018903   Sahar D;Singh J;Bhattacharya C (School of Basic & Applied Science, Shobhit Univ, NH-58, Meerut, Email: dakshi_sahar@yahoo.com) : Nuclear waste transmutation. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(2), 575-84.

The sustainable management of high level nuclear wastes comprises the processes of geological disposal, partitioning and transmutation. Transmutation of high level nuclear waste is the process of changing long lived radio nuclides into short lived radio-nuclides through nuclear reactions by radioactive bombardment. With recent India-US nuclear deal, the utility of long lived radio-nuclides increases with target increase in nuclear power generation from 4,000 MW to 20,000 MW by 2020. Accelerator Driven System (ADS) technique is one of the hybrid techniques for nuclear power generation which can sustain its growth on the indian thorium-uranium fuel system and also useful for the incineration of the long lived nuclear wastes to make nuclear energy more acceptable to the society. The present paper examined the physics of the ADS for nuclear energy and transmutation under the neutronic characterization, safety parameters, and dynamic behavior. The transmutation potential of ADS device compared with reactor based nuclear waste transmutation are also studied under different fuel systems. Under Indo-US nuclear deal, India is going to initiate an international collaboration programme on ADS to get rid of radiotoxic waste lodged in almost 2,00,000 metric tones of spent fuel that increases every year by 10,000 metric tones. Indian ADS programme is reviewed thoroughly for nuclear power production and incineration of radiotoxic waste. Generation-IV advanced nuclear energy systems will also play an important role in safe and economical power generation without producing green house gases. Technical challenges and synergy in the Gen-IV reactor system technology is also explained.

^iia2 illus, 17 ref

018902   Rajalakshmi G;Kumar T (Botany and Microbiology Dep, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College, Poondi-615 503) : Biodegradation of pharmaceutical effluent using microbial isolates. Pl Archs 2010, 10(1), 91-5.

Bacterial and fungal colonies were isolated from pharmaceutical effluent and sediment soil samples. Five colonies were isolated in effluent whereas in sediment soil sample four colonies were isolated. To check whether the organisms obtained from effluent and sediment soil samples are similar. The dominant bacterial and fungal species like Bacillus cereus, Psdudomonas fluorescens, Aspergillus luchuensis and Penicillium sp respectively were selected for effluent degradation. The various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, DO, BOD, COD, TS, TDS, TSS, total alkalinity, acidity, free carbondioxide, nitrate, chloride, hardness, calcium, magnesium, calcium hardness were analysed before and after treatment. After degradation of effluent, all the physico-chemical parameters were compared to raw effluent. Among these four organisms, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Penicillium sp are highly degrading the pharmaceutical effluent which create a new sector in environmental biotechnology.

1 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

018901   Qari R;Siddiqui S A (Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology, Univ of Karachi, Pakistan, Email: rqari2002@yahoo.com ) : Heavy metal pollution in coastal sea water of Nathia gali, Karachi (Pakistan). J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(1), 9-19.

Metal pollution has been identified in the coastal regions of oceans and seas through out the world. Karachi is located in the north eastern border of the Arabia Sea, lying between latitudes 24<°48' N and 66<°59' E longitude. The port and several industries are located in the Karachi city. Untreated or partially treated industrial and domestic waste waters are discharged directly or carried by several streams into the Karachi coastal water. The main sources of pollution in Karachi coastal water includes domestic and industrial waste; tanneries effluents; rainfall and associated pollutant from runoff; shipping and agricultural sources. The investigation was undertaken to know the levels of heavy metals (Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, "Ni, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Co) in surface and tide pools seawater of Nathia gali of Karachi coast. The concentration of Mg (1.01-7.47 g/l), Fe (0.27-1.05 mg l_-1), Mn (0.04-0.27 mg l^-1), Cu (0.05-0.43 mg l^-1), Ni (0.07-1.86 mg l^-1), Zn (0.09-1.77 mg l^-1), Cr (0.05-1.04 mg l^-1 Pb (0.43-0.62 mg l^-1), Co (0.24-0.52 mg l^-1) and Cd (0.03-0.2 mg l^-1) have been determined in the surface and tide pools seawater of Nathia gali coast of Karachi. The main sources of pollution are domestic and sewage outfall, direct discharge of factories and industrial effluents. The distribution of metals was not uniform in both surface seawater and tide pools seawater.

10 illus, 32 ref

018900   Pradhan A;Deshmukh J P (NO, Motilal Vigyan Mahavidyalaya, Bhopal, Email: jitenddeshmukh@yahoo.com) : Utilization of fly ash for treatment of acid mine water. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(1), 137-42.

Lignite and coal are widely used in all thermal power plants and industrial processes such as boilers, furnaces etc. Both coal and lignite occurs naturally in the lithosphere an mining is carried out to extract the lignite and coal. Most of the power plants are situate either near to the mine or they have their own captive mine. There are several environmental problems associated with the opencast mining of lignite ranging from air, water and noise pollution and land degradation. The most important among the above is formation of acid mine water also known as acid mine drainage (AMD) due to the presence of pyrite in the lignite/coal. On the other hand lignite and coal consuming power plant generates Fly As (FA) which is a hazardous waste and needs safe disposal. There are several methods for treatment of acid mine water eg. using calcium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate or anhydrous ammonia. These chemicals raise the pH to acceptable levels an decrease the solubility of dissolved metals but the cost of the treatment of acid mine water is very high as the acid mine water generated is of the order of 300 Kl/Day for 2,000 tone day or less production capacity mines. In this research work authors have tried to develop treatment method of acid mine water using fly ash. The fly ash contains alkalinity in the form of CaO and the treatment cost can be curtailed as the fly ash is a waste and it also requires safe disposal and hence needs additional cost. It is observed that fly ash containing CaO in the range of 10-12 %can neutralize the acid mine water of pH 2.5 in 30 minutes of reaction time. For better understanding topics covered are chemistry, treatment method characteristics of acid mine water and fly ash and experimental procedure etc.

018899   Pathirana C;Bandara N J G J (Forestry and Environmental Sciences Dep, Univ of Sri Jayewardenepura, Colombo(Sri Lanka)) : Analysis of water quality on Maha Oya (Sri Lanka). J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(1), 1-8.

Maha Oya, is one of the main rivers in Sri Lanka, very much used for drinking water extraction. It flows through five important districts of Sri Lanka offering water through fourteen water supply intakes. Only three of the associated plants offer conventional treatment for water. Several small to medium urban centers are located on the main stem of the river and on tributaries. Hence, the river receives much organic waste from the upstream. Industrial-discharges and harmful anthropogenic activities are common in the final 50 km stretch of the river. This study aims to investigate the contamination of Maha Oya water around each intake points along the main river and find causes. Samples were collected from seventeen selected sampling locations during both high and low flow rate conditions. Analysis was done on pH, turbidity, DO, COD, BOD, phosphate, Nitrate, Sulfate, Chloride, Fluoride, Coliform and heavy metals which were selected based on the drinking water quality requirement of the country.

6 illus, 18 ref

018898   Pandey S C;Pani S;Malhosia S (Chemistry Dep, Geetanjali Goverment Girls' PG College, Bhopal, Email: panisubrata@rediffmail.com) : Student on eco-toxicological status of Laharpur Reservoir, Bhopal (India) in relation to its conservation and management. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(1), 68-81.

Water is one of the essential commodities for survival of human beings. It is required for domestic purpose, irrigation, industrial and other uses, which are very relevant for survival and progress of society. That is why important civilizations of the world have grown and prospered around perennial rivers. With rapid growth of population and development of modern technologies in various fields, the requirement of water has substantially increased. The perception that water is available with us in abundance no longer holds true now. Water is becoming an increasingly scare resource in many countries, as competition among agriculture, urban and industrial users become more common (Water Resource and Environment Technical Note F₁, 2003). World wide agriculture is the single largest user of water, accounting for about 69% of all use. About -25% of water withdrawals supply the industrial and energy sectors and just 8 % are used for domestic and household use. Water availability is neither adequate nor equitable to all human beings and in all regions of the country as well as in the world. The problem is more acute in Africa and West Asia and in many other developing countries including India. In addition to the problems of limited availability of water there is problem of water quality leading to various biological and chemical contaminations. The major reasons identified for the shortage are uneven distribution of rainfall, which is received in 100 hours a year as against 8,760 hours, inadequate harvest and use of available rainwater, and unscientific management of ground water. The ground water, which was abundantly available at shallow depth upto mid-seventies, depleted and had gone down to the level of beyond 100 meters at many places. Because of these problems the need of water conservation is being realized everywhere and consequently various schemes for augmentation of water supply and conservation of water bodies have been started by many governments through community participation. In India, number of surface water resources has become polluted. In last few decades, the pollution level has led to such a grave situation that hardly any water resources are available which could be used without a hitch. Therefore there has been a growing concern for conservation and management of the available water resources. The Laharpur reservoir situated in the outskirts of the Bhopal Town (India) has become a victim of pollution due to anthropogenic activities. Since its construction the reservoir, is subjected to the process of siltation which has reduced its depth substantially besides the inflow of sewage in last decade has resulted in increasing the nutrient level. The accrual of nutrients in the reservoir resulted in prolific growth of weeds. Mortality of fishes has been reported at many instances. The deterioration of water quality has invoked the need for conservation and management of the reservoir. The present paper is focused towards the problems and consequent conservations strategies to be adopted for abatement of pollution and conservation of the reservoir.

13 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

018897   Pandey R K;Rehman A;Sarviya R M (Mechanical Enginering Dep, M.A.N.I.T., Bhopal, Email: rajeshkpandey0206@rediffmail.com) : Auto emissions and air pollution. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 2(4), 808-16.

If you want to live comfortably you need to have good surroundings. At least all the basic needs like air, water, food, etc. are the essential elements. We are always selective when it comes to food. Certainly think of hygiene and end up eating as well as preparing good food in clean places. Similarly one should have the same attitude towards the environment. We breathe air, true, but what kind of air? We are not very bothered about its composition; the only thing we do is go for a weekend outside the city and say we are in search of fresh air. We then come back and survive for another week. Have we ever thought of this? We all know that in cities like Mumbai. Delhi, Kolkatta etc. two-third of the air we breathe is polluted. The cause of this is unwanted effluents emitted by auto vehicles plying on the roads and the industries. These emissions are very harmful to human beings. This paper explores the undesirable emissions generated in the combustion process of C.I. Engine and other auto vehicles. These emissions pollute the environment and contribute to global warming, acid rain, smog, odors, and respiratory and other health problems. The major causes of these emissions are non-stoichiometric combustion, dissociation of nitrogen and impurities in the fuel and air. The emissions of concern are hydrocarbons (HC), carbon mono-oxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NO_x), sulphur, and solid carbon particulates. Ideally, engines and fuels could be developed such that very few harmful emissions are generated and these could be exhausted to the surroundings without a major impact on the environment. With present technology this is not possible and after treatment of the exhaust gases to reduce emissions is very important. This consists mainly of the use of the thermal or catalytic converters and particulate traps.

^iia10 ref

018896   Padhy P K;Padhi B K (Centre for Enviromental Studies, Institute of Science, Visva-Bharati Univ, Santiniketan-731 235, Email: padhypk@gmail.com) : Assessment of noise quality in Bolpur-Santiniketan areas (India). J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(1), 301-6.

Noise is a prominent feature of the environment including noise from transport, industry and neighbours. An important part of noise assessment is the actual measurement of the noise levels. Continuous Leq measurement during day time (0600-2100 hr) was carried out in residential, commercial and silence zone location of Bolpur-Santiniketan areas during June-December, 2005. The results show that the noise pollution in the city is wide spread throughout most of its area. The noise in this area is composite in nature. Public participation, education, traffic management, structural designing play a major role in noise management.

3 illus, 2 tables, 12 ref

018895   Nath B S;Usha M A;Sarwar;Unnikrishnan V (DC & B Section, National Dairy Research Institute Adugodi, Bangalore-560 030) : Incidence and levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in feeds and feed ingedients from the southern states. Indian J Dairy Biosci 2007, 18(1-2), 37-42.

HCH, DDT and endosulphan were the organochlorine pesticide residues found in the concentrate feeds and feed ingredients such as oil seed cakes, oilseeds, grain, straws, milling offals collected from the Southern States. The levels of HCH observed in the present work were almost similar to those reported almost a decade ago. However, unlike the observations made in the past λ-HCH constituted the major component of the total HCH. The incidence and levels of DDT and endosulphan residues in the feed and feed ingredients have decreased considerably over the years. The pesticide residue levels were, in general, higher in the samples collected from Andhra Pradesh.

2 tables, 13 ref

018894   Nangare P B;Wadkar D V;Karale R S (Civil Engineering Dep, RSCOE, Pune) : Impact of textile industry on ground water quality with special reference to Ichalkaranji city, M.S., (India). J Envir Res Dev 2008, 2(4), 717-725.

Ichalkaranji is one of the most prominent decentralized Textile centers of the India, having good number of spinning mills, sizing units, power looms, processing units and Industrial Estates situated is about 29 Km away to the S - E of Kolhapur. However, very limited efforts have been made by the Industries so far to improve the quality or reduce the quantity of wastewater that is discharged without any pretreatment into an adjacent nallah, owing to high amount of chemicals, dyes, suspended solids and toxic metals in the waste, there is a probability of groundwater contamination, which would have many adverse effects on the local inhabitants. In this paper, efforts have been made to assess the quality of groundwater in Ichalkaranji area by extensive survey and laboratory analysis which would give the information about 'Impacts on groundwater quality' due to disposal of the industrial wastewater. Also an attempt has made for controlling the groundwater pollution, which would serve as a basis to evolve suitable management strategy for the city.

3 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

018893   Mudgal M;Khan M A;Mishra D;Padmakaran P (NO, Advanced Material and Processes Research Institute (CSIR), Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal-462 026) : Impact of industrial & traffic induced air pollution on human health. Bhartiya Vaigyanik Evam Audyogik Anusandhan Patrika 2008, 16(1), 74-9.

World wide problem of nature's imbalance is becoming serious day-by-day. Every day new materials are being developed and manufactured in different industries and in turn industrial production generates severe environmental pollution. Environmental pollution is in such an undesirable situation that as a result of physical and chemical changes air, water and land loose their natural qualities which results in harmful effect on biological organisms and plants. The threat due to war by chemical weapons is not less dangerous than environment. Whether the choice for human war depends upon the nature of the human beings but the environment has degraded to such an extent that it has nothing else to give except the poisonous gases in the atmosphere. People brought the environment to a dangerous state. Destroyed forests, developed concrete forests in cities, stopped flow of rivers, established new pollution generating industries, increased the generation of poisonous gases by use of various resources on earth resulting in breathing problems in the air. Situation is becoming worse to such an extent that none of the environmental components like air, water and land are exempted from the effects of pollution.

4 tables, 5 ref

018892   Mittal S;Sharma S (NO, Lala Lajpat Rai Institute of Engineering and Technology, Moga, Punjab, Email: sunita72mitta@rediffmail.com) : Assessment of drinking ground water quality at Moga, Punjab (India): an overall approach. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(1), 129-36.

Quality of water refers to number of physical, chemical and biological characteristics. Overall quality can be assessed mathematically by water quality index which is calculated by assigning certain weightage to important water quality parameters. The present study was conducted to assess the drinking water quality at Moga, Punjab (India) as this area lies in central Punjab where consumption of fertilizers and pesticides is the highest in the state. It was found that the major physico-chemical parameters of drinking groundwater were within the permissible limits. But certain parameters such as total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total hardness and magnesium content were above the WHO permissible limits at almost all the places in Moga city. Out of the total ten sampling sites, overall quality of water in terms of water quality index was found to be moderately to severely polluted at about six water sites. The water quality index was suitably modified by excluding the certain duplicating parameters.

3 illus, 3 tables, 10 ref

018891   Lokeshwari M;Nanjunda Swamy C (NO, P E T Research Centre, Mandya, Karnataka) : Vermicomposting of municipal and agricultural solid waste with sewage sludge. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(1), 51-61.

Studies were conducted on municipal, agricultural and mixed solid waste. Sewage sludge was mixed with each of the above said waste in different proportion, to compare the technical viability of an integrated system of composting. Waste were mixed in 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% proportion with the sewage sludge, collected from waste water treatment plant. It was allowed to decompose for about 20 days aerobically and then transferred to vermipits. Chemical analysis of sample shows the significant decrease in carbon content and good amount of N, P, K content in the final compost. Pre-aerobic decomposition for 20 days followed by vermicompost reduces the overall time required for composting (30 days), when compared to windrow composting, which requires about 80 days to get the final product. Hence vermicomposting can be suggested as a better method of solid waste treatment, which is one of the major issues now a day. Mixing of sewage sludge with the wastes show increase in nutrient content beside solves the problem of sludge disposal.

10 illus, 5 tables, 9 ref

018890   Leela Kaur;Gadgil K;Sharma S (Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), New Delhi, Email: leelakaur@gmail.com) : Phytoaccumulation of nickel from contaminated water by duckweed (Lemna minor). J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(2), 388-94.

Water contamination with heavy metals is a major environmental problem due to nondegradability and harmful effects of toxic metals. Phytoremediation has been drawing attention for many years as it is an environment-friendly, cost-effective and aesthetically pleasing technology. The duckweed, Lemna minor, has been shown to remove toxic elements from water. The objective of this study was to evaluate the removal efficiency of Nickel (Ni) by Lemna minor in contaminated water and to observe the effects of Ni on the growth of the plants. Generally, Ni contamination of water is the result of discharge of industrial effluents emerging from metal producing, mining, electroplating, battery manufacturing, electronic industries, tannery, steel and textile. Ni is a known carcinogen. Experiments were conducted for 14 days. Plants were treated to Ni concentrations ranged from 1-20 mg/L. Ni content was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results show that Ni removal and the Bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Ni in Lemna minor were highest at initial Ni concentration and decreased as the initial Ni concentration increased. Ni removal by Lemna minor therefore is a suitable option for the treatment of Ni contaminated water.

4 illus, 14 ref

018889   Lalitha S;Kalaivani D;Vasuki M;Brindha D; Madhubala N (Postgraduate and Research Dep of Chemistry, Seetgalakshmi Ramaswami College, Tiruchirappalli-620 002) : Noise level studies at residential apartments in Tiruchirappalli. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(4), 351-8.

Tiruchirappalli is rich in historic, cultural heritage and a good educational centre. A lot of industrialization is taking place in and around the city. The number of apartment goes on increasing in Tiruchirappalli due to rapid increase in population and unavailability of sites to construct houses. The crowd in the apartment and their activity lead to enhanced sound level. Exposure to high level of noise may cause sever stress on the auditory and nervous system. The present study aims to monitor the ambient noise level at eleven different apartments at Trichy from 8.00am to 8.00pm in the month of December 2006 to March 2007 and to evaluate traffic noise index. It is observed that all the sites have noise level far above the acceptable limit.

14 tables, 4 ref

018888   Koushafar A;Amiry A (Environmental Dep, Faculty of Islamic Azad Univ of Ahvaz, Ahvaz) : Land use planning and enviromental problems. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(1), 316-24.

Population growth, industrial development, natural resources unexpected reduction, pollution increase, economic growth and resources equal distribution-failure are the factors which base environmental crisis's. So, it is not unexpected to restrict or remove these crisis's. This restriction perspective will come in eyesight while modern mankind tries to prevent these crisis's. In our view point, natural resources and environment are to response human needs; in addition we have to minimize our negative effects on them. The first step is to recognize the present situation and second to discover and remove the negative and destructive factors, and then we must begin to repair the destructions. On the other hand we should study to provide a predicting model to find the optimum place and method regarding to requirements and consequences wherever it is necessary to do developments in fields such as civil, industry and agriculture. Finally, it can be said that success in overcoming the critical and destructive situations, needs the past procedures revision, problems perception, capabilities, opportunities and defects causes finding and deep attention to available opportunities and the time and place perception of the current situation. Under such rules, it is possible to develop the land use system through revision and correction in each section.

15 ref

018887   Islam Z U;Rao L A K;Hamid Zargar A;Ahmad S; Abdullah Khan M (Geology Dep, Aligarh Muslim Univ, Aligarh, Email: zahoor.amu@gmail.com) : Temperature variability in Himalayas and threat to the glaciers in the region : a study aided by remote sensing and GIS. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(2), 495-505.

The study focuses on the analysis of surface air temperature variations and glacier area changes in the Western Himalayas, using meteorological data, Satellite Imagery and published glacial inventory data. The monthly average surface air temperature data from 1901-2003 has been analyzed to evaluate the climatic trends. The satellite imagery of parts of the Jehlum basin, Kashmir region, has been studied in the GIS environment and the results were compared with the old glacier inventory data prepared and published by Geological Society of India, to analyze temporal and spatial variations in the glacier areas. The results show a marked rise in the surface air temperature during last few decades, resulting in melting of glaciers in the region at a higher rate. The glaciers in the region have shrunk in area by about 19% since 1962-2001. Beside these, the glaciers show the fragmentation which is resulting in increase in the number of small glaciers. This further indicates the changing climatic scenario in Western Himalayas.

6 illus, 1 table, 19 ref

018886   Gupta S;Solanki A S (Research Laboratory, Govt Dungar College, Bikaner, Email: ajay22solanki@yahoo.com.in) : Effect of chromium metal present in industrial effluents being used for irrigation: a case study of Chopra Bari area of Bikaner city (India). J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(1), 213-15.

In Chopra Bari area industrial effluents (waste water) of various cottage printing and dyeing units are being used for irrigation purposes. In these industries mordant dyes are being used on various fabrics for fastness of colour. Therefore strong probability of presence of Heavy metals in industrial effluent study reveals, presence of toxic range of Chromium (Cr) in area under investigation. Chromium toxicity results in reduction in plant height, burning of leaf margins and tip, slow leaf growth and overall wilting of plants, when this metal deposited in Human results in gentic disorders.

1 table, 7 ref

018885   Desai H;Anandwala T;Desai H (NO, Tifac-Core in Environmental Engineering, Surat, Email: hemanga14@yahoo.com ) : Evaluation of underground water quality of Surat city (India). J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(1), 169-84.

Ninety-five percent of all fresh water on earth is ground water. Ground water is found in natural rock formations. These formations, called aquifers, are a vital natural resource with many uses. High quality of water is essential to the welfare of humans, aquatic ecosystems and industries. The study of water quality draws information from a variety of disciplines including chemistry, biology, mathematics, physics, engineering and resource management. Because of industrial development, leaking underground storage and sewage tanks and municipal landfills, many local areas have experienced significant ground water contamination, which is cause of special concern. This problem needs attention and protective actions to prevent despoliation of the aquifers, because once contaminated it is difficult to decontaminate an aquifer. Efforts have to be made to use physical and chemical principles to explain the factors controlling the quality of ground waters. The present study describes the quality assessment of underground water in different zones of Surat City of Gujarat State, (India), i.e., central, east, west, north, south, south-west and south-east zones of Surat city. The quality of water was examined by analyzing certain parameters, such as: total dissolved solids, turbidity, pH, conductivity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total alkalinity and chemical oxygen demand of collected bore samples. Near residential area, total suspended solid, magnesium hardness, total alkalinity and chemical oxygen demand are found to be higher than the permissible limit. Near bank of the river, total suspended solid, total hardness, total alkalinity, total dissolved solid, magnesium hardness, calcium hardness, chloride, total alkalinity and chemical oxygen demand are found to be higher than the permissible limit. Near industrial area, total suspended solid, total alkalinity, total dissolved solid, chloride, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total hardness and chemical oxygen demand are found to be higher than the permissible limit. As Dumas village is situated on the coast of Arabian sea, the value of magnesium hardness, total hardness and total alkalinity are higher than the permissible limit.

11 illus, 15 tables, 19 ref

018884   Deka B J;Sahariah B P;Chakraborty S (Civil Engineering Dep, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Email: saswati@iitg.ernet.in) : Anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic three stage attached growth system for removal of ammonia-nitrogen and high concentration of phenol. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(2), 442-8.

Study was conducted in a continuous three-stage attached growth system consisting of anaerobic (Rl) -anoxic (R2) -aerobic (R3) reactors with synthetic wastewater containing phenol (1800 mg/1), COD (5000 mg/1) and NH₄₊-N (250 mg/1) as pollutants. Well-acclimated heterogeneous microbial cultures were used for this work with sponge as the support media for biomass immobilization. The final effluent (containing nitrate) from aerobic reactor was recycled (recycle ratio 1) to R2 for denitrification with total system HRT of at 4 days. Anaerobic reactor removed almost 48% of phenol and reduced load on successive reactors. Specific methanogenic activity of anaerobic sludge was observed as 0.446 g CH₄-COD/ g VSS. day. In anoxic reactor phenol was removed completely with partial denitrification. This reduced phenol toxicity on aerobic nitrifying reactor. Overall COD removal efficiency of Qy% was achieved in three-stage system. Overall NH₄₊-N and total nitrogen removal efficiencies in three-stage system were 93% and 61% respectively.

3 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

018883   Chavan P V;Dennett K E (Civil and Environmental Engineering Dep, Nevada Univ, Reno (USA), Email: chavanp@unr.nevada.edu) : Performance of a small-scale constructed wet land system to improve water quality. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 2(4), 671-9.

Several research studies have proven that constructed wetlands are a reliable and cost-effective method for removing nutrients (total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus) and total suspended solids, as well as metals. Steamboat Creek (SBC) due to its elevated concentrations of nutrients make the most polluted tributary of the Truckee River. The creek annually contributes approximately 900 tons of total suspended solids, 70 tons of nitrogen, and 15 tons of phosphorus. The construction of a large-scale wetland system has been proposed as a component of a regional watershed restoration plan by the Cities of Reno and Sparks and the Army Corps of Engineers at the confluence of the Truckee River and creek in Reno, Nevada, USA. Therefore, in order to quantify nutrient and sediments removal in the proposed system a pilot-scale wetland was constructed along the creek at the Truckee Meadows Water Reclamation Facility (TMWRF), Sparks, Nevada. Nutrients and sediments in the wetland influent and effluent flows were routinely monitored, along with other parameters (e.g., dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, and total suspended solids). Results indicated seasonal variations in nutrient removal with the highest removals observed during summer and lowest removals during winter. However, no seasonal variation in sediments removal was observed. Based on experimental designs approximately 30 to 80% of total nitrogen, 20 to 60% of total phosphorus, and 10 to 95% of total suspended solids are removed. This study provides important empirical data that can be used by watershed managers in making decisions regarding wetland construction, management, and operation more effective in order to the reduce nutrient loads to the Truckee River.

6 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

018882   Chaudhary P;Dhakad N K (Zoology Dep, Govt. P.G. College, Dhar,(M.P.), Email: cpreetichaudhry@yahoo.com) : Management of solid wastes by enviroment friendly ways: an epidemiological study on human population at Dhar town of M.P. (India). J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(1), 198-202.

Large quantity of solid wastes is produced in both urban and rural areas and they are to be disposing safely to preserve any harmful environmental impacts. In this study only the management of solid organic wastes is taken in to account, while metallic and glass wastes are not taken into account. Biodegradable wastes can be composed by any method e.g. recycling and vermicomposting. Solid sludge can also be anaerobically digest in biogas plant where biogas, methane are used as fuel and remaining solid is used for landfills or dispensed in to fields. Hospital wastes must be disposed carefully often sterilization or incineration. Domestic wastes in urban and rural areas like glass, plastic and polythene wastes managed separately in a manner which has no harmful environmental impact, and they should not be burn. The present study conducted in Dhar town of M.P. (India) through this paper. An attempt's is made on the measures of exposures and their related health effects on the population living around such slumps. The morbidity effects due to such exposures are also detailed find out the consequences on health.

3 tables, 16 ref

018881   Bhandari M;Gupta A (Applied Sciences Dep, Apeejay College of Engineering, Sohna) : Radon in indoor air : an Indian context. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(4), 323-9.

Indoor radon exposure is estimated to be one of the leading causes of lung cancer. Radon can enter the home through cracks in the foundation floor and walls, drains, and other openings. Indoor radon concentration depends on the material from which buildings have been constructed. Indoor radon progeny accounts for more than 50% of the total background radiation received by the Indian people. Hence there is a need of continuous monitoring of this source of indoor air pollution. This study is aimed at collecting scattered information about the radon measurements by various workers in India.

2 tables, 24 ref

018880   Bansal M;Singh D;Garg V K;Rose P (Civil Engineering Dep, National Institute of technology, Kurukshetra, Email: vinodkgarg@yahoo.com) : Mechanisms of Cr(vi) removal from synthetic waster water by low cost adsorbents. J Envir Res Dev 2008, 3(1), 228-43.

Chromium in the industrial effluent is a major concern for the environment. Chemical precipitation methods are commonly employed for the removal of chromium but this leads to the formation of chromo-bearing solid waste and it is uneconomical when the concentration of chromium in the effluent is low. Ion exchange and membrane separation methods are relatively expensive. In this study the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions by batch adsorption technique using different low cost adsorbents was investigated. Adsorbents such as rice husk a surplus agricultural byproduct, saw dust a timber industry waste were used to determine adsorption efficiency. The influence of pH, adsorbent dose, initial Cr(VI) concentration and contact time on the selectivity and sensitivity of the removal process was investigated. Adsorption process was found to be highly pH dependent. Optimum pH for adsorption of Cr(VI) was found to be 2.0. Kinetic studies were performed to understand the mechanistic steps of the adsorption process and rate kinetics for the adsorption of Cr(VI) was best fitted with pseudo 2nd order kinetic model. EDAX of the Rice husk and Sawdust (native and metal loaded) were recorded to explore the elemental constitution of the adsorbents. Reusability of the adsorbents was examined by desorption in which HCl eluted 84.08% and 79.63% Cr(VI) from Rice husk and Sawdust, respectively. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were applied to the adsorption process and their constants were evaluated. The adsorption capacity q_max calculated from Langmuir isotherm obtained for the different adsorbents showed that sawdust was the most effective among the selected adsorbents for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.

15 illus, 6 tablles, 29 ref

018879   Ashok Kumar;Acharya S;Nayak S R (NO, Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR), DRDO, C/O 56 APO, 194 101) : Impact of climate change in cold desert Ladakh (J & K). Green Fmg 2010, 3(2), 153.

017884   Yeshwant Singh;Singh A P N (Botany Dep, Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur-273 009, Email: dr.yeshwantsingh@yahoo.com ) : Physicochemical characteristics of Ramgarh lake, Gorakhpur district, Uttar Pradesh. Biochem Cell Archs 2009, 9(2), 273-82.

Analysis of physicochemical properties of the Ramgarh lake water was made at monthly intervals during July, 2003 to June, 2005, while, lake depth and periphery were measured in November 2004. The lake was shallow with a high sediment thickness. Sediment was black mud indicating its anaerobic condition. It was an alkaline (pH 8.0-8.6) and oligomictic (temp. 17°C - 31°C) lake of tropical region. Lake water was highly eutrophic as is evidenced by its nutrients (NH₄⁺, N0₃^- and PO₄^3- content. The key nutrient phosphorus was very high. Molar N : P ratios were low i.e. less than 10. The biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.) was minimum (5.30 ppm) in rainy season and was maximum (> 11 ppm) in summer indicating the higher level of organic pollution load. The dissolved oxygen (D.O.) value was maximum in winter season though there was depletion in D.O. There was persistent and dense cyanobacterial blooms in the lake.

11 illus, 31 ref

017883   Vimiesh Kumari;Giri A K (Bundelkhand University, Institute of Environment and Development Studi, , Jhansi-284 128) : Environmental impact of flyash from parichha thermal power station. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(7), 643-48.

Parichha Thermal Power Station is owned by Uttar Pradesh Vidhuit Nigam Limited and located between the National Highway No. 25 and Betwa river at Parichha, a semi-arid region of Jhansi district in Uttar Pradesh. It is a coal-fired power station and emitting huge quantity of flyash particles which are deposited on surrounding agricultural lands. It uses 0, E and F grade coals and the ash content of coal ranges between 35-48%. Flyash is a fine powdery residue, the fine spherical particles generally in the range of 0.5 to 100 micron. The chemical composition of f1yash includes major (> 1%), minor (1-0.1%) and trace (<0.1%) elements. Presently, Parichha Power Station has an installed capadty of 640 Mw and uses about 10,000 tonne of coals per day and generating more than 4,000 tonne of flyash everyday. It has four units and equipped with two stacks, out of which again only one is installed with electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) of 99.7% efficiency. The excess flyash deposition, since last 20 year is causing present and potential future threats to the surªrounding human health and animals.

3 tables, 15 ref

017882   Sudarsana Raju G;Raghu Babu K;Gangi Reddy S; Ravikumar M (Geology and Geoinformatics Dep, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa-516 003) : Identification of groundwater potential zones by using remote sensing data in and around Nandimandalam and Kothapalle, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(8), 690-704.

An integrated survey based on satellite interpretation corroborated with limited field checks was carried out with a view to asses groundwater potential of Nandimandalam-Kothapalli of Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh falling in Survey of India toposheet no. 57J/11. Under this study, 5 thematic maps, namely geological map (lithology and structure), geomorpho-logical map, hydromorphological map, land use - land cover map, lineament map and lineament density map were prepared covering an area of about 7200 km. The geological map portrays the area being covered by peninsular gneissic complex comprising mainly granite gneisses and granitoids intruded by basic dolerite dykes and acidic intrusive. The lineaments are associated with late acidic intrusive, fracture filled basic dykes, faults and alignªment of stream segments, tanks, topography, etc. The geomorphological map depicts various landforms as structural hill, residual hill, intermontane valley, pediment, pediplain and flcod plain. The area has been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non potential for ground water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favourable locations have been suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area. The land use pattern fall under the broad categories of agricultural land, forest land and waste land. The agricultural land is further subdivided into dry and wet agriculture land. Forest land has been classified into reserve forest and waste land vegetation. Social forestry programme include plantations and development of pasture lands, arrest of soil erosion by afforestration has been suggested.

6 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

017881   Sokhi J;Hasan S S (School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open Univ, Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110 068) : To reverse climate change - begin from cities. Bull envir Sci 2009, 28(1), 7-13.

Climate change the most discussed environmental problem of the world today is largely the outcome of developments during the post-Industrialisation period. Urbanization is an integral component of these developments. Its contribution in the generation and aggravation of this environmental problem is discussed in this paper. The characteristics of an urban setting are put in a perspective for one to appreciate as to how it is a part of the problem. In view of the present trend in the human societies to dwell in cities what steps can effectively control the urban contribution to the above-mentioned problem are highlighted in this communication.

1 illus, 10 ref

017880   Singh V;Pramendra Dev (School of Studies in Earth Science, Vikram University, Ujjain-456 010) : Rainfall variation analysis and future trend in Saharanpur district - environmental context. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(8), 710-18.

The environmental implications of rainfall pattern in the recharge of ground water system of Saharanpur region, located in Uttar Pradesh, have been discussed. The mathematical analysis of rainfall variation of Saharanpur district for a period of 25 year (1982 to 2006) displays a fairly good range from 497.70 to 1566.10 mm with an annual average rainfall value of 1058.82 mm. The positive trend of departure from the computed value of average annual rainfall exhibits suitable periods for recharge of ground water reservoir as compared to years of lower rainfall records. The recorded data of annual rainfall during the last 7 year reveal values below the calculated annual average rainfall, pointing out negative trend. The statistical analysis of rainfall data involves computations of various statistical parameters, which also support the negative trend of rainfall. The prediction of expected future rainfall trend for a period upto 2012 has been made, which indicates a negative trend. The suggestions have been incorporated to implement a scheme for augmentation of ground water resource and also to develop possibilities of rainwater harvesting with a view to obtain sustained water supply.

5 illus, 7 tables, 7 ref

017879   Singh H (Production Dep, National Fertilizers Ltd, Vijaipur-473 111) : Efforts of every human being for energy conservation and GHGs reduction. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(7), 615-29.

Discusses about the aim of energy conservation and greenhouse gases (GHGs), reductions by the efforts of every human being. We have a right to-clean environment by' ourselves and can protect the lives of our present and future generations. Efforts of everyone can control the emissions of GHGs which are being contributed by burning of fossil fuels in the automobiles, houses and power generations and by other activities (like deforestation, luxurious lifestyle, etc.) also. Wisely and efficiently use of the electrical power, fossil fuels energy and water in the homes, life modernization, offices, public places and other activities can reduce energy consumption of conventional resources and emisªsions of GHGs which are responsible for global warming as well as climate change. Minor change in living lifestyle and use of renewable sources of energy can help to combat climate change. As per the scientific studies, each year millions of the people are being killed due' to floods, drought, forest fire, super cyclones, storms, extensive heat waves and cold waves which are being seen due to effects of the global warming that may affect about 2/3rd world's population in near future.

5 illus, 6 tables, 47 ref

017878   Singh D K;Kumar V;Singh S;Singh N N (Zoology Dep, L S College, Muzaffarpur-842 001) : Evaluation of statistical relationships among abiotic parameters in Boosra Lake (Muzaffarpur, Bihar). Envir Ecol 2009, 27(4), 1468-70.

Deals with the abiotic parameters and its statistical correlation over a period of one year. The simple coefficient of correlation (r) was used to worked out among different abiotic parameters. The temperature was found to be positively correlated with pH and dissolved O₂ whereas free CO₂ was found to be negatively correlated with temperature, dissolved O₂ and total alkalinity. The positive correlation between other parameters such as DO and phosphate, DO and pH, pH and phosphate were also recorded. The study indicated that most of the abiotic parameters of this lake are positively related to each other to the larger extent.

1 table, 10 ref

017877   Singh B K;Srivastava K K;Srivastava S K (Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, , Dhanbad-826 108) : Water quality assessment. Part V. five stations of river damodar and one station of river Nalkari of south karanpura coalfield. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(8), 673-80.

Studies on physico-chemical parameters of underground mine water, OCP direct discharge water and sump water of Urimari, Sayal '0' Block, Khas Karanpura area and Bhurkunda area of South Karanpura Coalfield of Central Coalfields Limited, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited were carried out in 2004-05 and 2005-06 in all the three seasons, namely summer, monsoon and winter. On analysis of the data it was found that the colour of the water samples were turbid, pH of these waters were slight alkaline ranging from 7. ii to 8.30, total dissolved solids varied between 29 and 262 mg/L, total suspended solids ranged between 20 and 1075 mg/L for river Oamodar while for Nalkari river it was from 1480 to 3208 mg/L, dissolved oxygen is within the range 4.82 to 8.50 mg/L, biological oxygen demand of these water samples is in the order 4 to 14.5 mg/L, chemical ratio of all the three water samples are beyond 3 making the water unsafe for human consumption and hence pretreatment is essential to make it potable water. The nitrate ion concentration is from 0.26 to 4.25 mg/L The hardness varied from 17.1 to 222 mg/L as calcium carbonate. The ions present are chloride, fluoride, sulphate, calcium and magnesium for which analyses were done. Oil and grease were also found to be present as usual. Metal analysis of water samples of both the rivers were also done with respect to Fe, Zn, Mn, As, Cd, Cr, Rb, Se, Hg, Cu, Ni, Na and K.

14 tables, 4 ref

017876   Shanthi G;Sivakumari V (NO, Kunthavai Nacchiyar Government Arts College for Women, Thanjavur-613 007, Email: vsivamicro@rediffmail.com) : Isolation and utility of halophiles for bioremediation of industrial waste water. Bull envir Sci 2009, 28(1), 35-42.

The study was conducted for isolation and characterization of halophiles for bioremediation of industrial waste water (dye effluent). The bioremediation of dye effluent was assessed by reed bed technique was adopted by using Typha latifolia (reed). Reed bed, with and without halophile culture were inoculated (sea water, sugar cane and paddy soil) and dye effluent was added and assessed for various value such as pH, EC, sulphate, total population count, chloride, potassium at three intervals. Among the halophiles (Halobacterium spp) culture (sea water culture) was found to exhibit better performance over other two (sugarcane and paddy soil) for bioremediation.

8 illus, 18 ref

017875   Saxena U;Bhargava S;Bhargava A K;Agarwal S K (Ecology Research Lab, Botany Dep, Maharaj Singh College, Saharanpur-247 001) : Physiochemical and biological studies of polluted Dhamola riven water at Saharanpur. Biochem Cell Archs 2009, 9(2), 169-70.

In the present study six water samples were collected from three sites of Dhamola river at Saharanpur. All these samples were analysed for coliforms present in the water sample and observation shows that most probable number (MPN) was high in samples of down stream study site. Likewise, the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids and total suspended solid found more in down stream site samples.

2 tables, 17 ref

017874   Ramesh I;Kiran B R;Ravikumar M;Puttaiah E T (Environmental Science Dep, Kuvempu University, Water Management and Water Harvesting, Shankaraghatta-577 451) : Fluoride levels in groundwater samples and risk of dental fluorosis in and around Harappanahalli, Karnataka. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(8), 728-33.

The purpose of this investigation was to assess exposure to drinking water fluoride and to evaluate the risk of dental fluorosis among the Harappanahalli population. The study covered all 20 areas in Harappanahalli and 80% of population that has access to public water supplies. In the present area groundwater is the main source of public water supply systems in most towns and rural settlements. The content of fluoride in the groundwater samples ranged from 0.1 to 3.3 mg/L. Exposure assessment showed that 5% of the study population had excessive exposure to fluoride, mainly in small public water supplies, where the aquifer system is the only source of drinking water. Risk of dental fluorosis was calculated to different fluoride exposure levels over 1.5 mg/L.

3 tables, 24 ref

017873   Ramakrishnan D;Venkatramalingam K;Ronald J; Shanmugavel S (Zoology Dep, V.O.X. College, Tuticorin, Tamilnadu, Email: venkatrose@rediffmail.com) : Bacterial degradation of tannery effluent. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2009, 11(3), 559-61.

Aerobic process is very effective for the degradation of highly toxic tannery effluent. Five bacterial species, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus badius, Bacillus alvei, Bacillus stearothermophilus and Citrobacter diversus were isolated from the degraded sludge of tannery effluents. The bacterial consortium changed the physicochemical properties of tannery effulent and decoulourization upto 55% was observed. The results also showed reduction in BOD, COD, TSS, chloride, sulphide, sulphate, phenolic compound, chromium and other heavy metals; where as, dissolved oxygen was increased up to three fold.

1 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

017872   Pranitha V;Kalyani Y;Singara Charya M A (Microbiology Dep, Kakatiya University, Warangal-506 009) : Odum's algal index as indicator of water quality in Bhadrakali lake, Warangal, A. P.. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(8), 739-44.

The biomonitoring of water quality in Bhadrakali lake Warangal, was assessed by using Odum's algal index in four sites during octber-2004 to September, 2005. The highest range of Odum's algal index was in between 300 to 400 with Microcystis, Nodularia, Trichodesmium, Chlamydomonas, Cladophora, Spirulina. With this, we can establish phytoplankton as efficient biological pollution indicator for monitoring the water quality in Bhadrakali lake.

7 tables, 26 ref

017871   Patil D G;Takarkhede A G;Kamble R K (Environmental Science Dep, Sardar Patel Mahavidyalaya, Chandrapur-442 402) : Groundwater nitrate in Chandrapur city in Maharashtra. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(8), 734-38.

Increased incidences of groundwater nitrate and its impact on human health especially in infants as blue baby disease, has initiated to determine groundwater nitrate concentration in Chandrapur city of Maharashtra State. Groundwater sampling was carried out at 18 locations from dug wells and bore wells from the study area. Groundwater nitrate concentration was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotorneteric screening method. Results revealed the groundwater nitrate concentrations in all the 18 groundwater samples analyzed in the month of October and December were within the permissible limits of Indian standard (45 ppm). However, a slightly higher groundwater nitrate concentration were observed from the study area in the month of December (winter) as compared to October (postmonsoon).

1 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

017870   Nandi P K;Gorain G C (Mathematics Dep, J.K. College, Purulia-723 101) : Effect of traffic pollution on eye and nose irritations of the people at durgapur city. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(7), 597-604.

The Vehicular emissions are one of the potential sources of air pollution in Durgapur steel city. Statistical analysis is made on the population of the city to detect its effect on human health focused only on eye and nose irritations. Two parameters, namely mode of transport and travelling time are chosen for this analysis. On the basis of these two parameters, it has been found that there is a certain level pollution effect on human health.

9 tables, 11 ref

017869   Naik N M;Jagadeesh K S;Patil S G (Agricukltural Microbiology Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Dharwad-580 005, Email: jagsbio@gmail.com) : Decolorization of spentwash by marine fungi: optimization of process parameters. Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol envir Sci 2009, 11(3), 621-4.

Out of 17 mangroove fungal isolates, Kl ana Ku3 were found promising with significantly higher decolorization yields at all the concentrations of spentwash tested (20 - 70%). Based on conidial morphology and fruiting body formation, Kl was identified as Aspergillus sp. and KU3 as Pleurotus sp. The process parameters were optimized. Glucose @ 1.0 per cent was found to be the best co-substrate for both the isolates. Yeast extract @ 1.0 per cent was the optimum N source. Optimum pH and temperature for both fungi were 5.0 and 30°C, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the isolates decolorized 30 per cent concentrated spentwash by 83 and 81 per cent respectively in nine days.

2 illus, 4 tables, 11 ref

017868   Murugesan K;Radhakrishnan M V (Zoology Dep, Anamalai Univ, Annamalainagar-608 002, Email: radkisnan@yahoo.co.in) : Estimation of fluoride in water in and around vriddhachalam taluk Cuddalore district and defluoridation using amla (Emblica officianalis) leaves and stem powder. Envir Ecol 2009, 27(1), 18-21.

Unlike other pollutants, fluoride is being contributed to drinking water from natural sources namely the rocks containing the ores of fluoride. Drinking water samples were collected from 40 different stations in and around Vriddhachalam for a time period of 6 months extending from March to December 2007. The fluoride content was found to vary between a minimum of 1.85 ppm to a maximum of 2.85 ppm. Removal of fluoride was tried using the powder of amla leaves and stem. Aqueous fluoride solutions containing 2, 3 and 4 ppm of fluoride were subjected for the experiment. These results show that the stem powder of amla (100 mg/50 ml) has been efficient in removing 45% fluoride at 2 ppm concentration than the leaf powder (21%). The absorption capacity was found to decrease with an increase in fluoride concentration.

1 table, 25 ref

017867   Mondal G C;Singh A K;Singh T B;Singh S;Singh K K;Tewary B K (Central Institute of Mining and Fule Research, , Dhanbad-826 001) : Assessment of air quality in and around west-bokaro coalfields, Haaribag. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(7), 577-91.

In the production of coal West-Bokaro area of Central Coalfields Limited, Ranchi plays a vital role. During the production of coal, it produces huge quantity of suspended particulate matter (5PM). respirable particulate matter (RPM/PM10) as well as gaseous pollutants, like SO₂ and NO_x, which polluted the area badly. Major portion of the area lies within the mining area wherein most of the industrial and commercial activities exist. The 5PM, RPM, SO₂ and NO_x were measured at various locations of West-Bokaro Coalfields of Hazaribag district during pre and post monsoon season of the year 2007. The study indicates that 5PM and RPM values are well within the prescribed standards in residential sites. However, their concentrations are exceeding the prescribed standards at the working place and the sensitive area, like school and dispensary within the study area. The concentration of SO₂ and NO_x values are well within the prescribed standards during both the seasons at all the monitoring sites.

9 illus, 2 tables, 19 ref

017866   Kumar S;Kumar M;Sinha U (Zoology Dep, Samastipur College, Samastipur, L.N. Mithila Univ, Darbhanga, Email: drsarvesh1977@rediffmail.com) : Impact of sewage on the burhi Gandak river near Samastipur town. Bull envir Sci 2009, 28(1), 69-74.

Disposal of untreated Sewage, disposal of half burnt dead bodies, washing of cloths, bathing of human & animals, defecation of the river bank & throwing every thing into Burhi Gandak River near Samastipur town polluted the river. As a result the water quality & the biota has been effected. In order to maintain the potential of fisheries, Physico Chemical characterstic & biological characterstic of the river study was made. These parameters were study standard method (A.P.M. A). Results of the study indicated that there is defiinite Impact of pollution on the water quality and biodiversity of Burhi Gandak River, There was depletion in the dissolved oxygen of the river at times of low flow and high temperature. Addition of nutrients such as Carban, Phosphorus and Nitrogen causing a definite shift in the composition of the flora. There was low diversity of Fish and macroinvertebrates, various methods for the abatement of Pollution has been suggested such as use of Sewage treatment plant use of crematonium washing ghat should be separate. Unless the river is recovered from the stress of Pollution fisheries development is not possible.

4 tables, 10 ref

017865   Gupta L N;Singh A;Gupta G S (Energy and Environment Dep, Faculty of Science and Environment, , Chitrakoot-485 780) : Monitoring of well water quality around Rajaula village, Chitrakoot, Satna. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(8), 719-27.

Physico-chemical and biological monitoring of ground water samples of various wells situated near Rajaula village, Chitrakoot (Satna) M.P. was carried out. The parameters investigated were temperature, pH, turbidity, total dissolved, electrical conductivity, solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, alkalinity, chloride, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total hardness, feacal coliform, Na^{+, K+, and Ca++, Mg++ ions, etc. Water samples for the above study were collected from 7 stations including only dug wells. Analysis of the samples was made employing standard methods for examination of water and wastewater (APHA, 1998). High level of turbidity, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, sodium, total hardness and Mg++ were observed. Moreover, ground water quality of almost all the selected stations was found satisfactory. The results were compared with their standards prescribed by WHO, ICMR, BIS, etc.}

18 illus, 3 tables, 14 ref

017864   Growther L;Meenakshi M (Microbiology Dep, Hindusthan College of Arts & Science, Behind Nava India, Coimbatore-641 028, Email: lalijps@yahoo.co.in) : Eco-friendly microbial system for the decolourization of textile industrial effluents. Res J biol Sci 2009, 1(3), 25-35.

Colour removal of industrial effluents has been a major concern in wastewater treatment, especially wastewater that originates from textile and dyestuff plants with a continuous discharge of a great quantity of remaining dyes in to the environment. The efficient treatment of the effluents has to be eco friendly. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to exploit the potential of isolated bacterial strains (B₁ to B_g and P₁) in effluent treatment. Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to test the decolourization potential of the selected organisms by optimizing the cultural conditions. Three strains of bacteria (B₁, B₅ & P₁) were screened and identified as Bacillus mycoides (B₁), Bacillus sp (B₅) and Pseudomonas sp (P₁) based on morphological and biochemical tests. The requirement of optimum carbon and nitrogen sources to get the maximum decolourization was found as 0.5 g of glucose for 50 ml of sample and 0.3 gm of NH₄Cl for 50 ml of effluent. The study also produced that only the cells of the organisms or involved in the decolourization process and not the extra cellular products, since us no decolourization occurred when cell free supernatant was used as inoculum.

4 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

017863   Dhariwal A;Dhariwal R (Civil Engineering, Jai Narayan Vyas University, Jodhpur-342 011) : Environment and the lungs. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(7), 605-14.

The ambient air we breathe-in is a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen with minor constituents, like CO2 and trace gases. Pollutants are substances which are not normally present, for example dust, smoke, industrial and automobile exhaust gaseous and particulate matter. The nature and amount of these pollutants vary from place to place depending upon the population and vehicular density, location of industrial units and other such factors. The spectrum of functional and pathological responses of the lung to various kinds of exposures is wide. Lungs are only a gateway for all air borne pollutant. Much of the impact of air pollution on the lungs is caused by aerosols, that is particles suspended in air. Chronic non-specific lung disease is the result of long term exposure to air pollution. Many of the occupational and environmental exposure can precipitate and I or aggravate asthma. Asthma can also be causally related to exposure in the working environment to air borne dusts gases or fumes, when it is termed as 'occupational asthma'. Organic dusts can also cause other allergic reactions producing allergic alveolitis. Inorganic dusts may produce variable patterns of fibrosis and occasionally neoplasms, on getting deposited in lungs. Smoke, noxious fumes and gases produce damage both to the airways and the alveoli of the lungs. An attempt has been made to discuss some of the effects on lung of environmental expoªsures, like chronic non-specific lung disease, effect of biomass fuel combustion, second hand smoking, asthma, occupational inorganic dust lung diseases, organic dust lung disªeases, and effect of various gases and fumes.

40 ref

017862   Dhananjaya B N;Srinivasamurthy C A;Bhaskar S;Sunil M S;Preethu D C (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore-560 065, Email: bndssac@rediffmail.com) : Utilization of coffee pulp effluent in agriculture and its impact on soil and water environment. Envir Ecol 2009, 27(4), 1612-24.

The studies on chemical and biological nature of coffee pulp effluent samples collected at monthly intervals during October to March, 2003-04 from 22 different pulping units located at Chikmagalur, Hassan and Coorg districts of Karnataka revealed that coffee pulp effluent is highly acidic in reaction (pH : 3.9) and had high soluble salt content (1.71 dS/m). The total suspended solids (4,360 mg/liter), dissolved solids (6,350 mg/liter), BOD (13,784 mg/liter) and COD (25,912 mg/liter) were above the ISI limits. There was variation in the composition of pulp effluent during different months of collection and also from one pulping unit to another. The coffee pulp effluent is poor in major nutrients (N : 0.068, P : 0.003 and K : 0.048) content but contains appreciable quantity of micronutrients (Fe: 17.17, Mn : 0.56, Zn : 0.5) and Cu : 1.57 ppm).The effluent had more number of fungal and bacterial colonies and less number of actinomycetes population. The beneficial microbes like N-fixers and phosphate solubilizers were in substantial number. The direct effect of effluent irrigation treatments on yield and quality of baby com and soil properties indicated that alternate or 1 : I ratio of raw effluent and fresh water irrigations were found to be better with positive impact on the soil environment. However, treated effluent irrigations was found to improve the soil properties to a greater extent. The study on residual effect of effluent irrigations on yield and quality of rice and soil properties did not differ significantly. However, protein content of paddy grains and enzymes activities in the soils were significantly influenced by residual effect of raw effluent and treated effluent irrigations, respectively. The studies on impact of coffee pulp effluent discharge over the years on physico-chemical properties of soils indicated that fields, which received coffee pulp effluent over the years showed slight increase in the fertility over the years showed slight increase in

2 illus, 5 tables, 37 ref

017861   Deka G;Bhattacharyya K G (Chemistry Dep, Rangia College, Rangia-781 354) : Metal cations present in drinking water samples in and around rangia town, district Kamrup, Assam. Indian J envir Prot 2009, 29(8), 681-9.

There has been a serious concern over the deterioration of pure drinking water quality in cities and towns. In developing countries, efforts to supply drinking water to their rural communities have focused primarily on digging deep tubewells and installing handpumps to exploit bacteriological safe groundwater. The present study aims at the assessment of drinking water quality in terms of some metal cations in and around Rangia town at different distances from the Rangia College. The results obtained were compared with drinking water standards (WHO, 2004 and BIS). The study was done in dry and wet season for one year. Analysis of results showed high content of some metal cations particularly iron, lead, copper, nickel, chromium, manganese, cadmium and aluminium present in drinking water samples.

4 illus, 2 tables, 23 ref

017860   Datta S N;Chakraborty S K;Jaiswar A K;Saker Y (Fisheries Resource Management Div, Central Institute of Fisheries Educ, Deemed Univ, ICAR, Versova, Andheri West, Mumbai-400 061, Email: akjaiswar@yahoo.co.in) : Plankton dynamics in coastal waters of NCPA, Mumbai, India. Envir Ecol 2009, 27(1), 190-5.

Attempt was made out to study the plankton dynamics in the near shore water of NCPA (Nation Center of Performing Arts), South Mumbai which forms the important component of the food web in marine ecosystem. Highest abundance values were recorded for Pleurosigma spp. in March (43,200/100 liter). Various diversity indices including Shannon's diversity index, Simpson's diversity index, Margalef's richness index and Pielou's index were calculated. Hierarchical clustering and N - MDS ordination from Bray-Curtis similarity matrix of plankton group abundance data show maximum similarity between Coscinodiscus spp. and Pleurosigma spp. indicating co-occurrence in the coastal water. Shepard's diagram indicated highly stressed condition of this ecosystem.

7 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref