018927   Kailash Chandra K;Sambath S (NO, Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vighyan Bhavan, 535, `M' Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053, Email: kailash611@rediffmail.com) : Moth diversity of Tawang District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. J Threatened Taxa 2013, 5(1), 3565-70.

2 tables, 15 ref

018926   Jadhav M;Sharma R M (NO, Zoological Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, Pune-411 044, Email: jadhav.manoj83@gmail.com) : Range extension of Malabar Tree Nymph Idea malabarica (Moore) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) to Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra and a review of distribution records. J Threatened Taxa 2013, 5(1), 3556-8.

1 table, 29 ref

018925   Inskipp C;Baral H S;Inskipp T;Stattersfield A (NO, , Herneside, Welney, Wisbech, Cambs PE14 9SB, UK, Email: inskipp@btinternet.com ) : State of Nepal birds 2010. J Threatened Taxa 2013, 5(1), 3473-503.

National status of Nepal's birds was determined using the IUCN Red List criteria and following IUCN's regional guidelines. Records of all species identified as potentially at high risk were extracted from all relevant references in a comprehensive, up-to-date Nepal bird bibliography. In addition, numerous previously undocumented records were obtained from observers in Nepal. The initial list of potentially threatened species was revised as records were accumulated. Literature reviews were made of current pressures on Nepal's birds, responses to these pressures and recommendations for the future. Finally a comprehensive summary table was compiled for all nationally threatened species, including their world distribution, global threat status, national threat status, occurrence, habitat, main altitudinal range, population, key threats, research needs, and key conservation interventions needed. In 2010, 149 bird species (17% of the total recorded) of Nepal's birds were considered nationally threatened: 53 Critically Endangered species, 48 Endangered and 47 Vulnerable. Near Threatened species were not assessed due to lack of time available for the necessary research. An additional 16 species were considered threatened in 2010 compared with 2004; no species assessed as threatened in 2004 was considered non-threatened in 2010. When habitat types are considered wetland species are the most threatened (35% of the total wetland species), followed by grassland species (23%). When altitudinal preferences are considered lowland species are the most threatened (36% of all lowland species), followed by species only occurring in the middle hills (17%). Human activities leading to habitat loss and damage are the major threats, with agriculture the root cause; hunting and trapping are other important threats. Effective responses for conservation include Nepal's protected areas network, community forestry, designation of Ramsar sites, National Wetland Policy implementation, surveys of globally threatened species and their conservation needs, and conservation awareness activities. Recommendations for future actions by non governmental organisations are made.

5 illus, 48 ref

018924   Das S K;Dookia S;Das K;Dutta S K (NO, University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indrap, Sector-16 C, Dwarka, New Delhi-110 075, Email: skdasipu@gmail.com) : Ecological observations on the Indian Spiny-tailed Lizard Saara hardwickii (Gray, 1827) (Reptilia: Squamata: Agamidae) in Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India. J Threatened Taxa 2013, 5(1), 3516-26.

Observations on the Indian Spiny-tailed Lizard Saara hardwickii (Gray, 1827) were undertaken in Tal Chhapar Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India during the monsoons (July) following quadrat sampling that was time-constrained. The study revealed that the area is one of the preferable habitats for the species. A population analysis showed that the relative abundance of the subadults was higher, followed by juveniles and adults during the study period. The beginning of activity of the lizards was found to vary over the study period depending on prevailing weather conditions. The activity pattern was bimodal, except across rain events. The study revealed two important ecological findings about these lizards; complete sealing of burrow during rains which differed from partial sealing on normal days and complete diurnal cycle of body colour changes during the monsoon. Feeding was the predominant activity of this lizard followed by basking, resting and chasing each other. The adult lizards were found to be strictly herbivorous, in spite of an abundance of insects available in the area during the period. Subadults and juveniles were found to eat both plant parts, as well as insects. Microhabitat use such as inside grass clumps was found to be higher followed by barren ground, under shade and on stones.

4 illus, 45 ref

017921   Venkatesh D;Badrasamy C;Chelladurai V; Gopalan R;Saranya B;Arunkumar G (NO, Kalakad Mundanthuai Reserve, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu) : Current status of selected endemic species of Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR), Tamil Nadu. Indian For 2012, 138(9), 793-7.

The reassessment of the status of four endemic species viz. Eugenia singampattiana, Elaeocarpus venustus, Garcinia travancorica and Syzygium gambleanum from Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR), Tamil Nadu was conducted based on the IUCN criteria.

4 ref

016886   Virkar P S;Uniyal V P;Banarjee A K (NO, Wildlife Institute of India, Post Box No. 18, Chandrabani, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, Email: uniyalvp@wii.gov.in) : Baseline information of floral and faunal diversity for long term ecological monitoring of Dhanolti Eco Park- Mussoorie forest division, Uttarakhand. Indian For 2012, 138(6), 513-17.

Long term ecological monitoring of biodiversity is practicable with an inventory of its floral and faunal diversity. With this view, the documentation of biodiversity of the two fenced areas of Dhanolti reserve forest of Mussoorie forest division has been prepared (Site 1 and Site 2). Long term ecological monitoring locations were established for assigning changes in the biodiversity of the fenced area.

1 illus, 8 tables, 15 ref

016885   Sidhu A K (High Altitude Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Saproon, Solan, Himachal Pradesh-173 211, Email: avtarkaur2000@rediffmail.com) : Changing biodiversity scenario in the Himalayan ecosystem: Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India, as revealed by the study of blue butterflies (lycaenidae). J Threatened Taxa 2011, 3(2), 1559-63.

2 tables, 8 ref

016884   Sharma Y;Venugopal C K;Vasudeva R;Manjunath A V;Hegde L (Horticulture Dep, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences Univ, Dharwad-58005, Email: hegdelax@rediffmail.com) : Propagation of an endangered medicinal plant species, Celastrus paniculata through root cuttings. Indian For 2012, 138(8), 722-5.

Investigation was carried out to propagate critically endangered medicinal plant species, Celastrus paniculata by using root cuttings with different growth regulators. The various root and shoot parameters recorded significantly higher in the root cuttings treated with growth regulators as compared to control. The average higher rooting percentage (81.0) was recorded in the cuttings treated with IBA 2000 ppm against control (52.0). The average number of roots per cutting was significantly higher in the cuttings treated with a commercial formulation Quic Root (19.23) followed by IBA 2000 ppm (16.75). The average higher field establishment percentage (95.0) was also observed in IBA 2000 ppm treated cuttings followed by commercial formulation Quic Root treatment. Quic Root was found to be the second best treatment next to IBA 2000 ppm for propagation of C. paniculata through root cuttings.

2 illus, 2 tables, 11 ref

016883   Sharma B K;Sharma S (Freshwater Biology Laboratory, Zoology Dep, North-Eastern Hill Univ, Permanent Campus, Shillong, Meghalaya-793 022, Email: profbksharma@gmail.com) : Faunal diversity of rotifers (rotifera:eurotatoria) of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, Meghalaya, India. J Threatened Taxa 2011, 3(2), 1535-41.

Plankton samples collected from the Nokrek Biosphere Reserve of Meghalaya (Northeast India) revealed 70 species of Rotifera belonging to 24 genera and 15 families. Eight species are new records from the state of Meghalaya. The Oriental Lecane blachei and the palaeotropical L. unguitata are biogeographically interesting elements. The Rotifera taxocoenosis of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve is characterized by a distinct richness of the 'tropic-centered' genus Lecane, paucity of Brachionus species, greater diversity of littoral-periphytonic elements and a general tropical' character with cosmopolitan (71.4%) <62> tropicopolitan (17.1%) species.

1 illus, 27 ref

016882   Sati J P (Zoological Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre, P.O. IIP, Kaulagarh Road, Dehra Dun, Email: jpsatizsi@yahoo.co.in) : Current status of western hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock Harlan in West Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India. J Threatened Taxa 2011, 3(2), 1520-6.

A rapid status survey of Hoolock Gibbon was carried out in 28 localities of West Garo Hills, Meghalaya in March-April 2007. These 28 were among the 32 localities surveyed previously during 1985-1987 by Alfred & Sati (1990). Gibbons were found in only 15 of the 28 localities. Only 25 groups of gibbon totaling 82 individuals were observed, compared to 36 groups with 111 individuals recorded at the same sites 20 years ago. Adults comprised nearly 61% of the total individuals, followed by infants 16%, juveniles 13% and sub-adults 10%. While the proportion in the adult age class had decreased from 67% in 1985-87, the proportion of individuals in all other age classes showed slight increase. The sex ratio of males: females was 1:1 for adults as well as sub-adults, which was the same as in 1985-87 survey. The modal group size was three (44% of groups) as before. However, the next frequent group size was four (28% of groups), whereas previously the second most frequent group size was two (30% of groups). Twenty percent of groups had two individuals and 8% of groups comprised of five individuals. The Hooiock Gibbon population in the West Garo Hills showed a decreasing trend of 26.2% (82 individuals out of 111 individuals) in 28 localities, when compared with the previously documented numbers. The major reasons of their decline are anthropogenic disturbances such as tree felling for domestic and commercial uses; intermittent cutting of new forest patches for fresh jhum cultivation, often resulting into canopy gaps as well as habitat loss; livestock grazing and poaching.

3 illus, 3 tables, 15 ref

016881   Rishi V (NO, , Chandrabani Grant, P.O. Mohabbewala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand) : Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) crisis in the Western Rajaji National Park. Indian For 2012, 138(7), 579-83.

The western part of the Rajaji National Park is the north-western limit of distribution of the Indian tiger in the world. Recent reports on the status of tigers in India indicates that the population in this part is threatened with imminent extinction since the all three tigers are females geographically and genetically isolated from the rest of tiger population in the National Park. Such situations exist in many parts of India and the paper discusses the crisis and suggests management intervention that may be used as a tool to overcome such critical situations in tiger conservation in India.

2 illus, 7 ref

016880   Rajgir S;Khalique M (Bhopal Birds Environment Conservation Society, , Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Email: bhopalbirds@yahoo.com) : Habitat wise survey of birds in the great Himalaya National Park (Himanchal Pradesh). Life Sci Bull 2012, 9(1), 29-30.

This paper records observation on the current status and habitat wise survey of birds in and around Great Himalayan National Park (Himanchal Pradesh). A total of 69 species of birds have been recorded during the survey from Gushaini (in the Thirthan valley) to Rolla(Campsite). Different tracks were made in and around GHNP and all species have been categorized in 5 categories to their habitat. About 32 species were recorded in lower altitude, 09 species were found in higher altitude, 15 species were commonly found in every track, 07 species were recorded in country side of Gushaini town and 06 species were seen perching on the stones of the flowing water of river Banjar. The survey reveals the great potential of the avifauna of the GHNP and provides great opportunities for viewing various endemic and endangered species.

1 illus, 4 ref

016879   Patel B (NO, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh) : Threatened medicinal flora of Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh. Indian For 2012, 138(7), 610-15.

Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary is an important protected forest area of Chhattisgarh. The sanctuary is densely covered with rich biodiversity. The exploration of this sanctuary yielded 78 medicinally important plant species belonging to 75 genera, under 35 families and. Out of the total 78 plants, 24 species have been accesses to be threatened in India. The habit of the threatened plant species were trees, herbs, shrubs and climbers. Major threats to the medicinal flora of the sanctuary were found to be forest fire and biotic interference.

2 tables, 15 ref

016878   Pandey R P;Meena S L;Padhye P M;Singhadiya M K;Maina V;Singh V (Botanical Survey of India, Arid Zone Regional Centre, Jodhpur-342 008, Email: mahenbis@gmail.com) : Conservation of a rare and threatened species Capparis cartilaginea Decne. (capparaceae) in Gujarat state-India. Indian For 2012, 138(7), 589-92.

Deals with detailed citation, description, distribution, phonological, ecological data, notes, uses, causes of rarity and conservation measures suggested for regeneration of Capparis cartilaginea Decne. threatened species in India. Photographs are also provided for its easy identification in the field.

3 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

016877   Pala N A;Gokhale Y;Negi A K;Razvi S;Todaria N P (Forestry and Natural Resources Dep, HNB Garhwal Univ, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand) : Local deities in conservation- a conservation practice in Banju Nami Tok sacred grove in Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. Indian For 2012, 138(8), 710-13.

Present study was carried out in Banju Nami Tok sacred grove situated in village Chachganda of district Tehri to describe the role of small sacred groves dedicated to local deities in conservation. The grove covers an area of less than two hectares. This grove is dominated by Quercus leucotrichophora which is the only remnant of this species around few km² within that vicinity. In the present study 28 plant species which includes 12 tree, 5 shrub and 10 herb species belonging to 19 families were recorded. These plant species have different economic values like medicinal, edible, timber, oil and dye yielding and are used for making furniture, constructive timber and agricultural implements. Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families represent the maximum number (3 each) of species. This grove provides different ecosystem services in the form of water, soil conservation and beautification of village.

2 illus, 1 table, 14 ref

016876   Naidu M T;Rao J P;Rao D S;Murty P P;Venkaiah M (Botany Dep, Andhra Univ, Visakhapatnam-530 003) : Plant wealth of Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Indian For 2012, 138(7), 593-99.

Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary with a total area 70.70 Km² is situated in the Eastern Ghats overlooking the Bay of Bengal. Kambalakonda reserved forest was upgraded to Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary in 2002. An inventory of the flora from 2007-2009 found 319 species of plants in 252 genera and 73 families, bringing out the genus and species ratio as 1:1.26. The dominant families were Fabaceae (23), Euphorbiaceae (22), Poaceae (21), Rubiaceae and Acanthaceae (13 each).

3 tables, 24 ref

016875   Modak B K (Zoology Dep, A.M. College, Jhalda, West Bengal) : Overview of fast declining snake charmers in India. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2009, 32(1), 67-72.

In most cases, scientific truth is opposed to age-old mythology. The appropriate example is snake. Since the inception of primitive society, snake is still being treated as the symbol of danger or adverse circumstances. Scientific evidences reveal that snake is a timid or cowardly being. Empirical findings indicate that most of the snakes are devoid of poison and they hardly inflict loss or cost to the human beings, which arises only when they are irritated or vexed irrationally. Snakes have innumerable species and a significant percentage of them are on the verge of extinction, partly due to indiscriminate killing. Snakes are frequently killed due to traditionally embedded fear and ignorance in the mind of the people. Snakes have both ecological and social value. There is a group of people that defends the survival of snakes for maintaining their livelihood. This group of people is conventionally regarded as snake charmers or bedias. But with the changing socio-economic condition, their traditional profession is unable to meet their basic needs. So they gradually switch over to some other professions for better economic condition. If the snake charmers are extinct, the existence of snake will also be threatened to some extent. But a considerable portion of poisonous snakes are still available in India and the demand for their venom for its various applications is too high in the market. If the poor snake charmers are given proper training and licenses for extraction and marketing of snake venoms, not only these poor communities but also the whole country will be benefited by earning foreign currency, and simultaneously the organisms will also be conserved.

10 ref

016874   Hilaluddin;Yasmeen S;Saleem G (Government of India, Planning Commission, National Rainfed Area Authority, NASC Complex, D.P. Shastri Marg, New Delhi-110 012, Email: hilaluddin@yahoo.com) : Is there a link between wild animal hunting and conservation in Singhalila National Park?. Indian For 2012, 138(6), 503-12.

Survey of hunting and consumption of wild animals among the Sherpas community in and around Singhalila National Park was conducted. Rate and pattern of hunting of animal species, their importance to respondents, hunting techniques, and reasons for hunting were studied. At least, 44 species of wild animals were commonly hunted in the surveyed villages. These include several globally threatened species. Although impacts of removal on wild population remained unclear but hunting seems to be adversely affecting densities of Satyr Tragopan (Tragopan satyra) and Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens). Wild animal hunting and consumptions by households remained statistically non-significant implying that hunting was largely for subsistence. Mammals made the highest contribution in the animal off take of a household. Large bodied animals contributed maximum to mean animal harvest of a hunter. Three types of hunting were prevalent in the surveyed villages: 1) organized hunting targeted to specific species, 2) regular snaring of game birds in the vicinity of villages, and 3) opportunistic hunting. Age and education status of a hunter had no impact on his animal extraction rates. Wild animal extractions from forests by all sections of the society remained same. The majority of respondents extracted wild animals to supplement their diet with meat.

1 illus, 4 tables, 38 ref

016873   Dangalle C;Pallewatta N;Vogler A (Zoology Dep, Faculty of Science, Colombo Univ, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka, Email: cddangalle@yahoo.com) : Current occurrence, habitat and historical change in the distribution range of an endemic Tiger beetle species Cicindela (ifasina) willeyi Horn (coleoptera:cicindelidae) of Sri Lanka. J Threatened Taxa 2011, 3(2), 1493-1505.

Current occurrence, habitat and historical change in distributional range are studied for an endemic tiger beetle species, Cicindela (Ifasina) willeyi Horn of Sri Lanka. At present, the species is only recorded from Maha Oya (Dehi Owita) and Handapangoda. and is absent from the locations where it previously occurred. The current habitat of the species is explained using abiotic environmental factors of the climate and soil recorded using standard methods. Morphology of the species is described by studying specimens using identification keys for the genus and comparing with specimens available at the National Museum of Colombo, Sri Lanka. The DNA barcode of the species is elucidated using the mitochondrial CO1 gene sequence of eight specimens of Cicindela (Ifasina) willeyi. The study suggests that Maha Oya (Dehi Owita) and Handapangoda are suitable habitats. However, its presence in only two locations and its absence from locations where it previously occurred highlights the need for conserving the natural habitats at Maha Oya (Dehi Owita) and Handapangoda, and the necessity of further studies of this kind.

2 illus, 6 tables, 31 ref

012845   Sahu A (Vidya Sagar Univ, Purba Mednipur, West Bengal) : Habitat destruction- a critical condition of wildlife in Purba medinipur district, West Bengal. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2011, 34(1), 225-32.

Wildlife includes all varieties of flora and fauna. This biological diversity plays a crusial role in society.But now a days wildlife are endangered due to some reasons.Habitat destruction is currently ranked as the most important cause of wildlife extinction. The present paper deals with the causes of habitat destruction, various endangered plants and animals and immediate rescue from this critical situation.

11 ref

011780   Sanei A;Zakaria M;Yusof E;Roslan M (Forest Management Dep, Faculty of Forestry, Putra Malaysia Univ, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia, Email: mzakaria@putra.upm.edu.my) : Estimation of leopard population size in a secondary forest within Malaysia's capital agglomeration using unsupervised classification of pugmarks. Trop Ecol 2011, 52(2), 209-17.

The objective of this study was to estimate the population size of common leopard (Panthera pardus) in Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve in Selangor, Malaysia. Long term survival of leopard population in this area is threatened due to small size of the forest, isolation and presence of various disturbances in the habitat. However, no estimates are available on the number of leopard in the study area. We used unsupervised classification of pugmarks that allows clustering of the data sets based on their inherent similarities. Study was conducted during February to November 2008. Linear measurements of front and hind tracks and strides (n = 124) were classified using hierarchical cluster and discriminant analysis which indicated that at least four individuals of leopard were present in the study area of 1,411 ha. Despite the small size of the forest, the area is still rich in both fauna and flora. The leopard being the predator, has an important role in maintaining the health of the ecosystem. Therefore, the population size of the leopard could be used as indicator of sustainable conservation and management of the species in the area.

3 illus, 56 ref

011779   Roy P;Leo R;Thomas S G;Varghese A;Sharma K; Prasad S;Bradbear N;Roberts S;Potts S G;Davidar P (NO, Keystone Foundation, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu-643 217, Email: sumin@keystone-foundation.org) : Nesting requirements of the rock bee Apis dorsata in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India. Trop Ecol 2011, 52(3), 285-91.

Estimated the nest densities of rock bee (Apis dorsata) within Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR), Western Ghats, India, during January to June 2007. Randomly chosen five km long transects covering various habitat types spread across 5 protected areas, were walked by at least 3 persons including professional honey hunters. Variable width line transect method was used and all nests located on either side of the transect line were recorded and their approximate distance to the transect line assessed. The program 'DISTANCE' was used to estimate nest densities. The number of cliff faces along the transect line; a measure of honey hunter pressure and harvest intensity per km² were also recorded. There was significant variation in nest densities between sites. Sathyamangalam area had the highest nest densities due to the presence of cliffs. This area also had the highest harvest intensity and honey hunter pressure. Conservation of nesting habitats such as cliffs and tall trees are important for maintaining viable populations of this important species.

1 illus, 3 tables, 28 ref

011778   Pullaiah T (Botany Dep, Sri Krishnadevaraya Univ, Anantapur-515 003, Email: pullaiah.thammineni@gmail.com) : Overview on biodiversity status and conservation perspectives. Bioherald 2012, 2(1), 1-14.

Earth is endowed with a rich variety of life forms and the teeming millions of these living organisms have been well-knit by the laws of nature. The inter-dependence of the various life forms starting from the unicellular primary producers to the complexly built higher plants and animals is a unique feature of this green planet. Term 'Biodiversity' was coined by Walter G. Rosen in 1986 to comprise sum total of variety and variability of life forms in relation to ecological complexes, which became highly popular during recent times. Biodiversity, as this assemblage of life forms is referred to, has now been acknowledged as the foundation for sustainable livelihood, and food security. It has been estimated that more than 50 million species of plants and animals, including invertebrates and micro organisms, inhabit on earth and so far hardly 2 million of them have been described scientifically. Scientists are also aware of the immense potentials of the various life forms especially in the context of recent advances made in science and technology. The incessant human assault on forests and other natural habitats has left indelible scars on nature. One result of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 was a "Convention on Biological Diversity" which was signed by 156 countries and European Community. This review article intends to discuss the present status and conservation perspectives of biodiversity all over the world in general and India in special.

3 illus, 14 tables, 7 ref

011777   Areendran G;Krishna Raj;Mazumdar S;Munsi M; Govil H;Sen P K (IGCMC, WWF-India, 172-B Lodi Estate, New Delhi-110 003, Email: gareendran@wwfindia.net) : Geospatial modeling to assess elephant habitat suitability and corridors in Northern Chhattisgarh, India. Trop Ecol 2011, 52(3), 275-83.

Authors used remote sensing data and geospatial modeling techniques to assess the elephant habitat suitability and dispersal corridor in northern parts of Chhattisgarh, Central India. This region is frequently visited by elephants from the neighboring states of Orissa and Jharkhand in search of better habitat and often enter human habitations and agricultural fields resulting in conflicts with hvimans. Satellite images and ground information were used for land use/ land cover mapping and identification of conflict zones. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to assign weights to the three factors, viz., type of vegetation cover, proximity to water body and proximity to human habitation. Based on the analysis a corridor for elephant movement and migration has been identified which could be notified and managed by the state government in order to minimize human - elephant conflicts in the region.

4 illus, 5 tables, 20 ref

013816   Suneet Kumar;Bisht M S (Zoology Dep, HNB Garhwal (Central) Campus Univ, Pauri-Garhwal-246 001, Email: suneetjk@gmail.com) : Population dynamics of white crested kalij pheasant Lophura leucomelanos hamiltoni (gray), in Garhwal Himalaya. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 2011, 31(1), 65-70.

Reports some observation on population dynamics of White crested kalij pheasant Lophura leucomelanos hamiltoni in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand India during November 2007 to April 2009. In 405 sightings, 1772 Kalij were recorded with overall 2.74 density (birds/km²), 5.62 group size and 1.34:1.0 sex-ratio between male and female. Significant seasonal variation was also recorded in density and group size. Maximum values of density 10.93±3.46 birds/km² in the winter and average group size (7.58±2.08) in the monsoon and post monsoon season were noticed whereas minimum for the same recorded in the summer season. Incidences of hunting were recorded in all the seasons except summer.

2 tables, 22 ref

013815   Kaitho T D;Limo C K;Rono B;Ndambiri E M (Veterinary and Capture Services Dep, Biodiversity Research and Monitoring Div, Kenya Wildlife Service, Langata Road, P.O. Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Email: titus@kws.go.ke) : Dystocia in a rothschild giraffe at the African fund for endangered wildlife, Nairobi, Kenya. Vet Wld 2011, 4(12), 565-8.

A 15-year old female Rothschild Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) weighing approximately 800kg, at the African Fund for Endangered Wildlife (AFEW), Giraffe Center, Langata, Nairobi, Kenya was presented with dystocia in June 2010. This giraffe named Laura, had a protracted labor and was regularly monitored by sanctuary education staff. Dystocia was relieved on the 3rd day at this wildlife sanctuary. The giraffe was chemically immobilized by using 7mg of Etorphine Hcl (0.98%) (M99) (Norvatis South Africa (Pty) Limited) and 50mg of Azaperone(10%) (Kyron Laboratories (Pty) Limited, South Africa) in a Dan-Inject dart (Dan-inject APS, Sellerup Skowej, Denmark). On obstetrical examination of the giraffe, a fetal malposition type of dystocia had occurred. The fetus was positioned at posterior presentation extended posture with tail butting on the maternal pelvis, which is abnormal in giraffes. The fetus was manually extracted by using both alternate and simultaneous limb traction. The dam survived the procedure and later was reported to be in a good reproductive condition but the male fetus was a stillbirth. The fetus had died due to stress of prolonged labour. Relief of dystocia in giraffes is a difficult obstetrical procedure because obstetrical examination and relief requires chemical immobilization plus physical restrain with ropes by trained staff. Anesthesia or immobilization of giraffes remains a challenge because of the giraffe's unique anatomy and physiology. Giraffes are large animals which limits physical control and manipulation at critical times during induction and recovery of anesthesia. Giraffe's long neck if not pinned to the ground will act as a lever causing fatal injuries to self and support staff. Giraffes develop elevated systolic blood pressure; have a small respiratory tidal volume with a large dead space and relatively small cardiac output during anesthesia, which compromises safe levels of anesthesia.

4 tables, 23 ref

013814   Garcia C B;Gil J A;Alcantara M;Gonzalez J; Cortes M R;Bonafonte J I;Arruga M V (Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary, Zaragoza Univ, Zaragoza, Spain, Email: mvarruga@unizar.es) : Present pyrenean population of bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus): its genetic characteristics. J Biosci, Bangalore 2012, 37(4), 689-94.

Pyrenean population of the endangered bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) is the largest natural population in Europe. In this study, its current genetic variability was assessed using 110 animals of the recent population in order to know what the present situation. Sex identification by DNA methodology in the 110 bearded vultures, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and eight microsatellite markers in 87 bearded vultures have been analysed. The results for sex identification present a number of 49 males and 61 females; no significant differences for number of males and females in this population have been observed. mtDNA studies indicate that nucleotide and haplotype diversities and number of variable sites were low. Tajima's D test and Fu and Li's D* and F* tests suggest that mutations are selectively neutral and the population is expanding. A mean number of alleles per locus and a mean observed heterozygosity have been obtained by microsatellite analysis. F_IS is not high, and inbreeding depression could be discarded in the near future. The results suggest that the Pyrenean population of bearded vultures have to be controlled in order to avoid the loss of genetic variability. This data should be taken into account when considering conservation plans for the species.

2 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

010829   Balkhande J V;Waghmare B D;Ratnakar P U; Shaikh A I;Suryawanshi A V;Kulkarni A N (P.G. Zoology and Fishery Science Dep, N.E.S. Science College, nanded-431 605) : Population density of common myna, Acriodotherestristis, in Nanded region, Maharashtra (India). Bioinfolet 2012, 9(4A), 570-1.

Myna, Acridotherestristis is a common residential bird in Asian. To study population density of this bird, five (5) stations with different habitat were selected near Nanded. Survey was conducted in morning and evening hours during 7.00 to 8.00 and 17.00 to 18.00 hrs. It was observed that population of Myna was higher at road side adjacent to agriculture field.

1 table, 7 ref

009719   Patel K B (Biology Dep, Sheth M.N. Science College, Patan-384 265, Email: akumuni@in.com) : Comparatie occurance and population status of bird species in different talukas of Patan district (North Gujarat). J Envir Biosci 2010, 24(2), 221-5.

Patan district has been famous since medieval times. The district has historical significance. Study was conducted during 2004 to 2008 and observed 96 genera of birds in the district.

1 illus, 1 table, 3 ref

009718   Dhanju C K;Ishlah S;Kaur N (Zoology Dep, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004, Email: ckdhanju@gmail.com) : Breeding biology of common birds in their natural habitats. Indian J Ecol 2011, 38(2), 167-72.

To find out the impact of ecological disturbances on decline of bird population, the breeding biology of some common birds was studied in their natural nests in plant nursery and agrifields near residences of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. A total of five open, one each of common babbler and blue rock pigeon and three of Eurasian collared dove and seven cavity nests, one each of common myna and spotted owlet and five of rose-ringed parakeet were found in these areas during February-May. The open nests were found on trees like Ficus, queens flower and cavity nests on dhrek, tun and queens flower. There was almost no material used in cavity nests and in open nests, it included twigs, grass, rootlets, feathers, and plastic paper pieces etc. The open nests occurred at a height of 6-22 ft and cavity nests at 12-29 ft. The clutch size was 2 in Eurasian collared dove and blue rock pigeon each, 4 in spotted owlet and common babbler each, 4-5 in rose ringed parakeet and 5 in common myna. The breeding success was 100 percent in all these species and it can be inferred that the presence of trees adjacent to agrifields is necessary for breeding activities and thus maintenance of population of birds in our ecosystems.

2 table, 38 ref

009717   Ben V C;Kulkarni D S;Kulkarni D K (Forest Dep, Maharashtra State, Jowhar Div, Modern College Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411 053, Email: dilipkkkulkarni@gmail.com) : Ecology of chinkara (Gazella gazella Bennetti) from myureshwar wildlife sanctuary. Indian J Ecol 2011, 38(2), 173-9.

The present paper deals with ecological study of Chinkara (Gazella gazella bennetti) at Mayureshwar wildlife Sanctuary, Tal. Baramati, Dist. Pune. The study incorporates food habits, habitat preferences and herd conditions. Indian Gazelle was recorded in P1, P2, P3 and P4 seasonal identified habitats in the area. Attempts are also made to evaluate dung samples of Chinkara for microbiology. The droppings of Chinkara harbored celluloly1ic organisms suggesting their role in the Carbon cycle and increasing the fertility of soil. Cellulose is hydrolyzed to cellobiose and glucose which is utilized by many other microbes in soil. The mycological study revealed that 15 fungi from the dung sample which are Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus nigervar Tieghem, Chaetomium globosum Kunze, Cladosporium oxysporum Schlecht. Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, Fusarium monilifrome J. Sheld, Rhizopus oryzae Went Prinsen Geerligs, Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. Link), etc. They play an important role in the ecosystem, responsible for recycling the nutrients in animal faces. Special observations are made on the health conditions of Chinkara in the sanctuary.

7 tables, 19 ref

009716   Anil Kumar (P.G. Zoology Dep, Major S.D. Singh P.G. College, Farrukhabad, Email: anilkumar503@sify.com) : Conservation of wildlife in Gautam Buddha Sanctuary. J Envir Biosci 2010, 24(2), 179-81.

The Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary (GBWS) was constituted in 1976 on the line of the Project Tiger and is located in the South-East part of Gaya District of Bihar State. It is one of the best faunal and floral area of Bihar. The GBWS is rich in term of biodiversity due to its unique biogeographic location in the Gangetic Plain and the Chhotanagpur Plateau. The Sanctuary shows ecodiversity with different types of habitats (local forest types) inhabiting a number of wild animals like Axis axis (Cheetal/ Spotted Deer), Cuon alpinus (Wild Dog), Boselaphus tragocamelus (Blue Bull), Muntiacus muntjak (Barking Deer), Bungarus caeruleus (Common Krait), Gallus gallus (Jungle Fowl), Pavo cristatus (Pea Fowl), Naja tripudians Cobra) etc. The presence of Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is the special feature of the Sanctuary. But unfortunately these species specially Tiger are fighting great battle for their existence due to rapid loss in habitat and habitat fragmentation caused by severe anthropogenic pressure on the natural resources of the sanctuary. So, at present the GBWS needs an immediate and sound conservation plan to conserve its biodiversity. The present paper deals with important conservation strategies for the Sanctuary.

10 ref

008654   Shrivastav A B;Singh K P;Bhat M A;Mishra A (Centre for Wildlife Forensic and Health, Veterinary College Campus, MPPCVV, Jabalpur-482 001, Email: kpsinghbaghel@yahoo.com) : Occurrence of Gnathostoma spinigerum in free range tigress. J parasitic Dis 2011, 35(1), 75-6.

Postmortem examination of free-range tigress of Pench Tiger Reserve, MP, India, aged approx 15 years revealed nodule in the pyloric part of the stomach packed with worms and was identified as Gnathostoma spinigerum on the basis of morphology of male and female worms, including eggs.

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005521   Gupta R C;Parasher M;Kaushik T K (NO, , H. No-566/3, Urban State, Kurukshetra, Haryana-136 118, Email: tarshemkaushik@rediffmail.com) : Account on the wetland birds diversity in Sultanpur National Park in Gurgaon district in Haryana state in India. J Nat Conserv 2011, 23(2), 203-13.

Sultanpur National Park in Gurgaon district is totally committed for conservation of wetland birds. The only such other national park in India committed for conservation of birds is in Rajasthan, namely Keoldeo National Park. It is merely one hour of road journey from Connaught place, New Delhi. The present studies reveal that about 153 species of birds were spotted which belong to 16 Orders and about 42 families in all. Out of these 153 species of Birds. 97 species were resident, 41 species Winter Migratory, 9 species Local migratory, 5 Species Summer Migratory and one species was straggler. Passeriformes (74 species, 17 families) is the most dominant Order followed by Charadriiformes (12 species 4 families), Ciconiiformes (10 species, 2 families), Coraciiformes (9 species, 5 families) and Anseriformes (9 species, one family). The least dominant orders include Podicipediformes, Pelecaniformes, Psittaciformes and Apodiformes (One species each). Muscicapidae (23 species) is the most dominant family followed by Anatidae (9 species) and Scolopacidae (7 species). The present studies hint towards the fact that the overall condition of Sultanpur National Parks water sheet is in very poor shape owing to its "Artificial Lake Character" coupled with irregular water supply. Moreover, the efforts of Govt. of Haryana aimed at improving its habitat, actually results into its virtual degeneration. The lake, which once upon a time, used to attract "Siberian Cranes" from Siberia which would halt for short duration before going finally to Bharatpur, is now devoid of rich wetland migratory birds as well as resident bkds. It is recommended that interference in the shape of improving the habitat, should be forbidden as far as possible and water sheet must be maintained in reverberating condition throughout the year. In addition, to construction if islands within the water sheet, big "NO MANS land" should be maintained on the brims for providing sufficient space for birds to stay on land in day time.

3 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

004400   Chattopadhyay B;Schuller G;Garg K M;Kandula S (NO, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625 021, Email: sribat@gmail.com) : New phonic type of the rufous horseshoe bat Rhinolophus rouxii from southern India. Curr Sci 2010, 99(1), 114-18.

Old World horseshoe bats are speculated to comprise of enormous cryptic diversity. The only Rhinolophid that has been studied with some detail in the subcontinent is the rufous horseshoe bat Rhinolophus rouxii. This bat has shown some extent of acoustic diversity between allopatric population of Peninsular India and Sri Lanka. As part of a long-term study of cryptic diversity we discovered a new phonic type of this bat in Southern India. Bats sampled from Yercaud, Tamil Nadu have principal frequencies above 90 kHz, whereas previously reported principal frequencies from bats of allopatric populations of Mahabaleswar and Srirangapattana are below 85 kHz. Interestingly, the difference between the principal frequencies of the Srirangapattana and Yercaud populations are more than those between Mahabaleswar and Srirangapattana populations, indicating the possible presence of cryptic lineages with in this species in Southern India.

2 illus, 1 table, 13 rer

004399   Alexander R;Pushparaj P (Ecology and Environmental Sciences Dep, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 014, Email: enviroalexandar@gmail.com) : Ressettlement of weaver birds (Ploceus philippinus) in Ousteri lake. Curr Sci 2010, 99(1), 10.

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003386   Anil Kumar (High Altitude Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, , Solan-173 211, Email: anil_rathi@yahoo.com) : Mammals of Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India. J Envir Biosci 2011, 25(2), 205-7.

Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary is located in southern-west part of Arunachal Pradesh. Field surveys were conducted during April, 2005 to June, 2007 and different localities of sanctuary were covered for the documentation of mammals. On the basis of direct sightings and indirect evidences such as pugmarks and interview with local people, twenty nine species of mammals belonging to 7 orders and 16 families were recorded in the area. There is no recent evidence for the occurrence of tiger, however, previously it is seen in the area by local residents. For larger mammals, the situation is almost same most probably due to rapidly declining population of these species due to habitat loss and anthropogenic pressure in terms of unorganized urbanization/ settlement and hunting.

1 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

003385   Al-karishy K J;Al-Sarry M H (Vertebrate Dep, Marine Science Center, Basrah University, Iraq, Email: khitam_36@yahoo.com) : Comparative study of morpho-anatomy, physiology ad karyotypes of local mallard duck and the emigrant mallard duck, from South Iraq marshes. J Envir Biosci 2011, 25(2), 189-92.

The present study was to find out some major aspects of morphology, anatomy, physiology and karyotype differences between emigrant and local mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). The study comprised a total of twenty birds in total, with ten specimens of each category i.e. local inhabitants and the migratory ones. The results discussed in this paper are a comparative accounts of the difference between emigrant and local mallard, as a result of adaptation which is a physiological as well as behavioral change that makes an organism better suited to its environment. As adaptations usually occur due to changes (or mutations) in a gene, species with a more varied set of characteristics to begin with and then to transmit these changes gradually to the coming generations leading to have a better basis for adaptation, consequently survival. Also evolutionary pressures are sequel to variation in climate that play an important role in shaping phenotypic variation among and within species.

44 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

002206   Sethi V K;Bhatt D;Amit Kumar (Avian Diversity and Bioacoustics Lab., Zoology and Environmental Scien, Gurukula Kangri Univ, Haridwar-29 404, Email: dineshharidwar@gmail.com) : Dawn singing behavior of a tropical bird species, the pied bush chat Saxicola caprata. J appl nat Sci 2012, 4(2), 241-6.

Aims to study the structure and pattern of dawn song in a tropical avian species, the Pied Bush Chat (Saxicola caprata) in Haridwar (29° 55' N, 78° 08' E; Uttarakhand, India) in 2009. Males delivered complex dawn chorus on daily basis during only breeding season (February to July). The dawn song bout was made up of a number of distinct sections called song types. Each song type consisted of a series of similar or dissimilar units referred to as elements. Song type length averaged 143±0.23 sec and did not differ significantly among males. The average number:and types of elements in a song type were observed 8.15±1.64 and 8.01±1.56, respectively.ln more than 80% of observations, song types were delivered with immediate variety and males did not follow any definite sequential pattern of song delivery. Males sang continuously for about 30 min at high rates during dawn. Males performed continuous dawn singing throughout the breeding season and seemed to interact vocally through counter-singing for extended period. Observations suggest that dawn song delivery in Pied Bush Chat plays an important role in maintenance and adjustment of social relationship among neighbouring males.

2 illus, 2 tables, 43 ref

002205   Radhakrishna S;Sinha A (Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation Programme and School of Natural Sc, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Ca, Bangalore-560 012, Email: sindhu@nias.iisc.ernet.in) : Less than wild? commensal primates and wildlife conservation. J Biosci, Bangalore 2011, 36(5), 749-53.

37 ref

002204   Gupta R C;Kaushik T K (Zoology Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra-136 119, Email: rohtashchandgupta@rediffmail.com) : On the fast depleting trends of cormorants in Kurukshetra wetlands in the last twenty five years. J expl Zool 2011, 14(1), 81-5.

In the Indian subcontinent, atleast 4-5 species of CORMORANTS are available including Pygmy Cormorants (Phalacrocorax pygmeus), Little Cormorants (Phalacrocorax niger), Indian cormorant (Phalacrocorax fusicolis) and Great Cormorant (phalacrocorax carbo). The present research endeavour concerns fast depleting mixed populations of Little Cormorants and Great Cormorants in wetlands in and around Kurukshetra. These two species of Cormorants in Kurukshetra are confronted with dire situations of over excessive eutrophication of traditional perennial wetlands due to hyacinth invasion accompanied by the fish fisheries practices in pools, ponds, and lakes. The drooping canopied thick low rising trees on the banks of traditional perennials ponds face uprooting in the face of multiple causes. It has spelt disaster with the BREEDING HATHERIES of Cormorants catapulting the natural populations to alarming low levels. In correlation with present revelations, it is suggested that traditional ponds be bereft of fisheries practices. If due and timely steps are executed then cormorants will slip into further deteriorating plight by way of very few surviving populations.

6 illus, 41 ref

002203   Chopra G;Tarsem Kumar (Zoology Dep, Kurukshetra Univ, Kurukshetra-136 119, Email: tarsemkuk@gmail.com) : Seasonal variations in the population structure and population density of peafowl, Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 in district Kurukshetra, Haryana, India. J expl Zool 2011, 14(1), 171-80.

Blue peafowls (Pavo cristatus) utilized leaves/ flowers/ fruits of 7 species of herbs (Parthenium histerophoresus, Pisum sativum, Cicer arientum, Brassica compestris, Trifollum alexandrum, Triticum aestivum, Oryza sativa), 1 species of shrub (Chenopodium album) and 1 species of tree (Pyrus pyrifolia) for feeding. Besides, the peafowls also use 13 species of trees for roosting purposes. In addition dry leaves of 2 species of herbs, 2 species of shrubs and 4 species of trees for nesting purposes. Total number of sightings of peafowl varied from minimum 1 to maximum of 8 per fortnightly visit in all the study sites. Variable number of adult males, adult females, sub adults and chicks were recorded during autumn, winter summer and monsoon seasons in all the three study sites. The population density of blue peafowl, calculated fortnightly from September, 2008 to August, 2009, varied from 29.67 individuals/km² to 73.62 km² in SPWS, 32.75 individuals/km² to 93.10 km² in BSRF and 2.85 individuals/km² to 145.71 individuals/km² in JKAL. Seasonal variations in population density (Number of individuals/ km²) were also computed which varied from 38.00±6.55 (autumn season) to 56.03±11.50 (monsoon season) in SPWS; 58.95±18.38 (monsoon season) to 72.12±17.96 (autumn season) in BSRF and 78.56±39.04 (winter season) to 118.09 ± 22.10 (autumn season) in JKAL.

3 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref

002202   Anil Kumar;Sharma R K (High Altitude Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Solan-173 211, Email: anil_rathi@yahoo.com) : Observations on breeding behaviour and vocalizations in red-wattled lapwing, Vanellus indicus (Aves:Charadriidae) from Northern India. J expl Zool 2011, 14(1), 333-8.

Studied some aspects of breeding behaviour and vocalizations of an avian species, the Red-wattled Lapwing, Vanellus indicus. Both male and female participated in nest formation, incubation and other parental duties. The average nesting period was 7.83±1.08 days (n=6). Female laid 3-4 eggs per clutch (mean: 3.71±0.18; n=7). Average incubation period was 2.75±0.48 days (n=4). Nesting on roof was also observed. Individuals used different types of vocalizations such as territorial calls, alarm calls and tit... tit ... calls. Territorial calls were loud, stereotyped, wide band (6.64 ± 0.022 kHz) and produced to advertise/defend the territories. The alarm calls were relatively fast (72.12±1.37 calls per min), wide band (7.56±0.165 kHz), and stereotyped. The minimum, maximum and dominant frequencies were 2.38±0.039 kHz, 9.94±0.159 kHz and 4.8S ± 0.154 kHz, respectively. These calls were produced to alert young ones, family/flock members regarding the presence of predator.

2 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

001205   Rajagopal T;Sekar M;Manimozhi A;Baskar N; Archunan G (Biotechnology Dep, Ayya Nagar Janaki, Ammal College, Sivakasi-626 124, Email: deer_raj@yahoo.co.in) : Diversity and community structure of butterfly of arignar anna zoological park, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. J envir Biol 2011, 32(2), 201-7.

Investigation was carried out on the diversity of butterfly fauna in selected localities of conservation and breeding center of Arignar Anna Zoological Park (AAZP), Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Atotal of 56 species were recorded, 15 of them belonged to Pieridae, 12 Nymphalidae, 9 Satyridae, 8 Papilionidae, 7 Danaidae, 3 Lycaenidae and 1 species each belonged to the families Acraeidae and Hesperidae. Qualitatively and quantitatively Pieridae family were comparatively dominant than that of other families. The notable addition to the 25 more species listed during this observation were compared to previous field survey. Comparison of butterfly species distribution between the different localities revealed that butterfly species richness was higher at mountain region with 52 species and lowest of 25 species at public visiting areas. Visitor's activities may be that reason for effects on butterfly distribution and lack of vegetation. Each five endemic and protected species (i.e. endangered) listed under the Wildlife (Protection) Act were highlighted greater conservation importances of the AAZP. It is suggest that butterfly species diversity generally increase with increase in vegetation and declines with the increase in disturbance.

3 illus, 1 table, 46 ref

001204   Radhakrishna S;Sinha A (Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation Programme and School of Natural Sc, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore-560 012, Email: sindhu@nias.iisc.ernet.in) : Less than wild? Commensal primates and wildlife conservation. J Biosci, Bangalore 2011, 36(5), 749-53.

37 ref

001203   Kochhar R (NO, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Sector 26, Chandigrh-160 019, Email: rkochhar2000@yahoo.com) : Smallpox in the modern scientific and colonial contexts 1721-1840. J Biosci, Bangalore 2011, 36(5), 761-8.

27 ref

001202   Harit D N (Zoology Dep, Government Champhai College, Champhai, Mizoram-796 321, Email: dnharit@yahoo.co.in) : Non-poisonous snakes (reptilia:ophidia) of champhai district of Mizoram state, Northeast India. J Envir Biosci 2010, 24(1), 65-75.

Mizoram state is one of the North Eastern Hill states of India, lies between 21058'-24030'N and 92016'-93025'E, with an area of 21,081 sq. km. having rich biodiversity. Reptilian fauna of the Champhai District of Mizoram state, North East India was studied from May 2007 to April 2009 for the first time. Based on the present survey studies, of the several reptiles studied and documented, this paper aims to report non poisonous snakes of the area. Total of 16 species of non poisonous snakes were found and recorded. There are three families of non poisonous snakes occurring in the area, like family Typhlopidae, which include Typhlops diardi; family Pythonidae, include Python molurus bivittatus; and family Colubridae, which include 14 species like Coelognathus radiatus, Orthriophis taeniurus, Oligodon albocinctus, Lycodon zowi, Ahaetulla nasuta, Amphiesma stolatum, Psammodyanstes pulverulentus, Xenochrophis piscator, Amphiesma venningi, Rhabdophis subminiatus, Pseudoxenodon macrops, Lycodon spp. Xenochropis spp, and Olidogon spp. All the snakes described herewith are being reported for the first time from this area of Champhai district of Mizoram state, North East India.

9 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

000029   Rajashekara S;Venkatesha M G (Studies in Zoology Dep, Bangalore Univ, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore-560 056) : Community composition of aquatic birds in lakes of Bangalore, India. J envir Biol 2011, 32(1), 77-83.

Observations were made on the occurrence, abundance, richness, and diversity of waterbirds in 15 major lakes in Bangalore city during 2008 - 2009. During the study period 35 species of aquatic birds were recorded. The number of aquatic bird species recorded at various lakes ranged from 23 to 35. The percent abundance of waterbirds recorded in the study lakes ranged from 2.46 to 21.49 and it was significantly different (p<60>0.05). The diversity and species evenness of waterbirds in the lakes ranged from 2.07 to 3.16 and 0.32 to 0.76, respectively. There was a significant difference (p<60>0.05) in the diversity and species evenness of waterbirds among different lakes. Species richness of the bird population ranged from 2.89 to 4.01 in the different study lakes and it was not significantly different (p<62>0.05). There was a variation in number of waterbird species recorded during summer, monsoon and winter seasons. Of the 35 waterbird species, Bubulcus ibis showed cent percent frequency, whereas less frequently (4.44%) observed species was Anas platyrhynchos. Among various waterbird species, Bubulcus ibis, Fulica atra, Tringa hypoleucos, Motacilla maderaspatensis, Phalacrocorax niger, Egretta garzetta, Charadrius dubius, Ardeola grayji, Halcyon smymensis and Motacilla alba were frequently encountered in most of the study lakes.

3 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

025682   Sridharan N;Somasundaram S;Thiyakesan K; Vijayan L (NO, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand-248 001) : Status of wetland birds in Kanyakumari, Thanjavur, Cuddalore and Nagapattinam districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Indian For 2011, 137(10), 1177-82.

Wetlands are important bird habitats and are also used by local people for their livelihoods. Study was undertaken to assess the status of the wetland birds in the selected wetlands by using total count method during January-March 2006. Forty two major wetlands were surveyed in four districts of Tamilnadu namely Kanyakumari, Thanjavur, Cuddalore and Nagapattinam. Totally 15,616 individual birds belonging to 65 species of 31 families were recorded. Out of the 65 species recorded, 42 were wetland and 23 were terrestrial species. The most common bird family in the study area was Ardeidae (Commonness index=0.33) followed by Anatidae (Commonness index=0.27). One threatened and two near threatened species namely, spot-billed pelican (Pelicanus philippensis) (VU), painted stork (Mycteria leucocephala) (NT) and darter (Anhinga melanogaster) (NT) were recorded.

2 illus, 1 table, 29 ref

025681   Sinha S K (Wildlife Trust of India, Field Station: Valmiki Tiger Reserve, West Champaran-845 107, Email: samir@wti.org.in) : Nature-assisted re-establishment of greater one-horned rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis in its historical distribution range. Curr Sci 2011, 100(12), 1765-6.

2 illus, 6 ref