res 2016, 75(8), 500-5.

Native fungal isolates F1 - F8 and control fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium were capable of degrading pulp and paper industry effluent and also efficient producers of cellulolytic and lignolytic enzymes. F3 (Paecilomyces sp) strain showed higher enzyme activity as compared to other native fungal isolates. Weight loss, cellulose loss and organic carbon contents were found maximum in F3. Reducing sugar, protein content and colour removing potential was also higher in F3. Color reduction initiated very fast with microbial enzyme treatment (initiated only after 2h of incubation) and reached maximum reduction after 24h. Lignin peroxidase fraction I and II resulted in 53% and 34% removal of colour and 36% and 38% lignin removal. The culture extract of F3 strain grown on pulp and paper effluent consists of five protein fractions and out of them two fractions of 38 and 40 kDa molecular weight showed lignin peroxidase activity. The pH and temperature optimum for lignin peroxidase activity were 2 to 3, and 20 - 30 °C, respectively. Maximum activity was observed at 6 mM to 48 mM veratryl alcohol concentration and 256 mM H2O2, however, sodium azide inhibits the enzyme activity. Different metals (CoCl2, HgSO4, CaCl2, SnCl2, FeSO4, CuSO4 and ZnSO4) also affected the lignin peroxidase activity.

3 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

005218   Senthilnathan T;Govindarajan M (Physics Dep, Velammal Engineering College, Chennai-600 066) : Evaluation of underground water quality in urban sites of Chennai city. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(12), 1025-30.

Ground water is the essential natural resource of drinking water in our country. Water is covered by 71% of the Earth's surface (CIA, 2008). It is an essential and vital for all the living beings. On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found in seas and oceans but, 1.7% in groundwater. It is an important source of water supply for drinking, industrial purpose and irrigation in both rural and urban area. Ground water quality is an important criterion for drinking and irrigation. This paper presents ground water quality of Chennai in an industrial area. There are 12 ground water samples collected from various locations and analyzed for their physico-chemical parameters. We have summarized the laboratory results against the BIS standard for drinking water. It was found that most of the samples parameters are above the desirable limit.

3 tables, 7 ref

005217   Sathyapriya S;Arumairaj P D (Civil Engineering Dep, Govt. College of Technology, Coimbatore, Email: spgct24@gmail.com) : Micro fabric and mineralogical studies on the stabilization of expansive soil using cement industry wastes. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(6), 807-15.

This study aims to describe the micro fabric and mineralogical alterations of an expansive clay soil in Coimbatore (Tamilnadu, India) caused by the addition of cement industry wastes namely bottom ash and Ecosand (commercial name). In order to explicate the alterations, geotechnical properties and mineralogical composition of the untreated soil is determined. Soil samples are then mixed with different percentages of bottom ash, ecosand and their combination to decide the optimum dosage of these additives. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopic images (SEM) of the untreated and treated soil samples are obtained and studied. XRD pattern shows the formation of stable compounds. SEM micrographs reveal the formation of the organized and flocculated structure due to the addition of cement industry waste.Reduction in average interplanar spacing of the treated soil shows the stabilizing effect of the cement industry wastes resulting in the reduction of swell pressure and swell potential values. Addition of these stabilizers induces desired geotechnical properties to the soil. This experiment was undertaken for a curing period of 28 days.

4 illus, 9 tables, 26 ref

005216   Sarangi R K (Biological, Planetary Sciences & Applications Group, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad, Email: rksarangi.2011@gmail.com) : Seasonal and spatial variability of IRS-P4 OCM (Oceansat-1) derived aerosol and its impact on surface water chlorophyll-a in the Bay of Bengal. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(7), 843-55.

Observation made to study the aerosol pattern retrieved from the 865nm central wavelength band of Indian Remote Sensing satellite, IRS-P4 OCM (Oceansat-1) images. Aerosol concentration found higher during December (Northeast monsoon) over Bay of Bengal off Sundarbans with distinct plume. The aerosol optical depth (AOD) ranged 0.2- 0.85 in the image of December 24, 2002. Decreasing-trend observed towards offshore with AOD <126>0.45. To understand its link with biological productivity, the ocean surface chlorophyll retrieved from seasonal datasets during April, June, October and December 2002. December has shown very high chlorophyll <62>2.0mg/m<^>3, compared to other seasonal-months with aerosol plume from west to east, towards offshore. High wind speed (<126>6-8m/sec) and its direction played the role to move the aerosol towards offshore. Similar aerosol plumes observed during December 2003 and 2004.

6 illus, 50 ref

005215   Sahu S C;Manish Kumar;Ravindranath N H (Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru-560 012, Email: sudam_rrl@yahoo.co.in) : Carbon stocks in natural and planted mangrove forests of Mahanadi mangrove wetland, East coast of India. Curr Sci 2016, 110(12), 2253-60.

Mangrove forest ecosystem is one of the important carbon sinks in the tropics. The role of mangrove forests in mitigating climate change through reduced deforestation is well recognized. The present field study aimed to estimate the carbon stocks of Mahana-di Mangrove Wetland (MMW), east coast of India. Carbon stocks were estimated in vegetation and soil of natural mangrove forest stands and new mangrove plantation stands. The mean of carbon stock in natural stands was 143.4 ± 8.2 Mg C ha<^>-1 (vegetation 89.1 ± 8.9 and soil 54.3 ± 3.0 Mg C ha<^>-1) and plantation at 151.5 ± 7.9 Mg C ha<^>-1 (vegetation 90.6 ± 16.2 and soil 60.9 ± 5.6 Mg C ha<^>-1). The mean overall (-stock of natural stands and plantations was 147.0 ± 8.1 Mg C ha<^>-1 (vegetation 89.4 ± 7.6 and soil 57.613.2 Mg C ha<^>-1), which is 1.6 times higher than that in forests of Odisha. A positive correlation (r=0.87) was found between vegetation biomass and soil organic carbon in the surface soil (0-30 cm), indicating the role of vegetation in building surface soil/sediment organic carbon. The 6651 ha of mangrove forests in the MMW is estimated to store 0.98 Mt of C, which is equivalent to 3.59 Mt of CO2e. The present study reveals that MMW stores substantial amount of atmospheric carbon and therefore needs to be conserved and sustainably managed to maintain as well as increase carbon storage. Further, mangrove plantations, on a per unit area basis, can sequester as much carbon as natural stands.

4 illus, 4 tables, 52 ref

005214   Sahu B K (Forest and Environment Dep, Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar-751 001) : Assessment of pesticide residues in some dug wells located in Angul-Talcher industrial region of Odisha. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(12), 1010-5.

Intensive agriculture has been practiced in some pockets of Angul-Talcher industrial region of Odisha. Though pesticides are indispensible for intensive agriculture, their indiscriminate use invites water quality problems. Pesticides contamination of ground water is a matter of great concern as ground water is used for drinking by rural agricultural households. Residues of some organochlorine pesticides, namely BHC, lindane, DDT, endosulphan, heptachlor, aldrin and dialdrin were monitored in ground water samples collected from 5 dug wells located near the agricultural fields in the study area. In spite of ban on use of most of the organochlorine pesticides, it is found from the study that the residues of some of these pesticides in dug well water are still higher than their maximum residue limit (MRL) recommended for drinking water.

1 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

005213   Sahoo J (Disaster Mitigation and Management, Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Email: janmejay_bablu@hotmail.com) : Evolution of sectoral energy cosumption in India. J advd Res Alternative Energy Envir Ecol 2016, 3(3-4), 49-60.

The increasing dependence on energy plays a significant role in shaping out our future energy demands and economic growth. The main concerns regarding this approach are related to the limited availability of energy sources and their impact on global climatic conditions. These impacts are further exaggerated due to the lack of a coordinated approach towards reducing energy consumption for a sustainable alternative. The article focuses on the end-use energy consumers which are primarily agricultural, transportation, industry, residential and commercial sectors and how the use of technology and urbanization has impacted them. Using the contribution of these sectors and the population growth, alternative future scenarios were developed and compared, where the advantages of an energy-efficiency approach was exhibited. At an urban level, these sectors were associated to different land uses and their potential to improve energy efficiency was explained using various techniques and indicators. One of the primary goals of this article was to explain the methodologies to achieve energy efficiency in communities, which was explained using the role of comprehensive technologies like CIS and integrated approaches under urban planning. Case studies of Bangalore and Massachusetts were elaborated to comprehend such initiatives at a city scale and how they can be implemented in reality. Exploring these questions sets a course for informing local land use decisions that impact energy consumption.

10 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

005212   Saha B (Centre of Excellence in Disaster Mitigation and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, Email: ar.bholasaha90@gmail.com) : Analysis of man-made risks: The Indian context. J advd Res Alternative Energy Envir Ecol 2016, 3(3-4), 14-9.

Risk is the probability of any harmful consequences from the occurrence of any event that disrupts the functioning of a certain region. In India, a lot of research work and development has been made in the field of risk reduction due to natural events but not much of comprehensive work has been done for risk reduction due to man-made events. The article consists of two parts: the first part is a data compilation on life losses due to man-made reasons and shows us why research work and development in the field of risk reduction due to man-made events in India is required. The second part consists of a suggestive methodology to develop framework that can be used for assessing man-made risks in India.

3 illus, 4 tables, 5 ref

005211   Ramang R;Dirawan G D (Universitas Nusa Cendana, Fakulty of Science and Technology, Kupang, Indonesia) : Study of domestic waste management in city Kupang. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(9), 724-9.

The purpose of this research is to find existing waste management system and create model of technology development of waste management. In addition, this study will focus specifically on the variables that influence participatory community-based waste management technology. This study uses descriptive analysis and path analysis. Data collected by distributing questionnaires and interviews with respondents randomly. The results of this study are mostly waste generated by society not all be managed well. The integration of variable dimensions of public participation, can cultivate people's willingness to act better in reducing waste generation. Community participation can increase recycling and composting activities that waste going into landfill can be reduced. Variable results of work and income have a relationship with the waste sorting is done by the people in the city of Kupang. While the variables age, gender, education, type of housing and the number of people do not have a significant relationship with the sorting. Not all respondents addressed the garbage by the janitor, so most of them deal with their waste by burning and dispose of vacant land.

6 illus, 13 ref

005210   Raju G S (Geology Dep, Yogi Vemana Univ, Kadapa-516 003) : Evaluation of fluoride concentrations in groundwater of Chintakommadinee Mandal, Kadapa district. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(12), 969-75.

In the present study determination of fluoride from groundwater was evaluated in the Chintakommadinne mandal, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh. The physico-chemical analysis of groundwater samples from 70 locations in and around Chintakommadinne has been carried out. The analysis of different parameters, namely fluoride, nitrate, pH, chloride, sulphate, calcium and magnesium were carried out as per standard methods. The pH ranges from 6.2 to 8.20 in the study area, almost all samples are within the permissible limits. Out of 70 samples 33 samples are within the permissible limit remaining samples are above the permissible limit. The fluoride concentration in the study area varies from 0.21 to 2.14 mg/ L. Arid climate of the region and long residence time of groundwater in aquifer are responsible for the concentration of fluoride.

2 illus, 1 table, 8 ref

005209   Rajakumar C;Meenambal T (Geotechnical Engineering Dep, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore-641 013) : Effect of industrial and agricultural wastes in the stabilization of expansive soil for the pavement subgrades. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(9), 715-23.

The need to bring down the cost of waste disposal and the increasing cost of soil stabilizers has led to intense global research towards economic utilization of wastes for engineering purposes. The safe disposal of industrial and agricultural waste products demands urgent and cost effective solutions because of the debilitating effect of these materials on the environment and to the health hazards that these wastes constitute. Infrastructure projects, such as highways, railways, water reservoirs, reclamation, etc., require earthmaterial in very large quantity. In urban areas, borrow earth is not easily available which has to be hauled from a long distance. Quite often large areas are covered with highly plastic and expansive soil, which is not suitable for such purpose. Extensive laboratory and field trials have been carried out by various researchers and have shown promising results for application of such expansive soil after stabilization with traditional stabilizing agents, such as cement,lime, bitumen, etc. The growing cost of traditional stabilizing agents and the need for the economical utilization of industrial and agricultural wastes has prompted an investigation into the stabilizing potential of coal ash, groundnut shell ash and bagasse ash in highly expansive soil. In this study an attempt has been made to utilize the industrial and agricultural wastes, such as coal ash, groundnut shell ash and bagasse ash as stabilizing agent. The effect of industrial and agricultural wastes on certain properties of soil, such as optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio (CBR) has been studied. It has been observed that 45% of coal ash and 8% of groundnut shell ash and bagasse ash are the optimum percentage, which gives the maximum CBR value.

9 illus, 14 tables, 20 ref

005208   Pricilla D;Rajan T V (Civil Engineering Dep, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai) : Experimental study on pyrolysis of municipal solid waste in Madurai city. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(9), 759-63.

Rapid urbanization, industrialization and increasing in population growth have led to severe waste management problems in Madurai city. In order to reconcile environmental protection and economic development, an efficient method of treating municipal solid waste is needed. Due to the combined advantage of weight/ volume reduction and energy recovery, thermal treatments especially pyrolysis is found to be a promising technology in waste treatment. Pyrolysis is a complex process by which organic substance of thermal instability in waste is decomposed by heating in the anaerobic condition to produce bio-oil, bio-gas and char that have valuable applications. Particularly bio-oil can be used as a source of chemicals or upgraded to transport fuels. The oil thus produced has been shown to possess properties similar to those of diesel fuel. It is notable that all pyrolysis products have a potential use which makes it distinguish from other processes. This project aims to determine the calorific value of the individual component of the municipal solid waste and its mixture before and after pyrolysis process. And to investigate the potential of final end product resulting from the pyrolysis of municipal solid waste. The pyrolysis here is carried under 450°C and the oil obtained is found to produce more calorific value than the raw municipal solid waste. And the calorific value is found to be nearer to that of the diesel oil.

4 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

005207   Pourjomeh F;Shokri M R (Faculty of Biological Sciences, Shahid Beheshti Univ, G.C., Tehran, IR Iran, Email: poujomehf@gmail.com) : Effect of sewage effluent on macro-invertebrate assemblages on rock and cement bouldersd in Mazandaran province, Southern caspian sea. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(6), 778-83.

This study compared colonization of rock and cement boulders by sessile organisms along sewage polluted and partially polluted shores in the southern Caspian Sea. The macro-invertebrates were sampled using a 225 cm<^>2 (15 x 15 cm) quadrat (N = 3) from 9 natural and 9 cement boulders in polluted and partially polluted shores. A total of 59120 individuals of macro-invertebrates were counted and assemblages were numerically dominated by molluscs with 789.4 ± 197.3 (mean ± standard error), followed by arthropods with 96.6 ± 26.8 and annelids with 5026 ± 1934.5. There were no significant differences in number of species, assemblages of macro-invertebrates and mean density between sewage polluted and partially polluted shores on natural and cement boulders in the southern Caspian Sea.

3 illus, 4 tables, 24 ref

005206   Poongodi S;Sivakumar K;Sivasankar P;Kannan L (Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamali Univ, Parangipettai-608 502, Email: poomicro.acitno@gmail.com) : Ecological factors and their influence on actinobacterial density from different coastal habitats of Neil islands, Andamans. Indian J Geomar Sci 2016, 45(7), 911-9.

Sediment and water samples were collected from three different coastal habitats (Mangrove, Coral reef and Beach) of the Neil island, the Andamans, to estimate various physico-chemical parameters viz. temperature, salinity, pH, DO, EC, Total organic carbon, nutrients and soil texture. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster analysis (CA) were used to identify the trends between the highly correlating physico-chemical parameters and the actinobacterial density and it revealed the distinct relationship between the coastal habitats and their physico-chemical parameters with the actinobacterial population density. Positive significant correlation between the actinobacterial density and clay, TOC, sediment pH, potassium (K), nitrogen content, phosphorus content, and EC was noticed in the mangrove habitats, implying that the mangrove environment is worth studying for isolation of actinobacteria that might prove to be novel and potential, for commercial applications.

13 illus, 2 tables, 35 ref

005205   Pande P K;Bhargava D S (Bhargava Lane, Devpura, Hardiwar-245 401) : Material and equipment for a radial package filter. Indian J envir Prot 2015, 35(9), 789-91.

Radial filters operating under counter current principle (that is flow taking place from coarsest towards finest media) prove very useful in increasing the volume of filtrate, lessening headloss through filter media, improving effluent quality of water and lengthening filter runs. Also, direct filtration with low turbidity loads is permissible. Small package plants of such filters may be of great help for small drinking water supply schemes, such as in hills, small industries and campuses, etc.

8 ref