016433   Rahmadyanti E;Prasetyo K;Nugrohoseno D (Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, Email: erinarahmadyanti@unesa.ac.id) : Implementing cleaner production in small and medium batik industry as efforts on environmental management and improving working productivity. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 135-41.

Batik recognition as the world's cultural heritage has a positive effect on the national growth of batik industry majority of them are small industries. On the other hand, batik industry activities also affect environment. Those industrial activities that could potentially affect environment come from the production processes such as coloring, was coating, and dyeing where most of the produced wastes are liquid waste. This research aims in showing that implementing cleaner production through goodhousekeeping approach increases productivity, and at the same time conducts environmental management. - 21 - The data collection used in this study was observations, interviews, and surveys. Data analysis method used is quantitative method including input-output analysis and environmental performance improvement analysis by using the pollution load of discharged wastewater into environment as an approach. The result shows that implementing cleaner production using goodhousekeeping to rise up productivity and environmental performance is 117 percent to 118 percent.

3 tables, 8 ref

016432   Raha S (Botany Dep, Raghunathpur College, Raghunathpur, Purulia, West Bengal-723 133, Email: mail2subrataraha@gmail.com) : Air borne allergenic fungal spores in extramural environment of Raghunathpur, Purulia, West Bengal. J envir Sociobiol 2016, 13(1), 119-22.

The present aero-mycological investigation was undertaken in different outdoor environments of Raghunathpur, the only subdivision of Purulia District in West Bengal. Such investigation was undertaken for the first time in this western part of West Bengal. Twenty fungal genera, viz., Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Mucor, Curvularia, Cercospora, Corynespora, Phaeotrichoconis, Bispora, Beltrania, Sporidesmium, Tetraploa, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Nigrospora, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Epicoccum, Ganoderma and Periconia along with some sterile forms and ascorpores were isolated outdoor sites. The seasonal periodicities of fungal spores and variation in different extramural environment were recorded in present investigation.

5 illus, 17 ref

016431   Pradeep Kumar;Ghose M K (Forests, Environment and Wildlife Management Dep, Government of Sikkim, Deorali, Gangtok-737 102, Email: pradeepifs@gmail.com) : Estimation of pyrogenic carbon emissions from forests of Sikkim himalaya, India: A geoinformatics approach. Curr Sci 2017, 112(9), 1864-72.

With a view to understanding the micro-level mecha-nisms and lay the future path for improved carbon emission estimations from forest fires, we estimate fire emissions in Sikkim Himalaya, India. Remote sensing and geographical information system were used for fire scar identification, by mapping the multiple strata-based carbon density and partitioning the forest carbon into multiple pools. Fraction of carbon consumed in fire was further partitioned into the processes of flaming and smouldering. The estimation of trace gases of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and methane was made accordingly.

7 illus, 5 tables, 25 ref

016430   Petrov D;Movchan I (NO, Saint-Ptersburg Mining Univesity, 21, Line, 2, 199106 St. Ptersburg, Russia, Email: petrov-d@yandex.ru) : Comprehensive evaluation of anthropogenic load on environment eomponents under conditions of ferroalloys manufacture. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 539-43.

The article disscusses the impact of ferroalloy production on the components of the environment. As an object of research, the Tikhvin Ferroalloy Plant was used. Analysis of social and hygienic monitoring data showed a significant increase in the number of the disease incidence among the population of the town after the ferrochrome output beginning. The data analysis of air samples, soil and snow in the area of influence of the Tikhvin Ferroalloy Plant are - 20 - presented. The results demonstrate that the concentrations of metals do not exceed the maximum permissible levels for the air of settlements. However, chemical analysis of the soil and snow samples showed exceeding of the maximum permissible concentrations of chromium and manganese associated with industrial activity of ferroalloys manufacture. The article proposes the recommendations to improve the existing monitoring system.

5 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

016429   Pal S;Chattopadhyay B;Mukhopadhyay S K (Conservation Biology Dep, Durgapur Government College, Durgapur-713 214, Email: sudindgp1@gmail.com) : Spatio-temporal study of carbon sequestration through piscicultural practice at east kolkata wetland. J envir Biol 2016, 37(5), 965-71.

The present study focus the variation of carbon concentrations within three trophic level i.e., primary producer (phytoplankton), primary consumers (zooplankton) and secondary consumers (fish) in three selected ponds at East Kolkata Wetland area. Depending on the amount and frequency of wastewater input, physico-chemical characteristics of pond, species richness, predator-prey interactions and pond wise different piscicultural practices, the amount of carbon sequestration varied spatially. Significant temporal variations were also observed in each trophic level of these three selected East Kolkata Wetland pond ecosystems. On average primary producers were sequestered 2038.6 ± 244.8mg C m^-3 d^-1 whereas 307 ± 19.3 mg C m^-3 and 11531.4 ± 318.2mg C m^-3 was sequestered by primary and secondary consumers, respectively. In Kolkata and its nearby districts over 90% of the production was marked from the East Kolkata Wetland area. Consequently, a significant amount of sequestered carbon was exported from the East Kolkata Wetland ecosystem in the form of fish and this continuous system might increase the carbon sequestration efficiency of the aquatic ecosystem.

1 illus, 1 table, 40 ref

016428   Nazari M;Rajabi A (Water Engineering Dep, College of Agriculture, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran, Email: ahmadrjb@yahoo.com) : Atmospheric parameters change due to the climate change on the Gaveroud river runoff using Simhyd model. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 112-17.

The watershed is an open and complex system. Analysis and prediction of its behavior requires modelling by various statistical-mathematical methods. By formulating the greenhouse gas emissions scenarios by the intergovernmental panel on Climate Change, general circulation models with different assumptions have been used to predict the future climatic conditions. The simulated daily data for the future could be used as the input of hydrological models. As the first step of this study the daily data of the minimum and maximum temperature of the Kermanshah synoptic station and the daily precipitation of the Shilan evaporative station in the period of 1967-2009 were simulated using Lars-WG statistical model. After ensuring of the model efficiency for predicting the mentioned hydrometeological data in Gaverod Basin, the data of three scenarios including A2, A1B and B1 and also HADCM3 model were compared to - 19 - Lars-WG model in 2011-2030, 2045-2065 and 2080-2099 periods to investigate the impact of the climate change phenomenon on the study area runoff. Then, precipitation-runoff was simulated using the Simhyd model and the runoff changes due to the climate change in the future periods compared to the base period were calculated after calibration and validation of the model. According to the results, ased on the Lars-WG estimation for the study scenarios in the future periods, the maximum and minimum temperature in the future periods will be increased significantly. The highest increase of the temperature occurs in the warm months (August, July and June). In some months the precipitation increase and in some other months decrease will occur. These changes are irregular. Generally, it could be said that the precipitations has increased in the summer and the spring and decreased in the autumn. Based on the results of the Simhyd precipitation-runoff mode, The Gaveroud River runoff decreases in the winter and spring seasons and increases in the summer and autumn seasons than the observed period but generally except scenario B1, the runoff decrease occurs in the future periods.

5 illus, 15 ref

016427   Mudadtzir M;Ardi M;Amir F;Dirawan G D (NO, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia, Email: lurangmudatsir@gmail.com) : Training environment design on the improvement of community knowledge around industrial area Tanjung Mallasoro at Jeneponto regency, Indonesia. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 129-34.

In community development, the training given is an effort to improve the ability of citizens to meet the demands and changes in the surrounding environment. Provision of training for the community to empower, so that citizens become empowered and participate actively in the process of change. This research aims to determine differences in knowledge society before and after being given training in managing the environment and preserving the environment. This research was conducted in the city of Jeneponto, South Sulawesi province. This type of research is quantitative experiments with the form of One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. Total sample of 50 respondents while the sample selection is done randomly based on criteria that are planned (purposive random sampling). The results of the research training environment to increase knowledge in the community around the industrial area Tanjung Mallasoro Jeneponto obtained that there are significant differences between the level of community knowledge before and after training in managing the environment and preserving the environment.

2 illus, 4 tables, 12 ref

016426   Mirakhorlou K;Teimouri S;Abadeh M (Research Institute of Forest and Rangeland, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran, Email: khosrowm40@gmail.com) : Mapping potential of mangrove forests based on site demands (Geomorphological factors and physico-chemical characteristics of soil and water). Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 90-7.

Mangrove forests as tropical ecosystems index are considered in three universal environmental agreements, the Convention of Wetlands, Biodiversity and World Heritage. This study was conducted to determine potential areas for developing mangrove forests by Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata in the northern coast of Persian Gulf. To study geomorpholotical factors, landuse and land form maps extracted from IRS satellite images (LISS-III) from May 2014. From landuse, forest, Unvegetated Wetlands, Tidal Flat and Wetlands and from landform Delta - 18 - Plain, Estuary, Creek, Mud Flat, Tidal Flat and River were extracted. By overlaying these maps and field surveys, the overlaps were considered as potential area of Mangrove forests. Finally, Development potential area were estimated 130994 hectares. Sites of Bandar - e -Khamir, Gheshm and Mlgnzeh were selected as a control area to study teh site demands (physicochemical characteristic of soil and water). Soil and water of the area with forest regeneration, forest without regeneration and non forest, were sampled. The results showed that EC, PH, Na+ and silt factors in the soil of forest with regeneration and without regeneration is significantly (p<60>5%) O.C, P (AV) factors and sand is significantly (p<60>5%) higher. In the water samples, none of EC, pH, Ca++, Mg++, Na + and K + parameters showed significant difference.

4 illus, 6 tables, 17 ref

016425   Mandal M;Ghosh D;Ghosh B (Geography Dep, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, West Bengal, Email: mrinal8628@gmail.com) : Environmental impact of sand mining: a case study along the lower reaches of Ajay river, West Bengal, India. J envir Sociobiol 2016, 13(1), 99-108.

Indiscriminate and unscientific sand mining has become a serious environmental threat to the river systems and its surrounding environment. The rapid rate of urbanization has increased the demand for sand, which is supplied from river bed through sand mining. Sand mining from river bed results in channel degradation and erosion, change in local gradient, head cutting, increased turbidity, bank erosion and sedimentation of riffle areas and ruins its flow regimes and total sedimentary environment. In lower reaches of Ajay river, unscientific sand mining is a serious issue from Illambajar (Birbhum) to Mongalkot (Burdwan) fluvial environment of Ajay river basin, which is highly affected by in-stream sand mining. Natural morphological characteristics of Ajay river are changed and damaged due to over mining of sand. Excessive in-stream sand mining is a threat to Illambajar bridge and Nutanhut bridge. River embankments are also affected by river bed mining. Sand mining also affects the adjoining groundwater system. In Mongalkot and Ketugram Blocks (Burdwan), ground water level becomes lower than the past. Sand mining also generates extra vehicle traffic, which negatively impairs the environment and pollution level continuously gets higher. Total station survey was carried out to detect the changes in river bed. Topographical sheets and satellite images were geocoded to extract past status of river health and tried to correlate with the present situation. GPS (Handheld-Germin etrexH-20) was used as necessary tool in the present study. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the impact of sand mining on riparian environment.

9 illus, 5 ref

016424   Liu W;Yuan L;Wei B (School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an Univ of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an-710055, China, Email: yuanlinjiang@xauat.edu.cn) : Study on improvement of continuous hydrogen production by photosynthetic biofilm in interior illuminant reactor. J envir Biol 2016, 37(5), 999-1006.

In the present study, a new type of interior optical fiber illuminating reactor was developed for H₂ production to solve the problem of luminous intensity attenuation at the center portion of a reactor, and an immobilization technique was used to enhance the stability of a continuous hydrogen production process with attached photosynthetic bacteria, using glucose as a sole carbon substrate for the indigenous photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) Rhodopseudomonas palustris SP-6. Results of the experiments showed that the interior optical fiber illuminating reactor produces H₂ more efficiently and productively than the exterior light source reactor, with the cumulative H₂ production, the maximum H₂ production rate and H₂ yield increased by 813ml, 11.3ml l^-1 h^-1 and 22.3%, respectively. The stability of the product of continuous hydrogen was realized by immobilizing PSB on the surface of powder - 17 - active carbon(PAC). After adding the dosage of 2.0g l^-1 PAC, the continuous steady operation of H₂ production gave a high H₂ yield of 1.398 mol H₂ mol^-1 glucose and an average H₂ production rate of 35.1ml l^-1 h^-1 illuminating with a single interior optical fiber light source. Meanwhile, a higher H₂ yield of 1.495 mol H₂ mol^-1 glucose and an average H₂ production rate of 38.7ml l^-1 h^-1 were attained illuminating with a compound lamp in the continuous H₂ production for 20 days.

4 illus, 1 tables, 19 ref

016423   Kwodaga J K;Odamtten G T;Owusu E;Akrofi A Y (Plant and Environmental Biology Dep, University of Ghana, Box LG 55, Legon-Accra, Ghana, Email: kwodagaj@yahoo.com) : Influence of copper-based fungicides application on copper contamination of soils of cocoa farm at Akim Tafo, Eastern Region, Ghana. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 142-9.

Copper-based fungicides are used in Ghana to manage black pod disease of cocoa caused by Phytophthora palmivora and P. megakarya. When these fungicides are applied, some drift off into the soil and plants. The gradual accumulation of these copper-based fungicides over a period of time can result in copper contamination of the soil. The extent of copper contamination on fungicide field trial plots at the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG), Akim Tafo was investigated for the dry and wet seasons. Copper contamination in the topsoil (0-5 cm depth) in the dry season ranged from 10.30 ± 0.023 to 21.90 ± 0.026 mgkg^-1 where as the subsoil (5-10 cm depth) contained copper levels ranging from not detected to 15.50 ± 0.021 mgkg^-1. For the wet season, the ranges for topsoil and subsoil copper concentration were 14.90 ± 0.016 mgkg^-1 to 27.50 ± 0.003 mgkg^-1 and from not detected to 9.20 ± 0.039 mgkg^-1 respectively. The calculated geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and Contamination Factor (CF) at the different depths of the soil showed that the soils were in the category of uncontaminated to low contamination at the time of sampling of the farm which had been in existence for less than 15 years.

5 tables, 55 ref

016422   Koudenoukpo C Z;Chikou A;Toko I I;Togouet S H Z;Tchakonte S;Hazoume R;Piscart C (Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Aquaculture, the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Abomery-Calavi 01 BP 526 Cotonou Un, Benin) : Diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates in relationship with the environmental factors of a lotic ecosystem in tropical region: The So river in South-East of benin (West Africa). J Ent Zool Stud 2017, 5(4), 1-10.

The study was aimed to study the diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrate populations in relation to the abiotic parameters of the So River. For this purpose, aquatic macroinvertebrates were sampled monthly between February 2016 and April 2017 on 12 sampling stations and in various habitats along the So River. Similarly, twenty environmental variables were measured to assess the environmental characteristics of So river. The recorded fauna consists of 2053 individuals corresponding to 44 families and 61 taxa belonging to three main zoological groups (Arthropods, - 16 - Molluscs, Annelids). The stand population showed that Coleoptera (17.06%), Basomatophora (14.19%), Heteroptera (11.37%), Odonata (10.26%), Mesogasteropoda (9.01%) and Decapoda (9%) are the most abundant orders. Another oders constitute only a small fraction of the total fauna harvested. The redundancy analysis performed shows that abiotic parameters that strongly influence taxonomic diversity and taxon abundance are: current velocity, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, mineralization parameters and canopy.

6 illus, 3 tables, 64 ref

016421   Koscheev A P;Gubanova D P;Minashkin V M; Bondarenko S A;Shoranova L O (NO, Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry, ul. Vorontsovo pole 10, Moscow, 103064, Russia) : On application of thermal desorption mass spectrometry for detection of beryllium hydroxide. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 507-14.

This work investigates into the possibility of application of thermal desorption mass spectrometry (TDMS) for detection of beryllium hydroxide aerosols upon beryllium production. Beryllium hydroxide production on the basis of ores of Ermakovo deposit using innovation technology is considered, in particular, the stages where beryllium hydroxide aerosols are formed. Model system fiberglass filter-metal hydroxide is studied for estimation of the TDMS efficiency. Data on mass spectra and temperature profiles of volatile components evolved upon pyrolysis of fiberglass filters have been obtained. Thermal desorption profiles of water are calculated for fiberglass filters with various content of metal hydroxide. It is demonstrated that using mass spectrometry analysis of gas evolution upon high temperature vacuum pyrolysis it is possible to determine composition of beryllium aerosol particles on fiberglass analytical filters. Improvement of sensitivity of the proposed method due to decrease in background water extraction from filter in the range of thermal hydroxide decomposition by preliminary filter heating in vacuum is described. The achieved results confirmed potentials of the TDMS for detection of content of beryllium hydroxide aerosols upon its production.

6 illus, 31 ref

016420   Kiran K R;Ravi M V;Dhanya B;Janagoudar B S; Umesh M R;Narayanarao K (Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Dep, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Raichur-584 104, Email: kiran143swiz@gmail.com) : Do emissions from thermal power plants affect crop productivity? a study from the vicinity of bellary thermal power station, Karnataka, India. J envir Biol 2016, 37(5), 949-54.

In the present study, ambient air quality was monitored during July to November 2013 in the vicinity of Bellary Thermal Power Sation (BTPS), Karnataka to assess the impact of pollutants emitted from power plant on the - 15 - productivity of maize (Zea mays L.). Atmospheric pollutant load were measured in five different villages at varying distances and directions from thermal power plant, with the village farthest away from BTPS (Yelubenchi) as control. Maize yield was also estimated in these locations and correlated to the pollutant concentrations. It was found that, both particulate matter and SO₂ which are indicators of emissions from coal-fueled power plants were highest in Thimmalapur village located in the predominant down wind direction. A significant reduction in maize yield was noticed (8197 to 6509 kg ha^-1 for seed and 14041 to 9933 kg ha^-1 for stover) across the gradient in distance and direction from BTPS which might be influenced by the pollutants emitted. The implications of these observations are further discussed in the paper.

5 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

016419   Kaur S (Zoology Dep, Guru Nanak College for Girls, Sri Muktsar Sahib-152 026, Email: sukhi25@rediffmail.com) : Stomatal responses of Jamun (Syzygium cuminii) to exhaust pipe emissions from vehicles using different types of fuels. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 207-10.

Plants of Jamun (Syzygium cuminii) were given exposure to exhaust pipe emissions from vehicles using various fuel types in open top chambers for set duration of time. Stomatal responses were studied in the treated populations. Reduction was noticed in Stomatal size and stomatal frequency in all treated populations of Jamun plants. Maximum reduction in size and frequency was observed in plants exposed to emission from diesel using vehicle. Exposure to harmful pollutants causes changes in normal stomatal physiology and responses in plant species.

1 table, 23 ref

016418   Joshi B D;Rawat S S;Mishra I;Bhadula S (Zoology & Environmental Sciences Dep, Gurukula Kangari University, Haridwar-249 404, Email: ssrawat016@gmail.com) : On the dilution and mitigation of a sewage drain of Kassaban, as impacted by the western Ganga canal near Jwalapur, Haridwar. J Envir Biosci 2016, 30(2), 561-6.

This paper presents the results of a study to make assessment of dilution cum mitigating effects caused by a small city sewer drain on the physoci-chemical qualities of a river like water body (western Ganga canal in this case). There is vase difference in the average amount of water in the sewage (about 80.5 causec/day) and that of canal water (about on an average 8016.8 cusec/day). The aim was to know that after about what distance having such difference inthe quantity of the water, the pollutional characters are mitigated to near normal level that is compared to the pre-confluence zone of the river/canal. Results of this study show it was about 500 meters post confluence location and while there is no other source of pollution / any drain / source of contamination that water quality improves to potable status. The average annual values of the six parameters studied were: Temperature 17.35°C, 20.94°C, 19.15°C and 17.38°C TDS 156.66 mg/l, 273.12 mg/l and 163.12 mg/l, DO 8.51 mg/l, 1.99 mg/l, 4.50 mg/l, and 8.50 mg/l BOD 1.90 mg/l, 60.21 mg/l, 38.79 mg/l and 1.99 mg/l, turbidity 103.91 NTU, 154.25 NTU, 135.87 NTU and 106.16 NTU and chloride 15.85 mg/l, 53.72 mg/l, 39.44 mg/l and 16.48 mg/l, respectively for the pre-confluence, sewage water, confluence and post confluence zone, respectively.

3 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

016417   Jamila Alfaraas A M;Khairiah J;Ismail B S; Noraini T (School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: ismail@ukm.edu.my) : Effects of heavy metal exposure on the morphological and microscopical characteristics of paddy plant. J envir Biol 2016, 37(5), 955-63.

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of heavy metal exposure on the morphology and anatomy of paddy plant (Oryza sativa L.). Paddy plants were treated with single and combined close of Cd and Pb (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm) at 35 days after germination. The results showed leaf chlorosis, decrease in number of roots and shoot height under both single and combined treatment. Heavy metal content in paddy was in the order of root<62>stem<62>grain<62>leaf and was highest at reproductive stage. A positive correlation was obtained between Cd, Pb and Cd-Pb concentrations in paddy plant parts with the concentrations of these metals in the soil. Scanning Electron Microscopic studies showed changes in the microscopic features due to accumulation of heavy metal and these included cell degeneration and thickening of cell walls, as well as increase in the number of treacherous elements in vascular cylinder and as residue in cells. Light microscope studies showed that Cd exposure caused dark deposits in the endodermal cells and vascular cylinder, as well as - 14 - rupturing of parenchyma tissue. Results of the study indicated that paddy plants seemed to have some degree of tolerance to heavy metals.

3 illus, 7 tables, 30 ref

016416   Gunawan R A F;Leksono A S;Afandhi A (Environmental Resource Management and Development Study Program, Brawijaya University, Jl. MT. Haryono 169, Malang, Jawa Timur 65145, Indonesia, Email: amin28@ub.ac.id) : Land use change and carbon stock dynamics in Tuban, East Jawa, Indonesia. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 71-6.

The changes in land cover is one of the causes of CO₂ rising levels in our atmosphere, it also causes a reduction in the ecosystem carbon stocks. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of changes in land use towards the dynamics of carbon stocks in Tuban. This study was conducted on December 2015 to February 2016 in the administrative regions of Tuban which consists of 4 sub-districts as follows: Jenu, Tambakboyo, Merakurak and Kerek. Land use change and Carbon Stock dynamics were investigated by the combined use of satellite remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and vegetation index transformation (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). The results indicated that there has been a notable agricultural and residential growth and a tremendous loss in shrub area between 2010 and 2015. Agricultural and residential areas increased 18.34% and 37.62% respectively, while shrub area has disappeared. Carbon stock declined from 369,910 tons in 2010 to 310,640 tons in 2015. Land conversion into agriculture and residential led to the degradation of carbon sequestration and carbon stock.

2 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

016415   Ghosh D;Mandal M;Banerjee M (Geography Dep, University of Calcutta, West Bengal, Email: drdebasisghosh@gmail.com) : Fluoride contamination in ground water and its impact on human health: a case study in Purulia district, West Bengal. J envir Sociobiol 2016, 13(1), 59-66.

Fluoride contamination in drinking water is a burning environmental issue of the World today. The people of nearly 29 countries are affected with 'fluorosis' due to intake of fluoride-rich water including India. In West Bengal, excess fluoride in groundwater has been found in seven districts. Those are Purulia, Birbhum, Bardhaman, Bankura, Malda, South Dinajpur and North Dinajpur. Fluorine is a common element that does not occur in the elemental state in nature because of its high reactivity. It exists in the form of fluorides in a number of minerals. High fluoride is derived from fluoride rich minerals, such as, apatitite, fluorite, hornblende and biotite which are present in the country rocks dominated by granite gneisses and hornblende-biotite gneiss. It is observed that the sub-surface geo-hydrological environment of Purulia is contaminated with fluoride. Intensive and prolonged semi-arid climate, long term withdrawal of groundwater for irrigation, alkaline nature of sub-surface circulating water, long residence time of water in fractured aquifers and geological structure are the favourable conditions for fluoride enrichment (2%-10%) in the Purulia region. Geological set up of Purulia plays a major role for availability of groundwater as well as the quality of water. In Raghunathpur-I, Purulia II and Arsha Blocks of Purulia districts, fluoride concentration is higher than permissible limit in ground water. Water samples were collected from 25 different tube wells under Purulia Block-II and Raghunathpur-II in Purulia district. Sampling bottles were labelled, tightly packed, transported to the laboratory and stored at 4°C for chemical analysis, - 13 - such as, total dissolved solid (TDS), total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), Calcium (Ca²+), Magnesium (Mg²+), total Iron (Fe) fluoride F^-). Data were also collected from Natural Resources Data Management System (NRDMS) department of West Bengal. The present work peeps into the negative effect of fluoride on the human health of fluoride affected Blocks of the study area.

4 illus, 2 tables, 10 ref

016414   Francy N;Shantkakumar S (Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Dep, School of Civil and, VIT University, Vellore-632 014, Email: shanthakumar.s@vit.ac.in) : Contaminated soil remediation using nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI). Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 171-6.

Nanoparticles are widely and effectively used for decontamination of pollutants like pesticides, dyes, heavy metals, fertilizers and organic matter in soil, water and aqueous media. The large surface area of the nanoparticle is the main reason which helps in decontamination. Adsorption, reduction and precipitation are some of the important properties which help in detoxification of contaminant. Nanoparticle are mainly synthesized by wet chemical method in laboratories. To synthesize environmental friendly nanoparticles, nAVI is being synthesized using green leaves. The small size of the nanoparticles initiates easy transport and hence nZVI is used for soil remediation process. Modifiers, cosolvents and dispersing agents are used to improve the efficiency of transport. Also, electro kinetic techniques are being used to enhance the transport of nanoparticles. Using catalysts such as palladium, polyelectrolyte or triblock polymer coating or by emulsified vegetable oil droplet in nZVI can be modified to enhance transport of nanoparticles. This review deals with nanoremediation, synthesis of nanoscale zero-valent iron particles and transport of nanoparticles in soil. In addition, the applications and limitations of using nanoparticles in soil remediation are also highlighted.

^iia1 table, 26 ref

016413   Defo C;Ravinder Kaur;Paritosh Kumar;Lal K; Bhardwaj A;Singh S D;Paul R K (Water and Food Quality Lab, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, Email: defo1.celestin@yahoo.fr) : Development of linear models for predicting Ni concentrations uptake by three aquatic macrophytes species in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 344-50.

This study aimed at applying the linear modelling approach for predicting Ni concentration uptake in plant species as function of its content in influent wastewater. Data were collected for influent wastewater and different plant samples during 15 months in vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands (reactors) vegetated with Typha latifolia, Phragmites karka and Acorus calamus on gravel beds. The determination of Ni concentrations in influent and plant samples was performed according to standard procecures. Results showed a good fit of data between the Ni influent concentrations and plant uptake, indicated by p values <60> 0.001 for all the models investigated. The coefficients of determination were R²=0.92 for Typha latifolia and Phragmites karka while it was R² = 0.89 for Acorus calamus. Equally, the validation of models showed no significant difference between simulated and experimental data (p values <62>0.05), regardless of the plant species. The application of these modelling approaches is useful for an effective design of plant species in constructed wetlands.

4 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

016412   Deemool M;Prommi T O (Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart Univ, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom-73140, Thailand, Email: faastop@ku.ac.th) : Use of biotic indices for evaluation of water quality in the streams, Western Thailand. Int J pharm Res Allied Sci 2017, 6(1), 89-98.

The biodiversity of benthic macroinvertebrates was carried out in three seasons (cold-dry season in December 2014; hot-dry season in April 2015 and rainy season 2015) on the Phachi streams in order to determine the water quality of the river and the applicability of both the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWPTHAI) and Average Score Per Taxon (ASPTTHAI) indices. A total of 14,234 morphotaxa from 72 families were identified: Oligochaeta (1 family), Clitellata (2 families), Gastropoda (5 families), Bivalvia (1 family), Malacostraca (3 families), and Insecta (60 families). The score of BMWPTHAI and ASPTTHAI in each site (PC1 to PC8) found that the BMWP was 187.33 206.00 140.67 194.33 184.67 and 239.00, respectively. The ASPT was 6.43 6.94 6.11 6.34 6.30 6.21 6.47 and 6.46, respectively. The ASPT in each site was significantly different (p<60>0.05). These scores indicated good water quality. The BMWP was negatively related with nitrate-nitrogen, whereas number of aquatic families was positively related with nitrate-nitrogen. The ASPT was negatively related with water turbidity (p<60>0.05). The water quality of the Phachi streams was found to be unpolluted/slightly polluted according to the physicochemical data and the BMWP and ASPT.

1 illus, 4 table, 25 ref

016411   Brraich O S;Manjeet Kaur (Zoology and Environmental Sciences Dep, Punjabi Univ, Patiala-147 002, Email: singhonkar@yahoo.com) : Histopathological alterations in the gills of Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan) due to lead toxicity. Indian J expl Biol 2017, 55(8), 576-83.

Lead is an industrially important heavy metal used in manufacturing paints, batteries, explosives, pottery and other important products of daily life. On the other hand, it is the most damaging element for aquatic fauna especially fish as it accumulates in the body of organism and have low rate of elimination. The present paper emphasizes on the histopathological effects of different sub-lethal doses of lead nitrate on the gills of a commonly consumed freshwater fish Rohu, Labeo rohita. After 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of exposure, gill tissues were dissected and routine histological processes were done. No changes were seen in the gills of the control fingerlings. The histopathological changes such as cellular hypertrophy, hyperplasia, vacuolation, epithelial lifting, shortening, curling and abnormal elongation of the secondary lamellae, fusion of adjacent lamellae, telangiectasis, blood congestion, interstitial edema, necrosis, lamellar aneurysm, architectural distortion and - 11 - degeneration of gills were observed in the gills of the treated fingerlings. The extent of damage of gill tissue was proportionate with the increased dosage and duration of lead nitrate exposure.

5 illus, 1 table, 43 ref

016410   Arfan A;Taufieq N A S (Geography Dep, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia, Email: amalarfan@rocketmail.com) : Mangrove forest management on local communities-based in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 77-83.

South Sulawesi coastal communities generally in a stage of transition. Traditional ways that they run have to deal with the modern ways, that are, the system affect their lives. Mangrove forest resource management model should be developed in accordance with socio-economic conditions and habits of the local community. Participation desired by the public are from planning, implementation, and monitoring conservation and formed working groups consisting of 15-25 people. Community want the counseling assistance from the government in managing mangrove forest resources. Drug or poison is not used in catching fish and shrimp / crab in the mangrove forest. The tools used are environment friendly that does not damage the mangrove forest ecosystem like nets, "bubu", trapping, iron hooks and "pandarian".

3 illus, 37 ref

016409   Araei A C;Jafari B (Soil and Water Dep, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education, AREEO, Sari Iran, Email: cacherati@yahoo.com) : Spatial variability of Cd and Pb in arable land of the Alborz dam downstream basin - Iran. Ecol Envir Conserv 2017, 23(1), 1-5.

The objective of this research is to provide map of heavy metal of Cd and Pb distribution and evaluate pollution pattern in arable land of the Alborz Dam downstream basin in area of 95000 hectare. Total Cd and Pb content were extracted by 4M HNO₃. Carbonate form of Cd and Pb were extracted by 0.05M Na₂EDTA. Spatial distribution maps were drawn using the ordinary kriging method, in order to identify the most affected areas and the main pollution sources. Results showed that carbonate form of Cd and Pb were not acceded the maximum permitted standard level. Total content of Cd and Pb was normal, but in some areas is more than toxicity level. Soil contamination of Cd and Pb was mainly derived from anthropogenic activities such as agricultural practices and irrigation with polluted water.

3 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

016408   Alharbi W R (Physics Dep, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz Univ, Jeddah-21432, Saudi Arabia, Email: walharbi@kau.edu.sa) : Radionuclides and heavy metals concentrations in traditional medicinal plants used in Saudi Arabia. J envir Biol 2016, 37(5), 863-8.

Traditional medicinal plants are widely used for the treatment of various diseases in Saudi Arabia. Knowledge of chemical composition of these materials is important as it pertains to health. The activity concentrations of ²³²Th, ²²⁶Ra and ⁴⁰K were measured in twenty-six medicinal plant samples purchased from different local Saudi markets using <85>- spectrometry with a NaI[Tl] detector. They ranged between 0.50±0.04 to 13.72±1.15 Bq kg^-1, 0.45±0.04 to 12.73±1.02 Bq kg^-1and 7.00±0.50 to 327.06±11.0 Bq kg^-1, respectively. The radium equivalent activity and absorbed dose rate in the studied samples varied from 1.21 to 54.45 Bq kg^-1 and from 0.55 to 28.24 nGyh^-1, respectively. Intake of radionuclides in samples was insignificant. Consequently, these samples were considered safe in terms of radiological health hazards. The concentration of six heavy metals: Cd, Pb, As, Cu, Mn and Zn were monitored by inductively coupled plasma optical emission and some of them were found above permissible limit.

2 tables, 46 ref

016407   Alashrah S;El-Taher A (Physics Dep, College of Science, Qassim Univ, Buraydah-51452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email: salashra@gmail.com) : Assessment of natural radioactivity level and radiation hazards in soil samples of wadi Al- rummah qassim province, Saudi Arabia. J envir Biol 2016, 37(5), 985-91.

The present work deals with estimation and distribution of natural radionuclides in 40 soil samples collected from Wadi Al-Rummah (Qassim part) Central Saudi Arabia. Estimations were carried out using NaI (Tl) gamma-ray spectrometer. Activity concentrations ranged from 5.3 to 45.0 Bq kg^-1, from 4.3 to 33.8 Bq kg^-1 and from 38 Bq kg^-1 to 273.1 Bq kg^-1 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K, respectively. The average activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in soil samples was 15.5 Bq kg^-1, 14.1 Bq kg^-1 and 143.1 Bq kg^-1. The results of this study were compared with other studies around the world. Radiation hazard parameters such as radium equivalent activity, annual dose, external hazard were calculated and compared with the recommended levels quoted from International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP-60) and United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation UNSCEAR reports.

5 tables, 34 ref

015521   Zhou H;Zou Y;Kuang Y;Huang N;Wang W;Wang D (College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Guangxi Teachers Education Univ, Nanning 530001, China, Email: yaoqiukuang@sina.com) : Analysis of the decomposition of factors affecting energy-related carbon emissions in guangxi province, China. Indian J Geomar Sci 2017, 46(2), 229-44.

The study also indicated the industrial structure of Guangxi was characterized with high-energy consuming industries since 2004. The rapid urbanization changed the population structure of Guangxi, being a leading driver of carbon emissions, by examining the regional development inequalities in China and Guangxi, this study suggested the governments should develop special policies for creating a pathway towards sustainable, low-carbon development for under-developed minority-inhabited areas rather than setting non-regional differences emissions targets.

12 illus, 7 tables, 34 ref

015520   Waykar B;Petare R (Zoology Dep, Dr. Babahaseb Ambedkar Marathawada Univ, Aurangabad-431 004, Email: rampetare@gmail.com) : Studies on monitoring the heavy metal contents in water, sediment and snail species in Latipada reservoir. J envir Biol 2016, 37(4), 585-9.

The concentrations of zinc, copper, cadmium and lead in surface water, sediments and two native snail species, Bellamya bengalensis and Melanoides tuberculata from Latipada reservoir were determined. The concentrations of cadmium and lead in surface water were higher than the WHO recommended limits for drinking water standards; where as those of zinc and copper were within the permissible limits. The concentrations of zinc, copper, cadmium and lead were higher in sediments than in water. The observed bioaccumulated level of zinc, copper, cadmium and lead in Bellamya bengalensis were Zn- 197.22, Cu- 172.14, Cd- 11.59 and Pb- 112.57mg g^-1, while in Melanoides tuberculata were Zn- 136.59, Cu- 132.04, Cd- 13.25 and Pb- 27.69mg g^-1. The metal concentrations in both species of snails were higher than those of the water and sediment. Bioaccumulated metal concentrations, Bio-Water Accumulation Factor (BWAF) and Bio-Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) values indicated that Bellamya bengalensis had high potential for zinc, copper and lead bioaccumulation than Melanoides tuberculata, while Melanoides tuberculata had high potential for cadmium than Bellamya bengalensis. Therefore, Bellamya bengalensis is proposed as sentinel organism for monitoring zinc, copper and lead, while Melanoides tuberculata for monitoring cadmium in freshwater.

1 table, 33 ref

015519   Wadkar D V;Kote A S (Civil Engineering Dep, AISSMS College of Engineering, Pune-411 001, Email: dvwadkar_civil@yahoo.co.in) : Eco-friendly model for aerobic meso thermophilic composting of municipal solid waste. J envir Sci Engng 2015, 57(4), 330-4.

Composting process is comprised of three stages. The first stage is the mesospheric phase, the second stage is the high temperature stage, and third stage is the maturity stage. Aerobic composting depends largely on microorganisms that thrive in an oxygen rich environment. In this study a cylindrical aerobic bio-reactor (ABR) was made where aeration was continuously provided with the help of a fan attached to pipe arrangement in such a way that air reached all corners of the reactor. A solar panel was connected to the fan for its working. Bacillus megatherium and Pseudomonas fleurescens bacteria cultures were used as compost accelerator. The characteristics of compost like pH, moisture content, temperature, C/N ratio and volume reduction were studied for the period of 32 days of composting time was low as compared to conventional composting period (40 to 90 days). The mature organic compost had pH near to neutral, moisture content (22.36%), volume reduction (45.43%), C/N ratio (16.5-20%) and phosphorous (2.2 to 2.5%). It can be - 34 - concluded that these values are within the desired limits and compost is suitable for ornamental plants. The setup of ABR is eco-friendly, effective and economical.

7 illus, 1 table, 16 ref

015518   Vipin Kumar;Chandra A;Behera A;Jain M K (Environmental Science & Engineering Dep, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004, Email: vipinmicrol@gmail.com) : Adsorption kinetics and equlibrium studies of heavy metals removal using Musa sapientum stems-A low cost agro waste biosorbent. J envir Sci Engng 2015, 57(4), 287-93.

The contamination of water by toxic heavy metals is a worldwide environmental problem. The sustainable removal of heavy metals has become a major challenge for scientists. Biosorption is one such emerging technology which utilized naturally occurring waste materials to sequester heavy metals from industrial wastewater. The potential of locally available Musa sapientum stems as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Zn(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution was investigated in this study. The influences of contact time, initial metals ion concentration, pH, biosorbent dosages, particle size and temperature were studied in batch experiments. The results showed that the M. sapientum stems was an effective biosorbent for the biosorption of Pb(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solution. The biosorption performance was strongly affected by studied parameters such as initial concentration, pH, biosorbent dosages, and biosorbent, particle size. The maximum metal biosorption occurred at pH 6 and percentage biosorption was increased with an increase in biosorbent dosage. Experimental data were well interpreted by Langmuir and Freundlich model with maximum biosorption capacity of 19.78 mg/g for zinc and 19.02 mg/g for lead on M. sapientum stems. For both the metals kinetic data were properly fitted with the pseudo-second order kinetic model.

10 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

015517   Vinod Kumar;Sharma A;Thukral A K;Bhardwaj R (Botanical and Environmental Sciences Dep, Guru Nanak Dev Univ, Amritsar-143 005, Email: vinodverma507@gmail.com) : Water quality of river beas, India. Curr Sci 2017, 112(6), 1138-57.

This article is a review of the pollution status of River Beas, India as analysed by different workers over a period of time. River-water pollution is an important environmental problem because it is the main source of water for consumption by humans as well as aquatic species living in the river. Water quality index was determined using nine standard water quality parameters for - 33 - River Beas and was found to be 60.93. The mean values of dissolved oxygen (DO) (8.82 mg/l), biological oxygen demand (BOD) (0.87 mg/l) and total coliform (1451.60 MPN/100 ml) were found for River Beas in Himachal Pradesh. The mean values of DO (7.29 mg/l), BOD (3.75 mg/l), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (48.89 mg/l) and total coliforms (562.88 MPN/ 100 ml) were also found for River Beas in Punjab. DO, COD, BOD and total coliforms ranges of the river were found above permissible limits of BIS for drinking water.

1 illus, 6 tables, 26 ref

015516   Vinod A R;Mahalingegowda R M (Civil Engg Dep, RVCE, Bengaluru-560 059, Email: arbvinod@@rediffmail.com) : Batch experimental studies on fibrous material as fixed bed for biological wastewater treatment. Pollut Res 2016, 35(2), 309-12.

The present investigation aims to study the applicability of naturally available fibrous material such as coffee husk blended with wooden chips (30 kg/m³) as fixed bed for wastewater treatment. The removal efficiency of COD, NH₃-N, TSS and PO₄^3-2 for actual values of percentage removal were nearly equal to 1.

6 illus, 2 tables, 7 ref

015515   Vashi R T;Contractor K S;Dave P Y;Patel K K (NO, Navyug Science College, Rander Road, Surat-395 009, Email: vashirajendira@yahoo.co.in) : Asseessment of soil quality of Harij Taluka of Patan district (North Gujarat, India). J envir Sci Engng 2015, 57(4), 315-20.

Assessment of soil quality of Harij Taluka of Patan district (Gujarat, India) was undertaken. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are essential components of every living organism. In plants, nitrogen deficiency causes stunted growth and chlorosis or yellowing of the leaves due to decreased leaves of chlorophyll. In case of excess nitrogen uptake, plant will have dark green overly vigorous foliage which may have increase susceptibility to disease and insect attacks. Potassium deficiency may cause necrosis or interveinal chlorosis while excess potassium may cause deficiencies in magnesium and possibly calcium. Phosphorus is an important nutrient in crop production, since many soil in their native state do not have sufficient available phosphorus to maximize crop yield. The soil samples were analyzed for various parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, organic carbon, phosphorus and potash content.

2 table, 21 ref

015514   Tiwari S K;Dahare R;Patel H;Sahu N;Sinha B L;Pandey V K (NO, BRSM College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Mungeli, Indira Gandhi Agriculture Univ, Raipur-493 006, Email: shashikant.au@gmail.com) : Water quality of village ponds in Mungeli district (Chhattisgarh), India. Pollut Res 2016, 35(2), 301-8.

Thirty nine numbers of ponds were selected for determination of storage capacity of water. Maximum storage capacity of village pond has been determined by the information on the overall shape, as well as pond surface area and depth. The total 11 numbers of village ponds in Mungeli block (Chatarkhar, Chalan and Bhaghamuda) were measured for determining their capacity. The total storage capacities of studied village pond in Mungeli block are 700179.00 m³. The total 14 numbers of village ponds in Pathariya block (Junwani, Dankachaka and Chorbhatti) were measured for determining their capacity. The total storage capacities of 12 village ponds in Pathariya block are 393590.84 m3. Similarly, total 14 numbers of village ponds in Lormi block (Ranigaon, Gadihdih and Nawadih) were measured for determining their capacity. The total storage capacities of 14 village ponds in Lormi block are 572516.91 m3. The total storage capacities of village pond in Mungeli District are 1666286.75 m3. This water used in different purposes such as domestic uses, agriculture landscape, fish production etc. The total six numbers of water samples of village - 32 - pond (i.e. two pond water samples from each block) collected from different locations of the Mungeli district and it were analysed for their physico-chemical characteristic like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solid (TDS), total hardness (TH), Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, CO₂ and HCO₃ - ions. Water samples collected from the village ponds and after analysis found that it is acidic. Whereas the other parameters like EC, TDS, TH, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, CO₂ and HCO₃ -ions of the water samples collected from the village ponds shows the higher values. The result may be helpful for careful utilization of various village ponds.

12 illus, 3 tables, 9 ref

015513   Tiwari N;Dube K K;Bhandari R (Zoology Dep, Govt Science College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, Email: neelamtiwari2180@rediffmail.com) : Water quality of Pariyat river, Jabalpur (M.P.). Life Sci Bull 2016, 13(2), 155-8.

Pariyat river is life line of the peoples of Jabalpur city. River water is used for various purposes such as agriculture, domestic, industrial irrigation etc. Fresh water is necessary for healthy living. The importance of fresh water resource, their conservation and utilization has attained almost important during the present time. This natural resource is being polluted by indiscriminate disposal of sewage, industrial waste and human activities which affect quality of river water. Jabalpur or Sanskardhani is the main city of Central India and traditionally known as Mahakoushal. The WCR headquarter GCF, OFK and VFJ and also a very important army base is situated at Jabalpur (M.P.). Therefore, it is necessary for monitoring the water quality of river by analysis of various physicochemical parameters. The objective of present work to study various water pollutants of Pariyat river.

4 tables, 5 ref

015512   Shrivastava S;Singh S (Zoology Dep, Indira Gandhi Arts and Commerce College, Vaishali Nagar, Bhilai-490 023, Email: shikhapk@yahoo.com) : Fishes inhabiting fly ash-polluted tributary of Hasdeo river, Chhattisgarh, India. Curr Sci 2017, 112(6), 1118-20.

3 illus, 3 tables, 36 ref

015511   Shah M;Chaturvedi N;Pandya H;Ajai (Botany Dep, Gujarat Univ, Ahmedabad, Email: mnshah204@gmail.com) : Climate change and biological productivity: Indian Ocean. Indian J Geomar Sci 2017, 46(3), 480-4.

The Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS, 1978-1986) and SeaWiFS (1997 - 2010) derived chlorophyll data were used to analyze decadal variability. Change in chlorophyll values over the two decades is examined in context of global reports of decline in chlorophyll over the period. The Reynolds Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data were analyzed for 30years (1978-2011). The Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal show increase in SST more in Arabian Sea (AS) than in Bay of Bengal (BOB). The - 31 - relationship between chlorophyll and SST has been studied, which shows change in the pattern over a period of time, Arabian Sea shows a positive relationship between chlorophyll and SST during 1980's while an inverse relationship is observed during 2000's. Thus it is very important to understand the pattern of chlorophyll variability as well the interrelationship with SST over a long period to make out the impact of climate over the ocean biology.

6 illus, 17 ref

015510   Sahu N;Sharma A;Shukla B;Chandrashekhar B; Kapley A;Pandey R A (NO, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur-440 020, Email: ra_pandey@neeri.res.in) : Community based kitchen watse management : a mass balance approach to assess potential of anaerobic digestion. J envir Sci Engng 2016, 58(1), 79-86.

Solid waste generation is a continuously increasing problem in India and requires effective management initiatives with attractive incentives to propagate the strategy being adopted. Anaerobic digestion of the organic-rich fraction of MSW is a potential solution to the management of wastes with possibility of energy recovery. Kitchen waste generated in significant quantities from community kitchens on a daily basis has the potential to generate biogas which in turn can be used to substitute fuel for cooking. The kitchen waste collected from NEERI campus contained up to 21 % ± 7.6 TS and 94 % ± 4.35 VS of total solids. Elemental profiling provided the average stoichiometric composition of waste. Buswell's model was applied to estimate the potential of the collected waste to generate biogas and be used as an alternate cooking fuel. With an estimated 14.9 tons of kitchen waste a total savings of around up to $ 1180 per year is envisaged in fuel savings.

2 illus, 3 tables, 29 ref

015509   Sahu C;Khan F;Pandey P K;Pandey M (Chemistry Dep, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur-492 010, Email: fkhan.chy@nitrr.ac.in) : Biosorptive removal of toxic - 30 - contaminant lead from wastewater. Asian J Chem 2017, 29(3), 650-6.

Lead is one of the most toxic heavy metals due to its high bioaccumulation potential. This paper reports a native biomass (Vanda species) for the effective and rapid removal of lead from aqueous solution. The parameters studied under the batch removal process were lead concentration, biomass dose, contact time and pH. The identified plant originated biomass was found to remove more than 90 % of available Pb(II) within 5 min and the complete removal was observed within 1 h. The optimum pH identified was 3.5, contact time was 60 min and the optimum biomass dose was 1 g. To identify chemical functional group responsible for effective absorption the FTIR analysis was carried out which indicated the involvement of amine, hydroxyl and carboxyl group for the adsorption. The SEM and EDX analyses showed high uptake of Pb(II) which got accumulated with in the cell structure. The adsorption isotherms studied were Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity as derived by Langmuir adsorption isotherm was 51 mg/g. In continuous flow removal experiments the break through point was observed on passing 17.8 L of 100 mg/L Pb(II), the exhaust point was noted at 50 L and the uptake capacity was 83.33 mg/g. Based on the result the identified biomass (Vanda species) is rapid effective and possess high removal capacity. The biomass is amenable for industrial application also.

11 illus, 2 tables, 39 ref

015508   Sabariswaran K;Selvakumar S (Natural Resources and Waste Recycling Dep, School of Energy Environment and Natural Resources, Madurai Kamaraj Un, Madurai-625 021, Email: kumarmkuenergy@gmail.com) : Evaluation of engine performance and emission studies of waste cooking oil methyl ester and blends with diesel fuel in marine engine. Indian J Geomar Sci 2017, 46(2), 284-9.

Waste cooking oil was transesterified with methanol using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst to obtain Waste Cooking Oil Methyl Ester (WCOME). It was basically characterized through FT-IR spectrum and NMR studies. Blends such as B10 (90% diesel+10% WCOME) and B20 (80% diesel+20% WCOME), D100 (100% Diesel) were tested in a compression ignition diesel engine. The fuel properties such as density, viscosity, flash point, fire point and calorific value was determined following American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM). Engine performance and emission parameters namely Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Exhaust Emissions of CO, HC, NOx and CO2, and Smoke Density etc., were analyzed for those test fuels at different loads with constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. Experimental results showed that the B20 blend is most suitable candidate for both engine performance and emission studies.

10 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

015507   Sabal D;Verma M;Jain N;Sharma K C (Geography Dep, Univ of Rajasthan, Jaipur-302 055, Email: drmverma20@gmail.com) : Evaluation of fluoride zonation using GIS techniques in Dudu tehsil, Rajasthan, India. J envir Sci Engng 2015, 57(4), 308-14.

In many parts of India, especially in the arid and semi-arid regions, due to the failure of the monsoon and scarcity of surface water, dependence on the groundwater resources has increased tremendously in recent years. To understand the geological behavior of fluoride (F) in natural water resources in relation to the local hydrogeological, climatic condition, a typical semi-arid terrain in northwest part of India was chosen. The present work is an attempt to assess the origin and genesis of fluoride in groundwater and to map its spatial variation in terms of suitability for drinking and irrigation purpose. 50 ground water samples were collected randomly during pre-monsoon period from Dudu tehsil of Rajasthan (India) and analyzed for fluoride ion, which gave a concentration in the range of 0.45 to 11.2 mg/L. The highest value of F was found at Mozmabad tube well which is located at central part and is related to the occurrence of fluoride rich rocks. Almost 84% of the locations fall in moderate to high endemic zones where fluoride concentration was above the maximum permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L. Majority of people living in these villages have health hazards and are facing fluorosis. In this study, the area is divided in five zones having different potential for their vulnerability in relation to hazardous effects of fluoride with possible precision and accuracy. The spatial map reveals that southern and southeastern region of the study area comes under high contamination. Further favorable prospective zone found in a very small pocket at the northern region which can be helpful in better planning and management of groundwater resources, especially in hard rock terrains.

3 illus, 1 table, 42 ref

015506   Roy R;Sinha M;Shastry S (Environmental Impact & Risk Assessment Div, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI, Nehru Marg, Nagpur-440 020, Email: s_shastry@neeri.res.in) : Role of rotifers in biological treatment of wastewater an overlooked aspect in bioremediation. J envir Sci Engng 2016, 58(1), 87-92.

Escalating human population leads to intensification of agriculture and manufacturing industries which results in the accumulation of wide range of xenobiotic compounds in the environment. Bioremediation is a promising, attractive and unswerving technique in cleaning of tainted environment and is widely applicable for soil and wastewater. The development of good quality activated sludge is a good example of biological process for treating wastewater. Rotifers form a vital component in this biological treatment system and have a momentous role in the diminution of pollution. This paper provides an account of the role of rotifer in wastewater treatment and emphasizes on the need of further research on the potential of rotifers for the bio-remediation of wastewater.

2 illus, 62 ref

015505   Renuga G (School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj Univ, Madurai-625 021, Email: renugabiog@gmail.com) : Biomonitoring of Sulphur dioxide toxicity on Cassia siamea seedling. Pollut Res 2016, 35(2), 313-18.

Over the last decades scientists have focused much attention on the physiological, and functional biology of plant oxidative systems and there is considerable evidence suggest that enzymes play important roles in plant defense systems. The effect of short term sulphur dioxide fumigation on growth parameters and biochemical content has been studied. The RGR of C.siamea showed gradual increase with increasing plant age in 0.1ppm and showed negative growth in 0.2ppm of SO₂ fumigated plants. Stomata opening and partial closure has been observed at low concentration of SO₂, which makes entry of SO₂ into the cells. At high concentration of SO₂ stomata become closed and less amount of SO₂ would be expected to enter. There was an increase in the protein contents of leaves in SO₂ treated plants due to stimulation in the synthesis of sulphur containing amino acids and inhibition of proteins synthesis at high level SO₂ beyond the critical level adversely affects the bioprocesses of living organisms. Furthermore, SO₂ might cause phyto- toxic reactions in many plant species, including acidification of leaves, reduction of photosynthetic pigments, degradation of the main cell organelles, because it generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). The increased level of ROS in plant cell could be scavenged by SOD which can bring about functional and structural Protection. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), play a major role in reducing oxidative stress by removing the ROS. Therefore, these enzymes are very good biochemical markers of stress and their increased activity may attest to a potential for remediation.

4 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

015504   Rao G R;Raju B M K;Reddy P S;Sharath Kumar P (Natural Resources Management Div, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Hyderabad-500 059, Email: grrao@crida.in) : Developing allomatric equations for prediction of total standing biomass of Pongamia pinnata L.: An important biodiesel plant. J scient ind Res 2017, 76(5), 320-4.

A study was conducted to develop allometric equations by destructive sampling of selected trees for prediction of biomass in Pongamia using easily measurable attributes (collar diameter, tree height, crown width and depth) and test the reliability of these relationships using an independent dataset from different management - 28 - situations. Allometric models based on collar diameter, followed by crown width, showed better fit statistics as compared to the models based on other input variables. Crown depth has shown relatively weak link with the biomass parameters. Collar diameter was found to be the key driver in determining the biomass variables and number of branches. The results obtained with an independent data set validated the trained models.

1 illus, 2 tables, 9 ref

015503   Ranjit Kumar M;Meenambal T;Kumar V (Civil Engineering Dep, GCT, Coimbatore-641 013, Email: kumarkncsaga@gmail.com) : Macropore flow as a groundwater component in hydrologic simulation: Modelling, applications and results. Curr Sci 2017, 112(6), 1197-207.

Macropore flow carries water from the soil surface to deeper profile or groundwater, bypassing the intermediate soil profile. The phenomenon is ubiquitous and not rare. A theoretical framework of this flow has not been perfected so far, but ignoring this process may lead to incomplete conceptualization of soil-water flow. The macropore flow has been modelled based on observed data on morphometry, macropore size distribution and fractal dimensions of soil voids and stain patterns, and incorporated in the Watershed Processes Simulation (WAPROS) model. The performance of WAPROS model was evaluated to be good (NSE - hourly; daily = 0.8578; 0.9020), when applied to a real watershed. The sensitivity of macropore flow submodel showed that the adjustment factor was linearly related to macropore flow. Simulations were performed for five types of soil, namely sandy loam, sandy clay loam, sandy clay, clay loam and silty clay loam (A, B, C, D and E respectively). The values of macroporosity factors and fractal dimensions generated for the five types of soil have been presented. The model generated data for A, B, C, D and E soil types were: the number of macropores: 379, 3074, 3412, 153 and 0; the macropore flow (mm): 1.5121, 9.3667, 15.1728, 4.4055 and 0; the average pore flow (mm/pore): 0.0040, 0.0030, 0.0044, 0.0287 and 0; and the macropore flow to base flow ratio: 0.0055, 0.0474, 0.1908, 0.2759 and 0. The modelling methodology gives encouraging results. The model can be updated as and when better equations are made available.

2 tables, 58 ref

015502   Rajput R;Sharma M S;Verma B K;Sharma V; Naruka S (Limnology and Fisheries Research Laboratory, Zoology Dep, College of Science Univ, M.L. Sukhadia Univ, Udaipur, Rajasthan, Email: bhoopendraverma@yahoo.com) : Limnological study of Morvan dam, Neemuch, Madhya Pradesh, India. Pollut Res 2016, 35(2), 275-84.

Morvan dam is situated in the Jawad tehsil of Neemuch district, Madhya Pradesh. Dam is - 27 - constructed on the Gambhiri tributary of the Chambal River. The main aim of the Dam is to provide water for the irrigation and drinking purpose for 26 villages of Neemach district. Present study is under taken to assess the limnological parameters of Morvan dam by observing different physico-chemical parameters such as air and water temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), transparency, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, total alkalinity, nitrate and phosphate during the years of 2010-2012. Average values of eight water quality parameters were taken to compute the Water Quality Index (WQI). In the present study an average value of WQI as 33.458 indicated that the water quality of dam was good. Further water quality parameters were under permissible limit per WHO, BIS and CPCB. Therefore, dam can be used to humans and domestic animals consumption as well as for fish production. Furthermore this dam requires continuous monitoring of water for future conservation and management.

14 illus, 7 tables, 52 ref

015501   Rahmat A;Syadiah N;Baharuddin (NO, Indonesia Univ, Jakarta, Indonesia, Email: adipatirahmat@gmail.com) : Simulated pollution dispersion at the coastal area, a case study in Cirebon regency, Indonesia. Pollut Res 2016, 35(2), 253-8.

Coastal area is a waterfront region which is constantly imposed by the pollution load from the inland region through riverflows. These pollution loads were originated from household, industrial, agricultural, fisheries, litters, and livestock breeding wastes. The calculation results against the sources of pollution have indicated that household waste is the greatest contributor to waste load to the water of Cirebon Regency. Meanwhile the results of the simulation indicate that these pollution loads introduced to the water have then been drifted back to the shores of Cirebon Regency itself, hence the greater the danger of waste disposal from the community, the greater the potential hazards of the consequences to the water quality and the community activities.

3 illus, 2 tables, 6 ref

015500   Purohit D;Sowjanya M;Pal A K; Sankararamasubramanian H M;Parida A (NO, M.S.Swaminathan Research Foundation, III Cross Street, Institutional Area, Taramani, Chennai-600 113, Email: drajayparida@gmail.com) : Long-term exposure to combined treatment of elevated C0₂ and salt induces iron deficiency responces in Porteresia coarctata. Curr Sci 2017, 112(4), 844-9.

Plants with rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) level in the environment may change their nutrient demands to sustain growth. The mechanisms concerning iron dynamics in plants under the interactive effect of salinity and elevated CO₂ are poorly understood. This study examines the effects of long-term as well as short-term growth at elevated CO₂ and salt on iron deficiency-associated molecular responses of Porteresia coarctata through analysing the transcript expression of iron deficiency-responsive genes in the leaf tissue. Plants were grown in hydroponic media at ambient or elevated atmospheric CO₂ (500 μl l^-1), with or without salt, and samples were analysed at three time points, on the 15th, 45th and 90th day. The semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis showed an induced expression of iron deficiency-responsive transcription factor PcIDEF1 and its putative targets OsIRO2-like gene, OsNAAT1-like gene, OsNAS1-like gene, OsYSL2- like gene and PcIRT1 at elevated CO₂ with NaCl. Furthermore, a positive correlation in gene expression was observed between PcIDEF1 and its putative targets in the 15th and 45th day samples. By contrast, in the 90th day sample, correlation in gene expression was less evident. Our findings suggest that the interactive effect of elevated CO₂ and NaCl can induce a set of molecular responses in P. coarctata for enhanced iron uptake and utilization, thereby reflecting an iron deficiency like stress under such conditions.

3 illus, 3 table, 28 ref

015499   Prathap A;Kujur V;Chakraborty S;Bhattacharya T (Civil and Environmental Engineering Dep, Birla Institute of technology, Mesra, Ranchi-835 215, Email: sukalyanchakraborty@bitmesra.ac.in) : Assessment of soil characteristics in the vicinity of open cast coal mine and its suitability of vegetative reclamation in Charhi and Kuju of Jharkhand, India. J envir Biol 2016, 37(4), 523-8.

Coal mining is inevitable for economic growth of a country, but at the same time deteriorates the quality of the environment. Open cast mine, especially affects the top soil most negatively. In the present study, soil samples from three representative areas of mining viz proposed, operational and abandoned sites from Charhi and Kuju of Jharkhand were collected and analysed for physico- chemical parameters and metals with an objective to determine their suitability for vegetative reclamation. Soil samples appeared to be slightly acidic (5.97 ± 0.66) with low EC values (101 ± 76 μScm^-1), total organic carbon (0.71 ± 0.35%), organic matter (1.34 ± 0.66%) and overall nutrient, especially nitrogen (167 ± 64 kg ha^-1) contents than required for reclamation by revegetation. However, bulk density was found conducive for reclamation. Total Cr (317 ± 287 to 417 ± 393 mg kg^-1), Cu (121 ± 72 to 344 ± 143 mg kg^-1), Ni (171 ± 46 to 373 ± 134 mg kg^-1) and Pb (114 ± 115 to 182 ± 145 mg kg^-1) content were found to be higher in soil. Sitewise variation was also significant for Cu and Ni. Pearson's correlation suggested significant (p ≤ 0.05) positive inter elemental correlation between Cr-Fe, Cr-Mn, Cu-Ni, Fe-Mn and Mn-Ni. Positive geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values for all the metals except Fe, overall contamination degree of 31.10 and significant enrichment factor indicated considerable contamination. This baseline data could be utilized for vegetative reclamation planning of the study area in future.

3 illus, 2 tables, 30 ref