024090   Patrick O E;Oseikhuemhen O J (Business Administration Dep, Faculty of Management Sciences, Benin Univ, Benin City, Nigeria, Email: poseyomon@yahoo.com) : Organisational culture: theories for practice. Indian J multidiscipl Res 2009, 5(4), 605-16.

The ways things are done in an organisation have profound implications for the effective and efficient performance of that organisation. Culture performs a lot of functions in an organisation amongst which are; boundary spanning role, gives a sense of identity, facilitates the generation of commitment to organisational ideals, it enhances the stability of the social system among others. Some of the elements of culture include; artifacts, espoused values and basic underlying assumptions. Organisational members learn culture from stories, rituals, material symbols, language among others. Some of the consequences of culture include; uncertainty avoidance, power distance, individualism among others. Organisational culture is good, but it should be tailored in a flexible manner to accommodate innovation and development.

32 ref

024089   Mor K;Ahooja A (Humanities & Social Science Dep, NIT, Kurukshetra) : New paradigm in Indian banking-interenet banking. Arya Bhatta J Math Inf 2010, 2(1), 79-88.

The Indian Banking Industry is witnessing significant double digit growth. The sector is also slowly emerging into a market that is becoming increasingly regulated in keeping with global trends and practices. The banks providing Internet banking service and customers availing of the same are currently entering into agreements defining respective rights and liabilities in respect of Internet banking transaction. The purpose of research report has been to ascertain if Banks in India have the right foundations in place to leverage technology and the scenario of internet banking in India. Subsequent analysis lead to the conclusion that Indian banks have worked on ' hygiene' factors such as having the right set of transactional applications, infrastructure, broad governance and architecture in place.

23 ref

024088   Hungund C P S;Muttin R (Statistics Dep, Gulbarga Univ, Gulbarga-585 106, Email: cpshgu@gmail.com) : Generalized CPM implementation in a building construction project. Int J agric statist Sci 2010, 6(1), 19-29.

Describes the implementation of the traditional Critical Path Method (CPM) algorithm for finding the critical path for a building construction project for various activities and duration. We have estimated number of days to complete the project work and also shown which activities are critical to maintaining the schedule and which are not and studied the free float categorically.

8 illus, 8 tables, 10 ref

022004   Karthikeyan B (NO, Process Safety Management Consultant, Prism Consultants, 1A, No.1, Third Main Road, Kasturba Nagar, Adyar, Chennai-600 020, Email: www.prismcon.net) : Aspects of process safety management in ammonia and urea plants. Indian J Fertil 2009, 5(12), 35-8.

The Indian Fertiliser Industry comprises of several ammonia and urea plants. The major process hazards associated with the manufacture of ammonia/urea include high pressures and temperatures, cryogenic hazards, corrosion, erosion, runaway reactions, large inventory of highly hazardous chemicals and flammable gases and chemicals. By managing these process hazards safely, disasters can be avoided. The article discusses the management of these major process hazards through asset integrity, maintaining process safety knowledge, managing changes safely and managing manpower attrition.

022003   Asthana S P;Dey A (Geography Dep, D.A.V. College, C.S.J.M. Univ, Kanpur, U.P.) : Appraisal of human resources for the development of Nadia District, West Bengal. Indian J Landsc Syst ecol Stud 2008, 31(1), 103-14.

The study area, Nadia District, is situated in the middle-east part of West Bengal also border of Bangladesh. According to the latest census Nadia is move populus district in West Bengal. The study area has been suffering from Hoods, water pollution, water logging, loss of soil fertility etc. resulting insufficient food grain productions, need appraisal of the resources of area. Besides, its migration of population from Bangladesh crcats over burden on local resources and criminal activitcs. Some bottleneck in transprt and lack of complete package of services at focal points etc. are some of the crucial problems of the area. So that problems could be eliminated by the area development approach of planning. In this regard appraisal of human resources is very essential for the development of the district and if the proposed plan which is included there in, is implemented then the area will be more developed in future.

1 illus, 9 tables, 8 ref

018861   Narayanappa E;Mahalingaiah L;Krishna Murthy M K (Dairy Science College, KVAFSU, Bangalore-560 024) : Diffusion of information on dairy management practices by different media in Karnataka. Indian J Dairy Biosci 2008, 19(1-2), 32-7.

Extension media had played a significant role in diffusion of information on improved cattle shed, crossbred cows, roughages and management practices. It influenced timely action for artificial insemination, sealing of naval cord, vaccination and dehorning of young animals. Extension media is the most effective media for adoption of full-hand-milking and adequate sanitation practices. However, majority of the respondents have not expressed their satisfaction on role of various communication media including extension media in diffusion of information on animal Insurance both in developed and under developed areas.

3 tables, 5 ref

017838   Singh M;Luhach V P;Khatkar R K;Hasija R C (Statistics Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Cost and returns of processing of rape seed and mustard in Haryana. Envir Ecol 2009, 27(1), 205-7.

On the basis of primary data collected by conducting personal interviews with the 20 selected processing units scattered in Bhiwani and Mohindergarh districts of Haryana state, it was observed that the total cost per quintal of mustard was Rs 1,806.48 whereas total fixed cost was Rs 15.29, the value of oil and oil-cake was Rs 1,452.82 and Rs 414.16 per quintal of mustard, respectively. Hence the net return was Rs 60.49 in case of oil-mills. In oil-expeller the total fixed cost per quintal of mustard was Rs 18.85 whereas the total variable cost and total cost were Rs 1,824.19 and Rs 1,843.04, respectively. The value of oil extracted per quintal of mustard was Rs 1,438.29 and for oil cake it was Rs 449.23; hence net return was Rs 44.8 per quintal. Comparatively low costs and higher returns were found in oil-mills than the oil-expellers, which indicated that, the cost of processing per quintal of mustard and plant size were inversely related. The higher rate of taxation, market fees, power supply and availability of raw material are the major constraints involved in processing.

2 tables, 4 ref

017837   Singh M;Luhach V P;Khatkar R K;Hasija R C (Statistics Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Costs and margins of marketing of rape seed and mustard in Haryana. Envir Ecol 2009, 27(1), 196-201.

Retailer's share in consumer's rupee was highest which ranged from 5.06 to 5.53% followed by oil-miller (3.59 to 3.61%), oil-expeller (2.94 to 3.0%) and commission agent (1.78%). In channel-Il the retailer's share in consumer's rupee was maximum (5.33 to 5.48%) followed by oil-miller (3.38 to 4.01%), oil-expeller (2.53 to 2.84%), commission agent (1.74 to 1.75%) and wholesaler (1.27 to 1.30%) in both the markets. In channel-I cost of oil expeller was maximum ranging between Rs 164 to Rs 167 and minimum for retailer as Rs 5.25 in channel-Il. While the cost of wholesaler was maximum ranging between Rs 87.99 to Rs 88.81 and minimum for retailer Rs 5.25. Bhiwani market was found to be more efficient in both the channels compared to Charkhidadri market.

6 tables, 3 ref

017836   Singh M;Luhach V P;Khatkar R K;Hasija R C (Statistics Dep, CCS Haryana Agricultural Univ, Hisar-125 004) : Costs, returns and marketing pattern of rapeseed and mustard in Haryana. Envir Ecol 2009, 27(1), 154-6.

On the basis of primary data coifected from randomly selected 240 respondents scattered in eight villages of Mahendragarh and Bhiwani districts of Haryana it was observed that gross returns and net returns were found higher on small farms as compared to medium and large farms in both the selected districts. Two major marketing channels observed were Channel-I : Producer-Commission agent-Oil - expeller/oil-miller-Retailer-Consumer, and Channel-II : Producer-Commission agent-Wholesaler-Oil-expeller/ Oil-miller-Retailer-Consumer. Among both the channel-I is most prevalent route through which major-ity of the farmers sell more than three-fourth of their quantity sold in different markets of the area. The share of producers in consumer's rupee under channel-I was almost the same in all the four markets.

5 tables, 3 ref

017835   Kumari V;Choudhary R (Agricultural Economics Dep, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa-848 125) : Perceived constraints and suggested strategies for milk marketing system. Envir Ecol 2009, 27(4), 1452-4.

Dairy farming is a dynamic and highly competitive industry. Efficient marketing of milk is as important as efficient production. An attempt was made to find out the constraints and suggested measures of organized and unorganized milk marketing system based on 40 dairy cooperative society (DCS) members and 40 non-DCS members of the study area. It is found that no stake in decision making (55%), and delayed and part payment (50%) were the major constraints of organized milk marketing system whereas no regular purchase (60%) and inadequate access to training program were emerged as two most important constraints faced by dairy farmers in unorganized milk marketing system. The dairy farmers were in the opinion of providing stake in the decision making of DCS while those of unorganized milk marketing system were in the opinion that arrangement must be made for regular purchase of milk. Hence to make milk marketing system more efficient, attention should be paid towards these problems.

2 tables, 4 ref

017834   Choudhary R;Kumari V;Mishra R R (Agricultural Economics Dep, Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur-848 125) : Influence of Socio-economic variables on dairy farmer's decision regarding milk marketing system. Envir Ecol 2009, 27(4), 1449-51.

Influence of socio-economic variables on dairy farmer's decision regarding milk marketing system was studied using primary data from member and non-member dairy farmers of Dairy Co-operative Society in Samastipur district (Bihar). The data were analyzed using t test and discriminant function technique. The results revealed that educational level, social participation and exposure to mass communication of dairy farmers were variables influencing decision making of dairy farmers significantly regarding the selection of milk marketing system (i.e. organized and unorganized) in the area of study.

4 tables, 2 ref

015586   Dhanda B;Sharma S (Human Depelopment and Family Studies Dep, College of Home Science, Choudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural U, Hisar, Haryana) : Performance for communication skills of children in Himachal Pradesh. Asian J Home Sci 2009, 3(2), 205-7.

A study was undertaken with a view to identify the developmental deficiencies in boys and girls with reference to communication skill development and to study the impact of intervention programme on skill development. A total of 1000 (half male and half female) children in the age group of 3-5 years were selected along with their mothers in each state. These children were subjected to age appropriate Winland Behaviour scale for assessment of their skills. In order to select the children for intervention programme 20% of the low performing children were worked out in various villages. This sample having the lowest mean performance was further divided into two groups of 10% each, one group was given intervention programme and other remained as control for the purpose of comparison of intervention sample. There were half male and half female in each age group. Comparison of mean of boys to that of girls over the different age groups of 3.0 to 4.0 years, 4.0 to 5.0 years and in overall mean revealed that the boys were better than the girls in different age groups for communication sub-domain of socio-emotional competence of the children. which may be attributed to comparatively better interactions parents or care givers towards boys. Overall mean performance of the sample m was 96.6 ± which was significantly higher (t= 28.90**) than the low performing sample with an II average increase of 40.2%. The highest percentage of decrease in the sample for communication skills was observed in the village Banjar (54.4%) followed by Salooni (45.9 %), while the lowest decrease was observed in the village Barthin (32.0%).

1 table, 12 ref

012413   Williams S;Zainuba M;Jackson R (College of Business, Univ of Arkansas Fort Smith, 5210, Grand Ave. Fort Smith, AR 72913) : Determinants of managerial risk perceptions and intentions. J Mgmt Res 2008, 8(2), 59-75.

This study has been undertaken as an attempt to address two questions surrounding managerial risk. From a manager's perspective, what factors make a given situation risky, and what factors actually determine whether managers will seek risk? Managerial risk perceptions and risk intentions were tested among 149 junior- to senior-level managers from a variety of industries. A risk-assessment instrument (Williams & Wong, 1999) consisting of systematically varied business scenarios was used to measure the managerial risk assessments of outcome uncertainty, possible gains/losses, personal consequences, and situational framing. Managerial risk willingness and control beliefs were measured as well. Multivariate analyses revealed that managers perceived greater risk when they believed there were higher amounts of outcome uncertainty, greater potential losses, more personal consequences, situations were framed negatively, and when risk willingness decreased. However, perceived riskiness did not influence risk intentions. Managerial likelihood to seek risk was only determined by assessments of the magnitude of likely potential gains and when situations were positively framed (e.g., favorable conditions).

2 illus, 4 tables, 44 ref

012412   Selvam J (NO, Indian Academy School of Management Studies, Kalyan Nagar, P.O. Bangalore-560 043) : Impact of privatization on management issues: empirica evidences from Ethiopia. J Mgmt Res 2008, 8(2), 112-20.

This paper examines the impact of privatization on the productivity, profitability and the other major management issues of the privatized enterprises in Ethiopia. Data from 45 enterprises between 1990 and 2004 were collected in order to examine the performance of the privatized enterprises. As for managerial issues, survey method was used. The study reveals that the net profitability of the privatized enterprises surged despite a decrease in production and sales. Analysis of management issues exhibit that there were significant changes and developments in those privatized enterprises where foreign privatized enterprises were relatively better implementers as compared to the domestic privatized enterprises.

6 tables, 20 ref

012411   Agrawal S (NO, Fortune Institute of International Business, New Delhi) : Understanding and measuring intangible assets. J Indian Mgmt Strategy 2008, 13(3), 31-5.

1 illus, 5 ref

011396   Saravanakumar V;Jain D K (Directorate of Agricultural and Rural Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Univ, Coimbatore-641 003, Email: sharanu2k@gmail.com) : Evolving milk pricing model for agribusiness centres: an econometric approach. Agric Econ Res Rev 2009, 22(1), 155-60.

Two-axes pricing policy is followed normally in the dairy business centres of Tamil Nadu. Though it is Scientifically rational, it ignores the input prices, technology and government policies. For sustaining the growth momentum and achieving an annual average growth of 7-8 per cent in the next five years and considering that dairying is practised as a component of mixed farming systems, it becomes imperative to take into account the interrelationship among the enterprises and general economic factors while fixing the milk price. In this study, development of a price determination model has been reported. It is based on the cost of production and takes into account price and non-price factors, viz. technology, and projected different price scenarios of milk for the coming years. The study undertaken in the Tamil Nadu state, is based on primary data collected for the year 2002-03 and has used normalized restricted quadratic profit function analysis and price determination models. It has been found that to maintain constant returns to the production cost of milk, the milk price would need an upward adjustment of 9.97 per cent, whereas to provide constant net monetary income, the milk price would need an upward adjustment by 10.30 per cent for buffalo milk. Considering 2002-03 as the base year, the estimated price for milk per litre is expected to be Rs 23.64 at constant monetary income and Rs 23.15 at constant return to production cost in the year 2009-10. The results of the paper are illustrative of the utility approach in generating consistent price sets for milk in response to alternative policy interventions.

2 tables, 14 ref

011395   Gandolfi F (NO, Regent Univ, School of Global Leadership & Enterpreneurship, 1000 Rege, Vriginia Beach, VA 23464-9800) : Training and development in an era of downsizing. J Mgmt Res 2009, 9(1), 3-14.

Downsizing as a restructuring strategy has been actively implemented for the last three decades. While employee reductions were utilized mainly in response to crises prior to the mid-1980s, downsizing developed into a fully-fledged managerial strategy for tens of thousands of companies in the mid- to late-1980s. Since then, downsizing has transformed the international corporate landscape and affected the ives of hundreds of millions of individuals around the world. While the overall effects of downsizing have been widely reported, many misconceptions surrounding the concept of downsizing have remained. This conceptual paper focuses on the role of training and development (T&D) during the downsizing process. In particular, the research depicts the current body of literature associated with the function of HR and its plans, programs, and policies that firms adopting downsizing must provide to their surviving workforces. Finally, the paper offers concluding comments regarding effective downsizing practices that have emerged in the literature.

3 tables, 59 ref

011394   Bai X J;Hu J L;Liu W L (NO, Institute of Industrial Economics Nankai Univ, China) : Cost efficiency of listed electronics-information firms in China. J Mgmt Res 2009, 9(1), 27-34.

This research studies twenty listed electronics-information firms in China during the period 2001 to 2005 and applies Battese and Coelli's (1995) model of a stochastic frontier function to compute the cost inefficiency scores. Simultaneously it also evaluates the influence on cost efficiency of R&D expenditure, scale and management model of the firms. All nominal variables in monetary units have been deflated into real variables at 2001 prices. Our empirical results are summarized as follows: The average cost efficiency of Chinese listed electronics-information firms is very low. R&D expenditure significantly improves cost efficiency. The scale of a firm significantly worsens cost efficiency, showing dis-economies of scale. Operational diversification significantly improves cost efficiency, showing economies of scope.

4 tables, 15 ref

010330   Unnikrishnan M K (Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal-576 104, Email: mkunnikrishnan@gmail.com) : Rewarding researchers. J Coop Univ Res Ind Enterpr 2009, 2(3), 70-3.

Reward systems enhance motivation, quality and quantity of work, and the level of ambition set by researchers. High achievers chase more challenging targets, work longer and sacrifice more than unsuccessful peers. Reward systems can be cost effective but require imagination, attitude and sensitivity. A case study included illustrates an innovative reward system. Reward systems that favour power hierarchies can jeopardise scientific work culture in a research community leading to cronyism and nepotism. New reward systems should depend on policies rather than individual benevolence. Some methods to modernise reward systems have been discussed. Indian business is doing better than science on account of better HR policies in reward systems. University administrators should learn Human Resource management policies from corporate enterprises.

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010329   Narahari N S;Narasimha Murthy H N (Avinashilingam University, , Coimbatore, Email: nsnarahari@gmail.com) : System dynamic modeling of human resource planning for a typical IT organization. J Coop Univ Res Ind Enterpr 2009, 2(3), 33-45.

Reports the study conducted to investigate the changing dynamics of the Human Resource Planning (HRP) systems in a typical Information Technology (IT) industries. Human Resource Planning subsystem in an organization involves analyzing and forecasting the talent requirements of the organization. The main focus in the study was to construct and develop a system dynamic model for the human resource planning process. System Dynamics is used as a research vehicle to provide useful insights for human resource planners in arriving at the Strategic plans in achieving the strategic plans for the organization. The variables and factors included in the modeling process have been derived based on inputs obtained from the Human resource planners of leading IT organizations. The systematic methodology adapted in the study and presented in this paper details the assumptions in modeling, the construction of the causal loop diagrams involving the feedback loops and testing the model with inputs using the field data. The analysis of this initial conceptual model of the human resource planning problem is then performed using a system dynamic simulation tool namely i- think. The HR planners can now simulate the effects of the uncertainties in supply and demand, using the system dynamics model. This model will help a HR planners in generating implementable human resource plans.

4 illus, 2 tables, 15 ref

009220   Onetti A;Verma S (Economics Dep, Insubria State University, Varese 21100, Email: aonetti@eco.unisubria.it) : Open source licensing and business models. Icfai Univ J Knowledge Mgmt 2009, 7(1), 68-94.

License affects the business activities of software companies. While proprietary software vendors create custom licenses, open source companies have lesser flexibility. The Open Source Initiative (OSI) defines a list of 72 licenses as open source (OSI approved). For a project to follow open source licensing, it has to pick licenses from this set. Logically, one expects an open source company to define its business model around the license that it selects. Thus, one can assume that business model decisions follow license choice. In this research, it is found that in some cases, open source companies removes these license constraints for business reasons. Cases of open source companies moving from one OSI approved license to another or companies innovating by adding additional terms were observed. In all these cases, the decision of change is based on the license being a poor fit with their business goals. Not all open source companies are entitled to change the license because this option is available only to companies that own intellectual property. If they do not, they can try to reshape their business models, but that remains a suboptimal option. Whether cognizant of it or not, organizations are implicitly choosing a business model when they select a license. Therefore, it is very important to address licensing and business model decisions as one system, instead of a disjointed two-step process. For this purpose, the paper introduces: (1) an evolutionary model where license selection and business model impact each other; and (2) a taxonomy that addresses both licensing and business models. Our approach helps practitioners include revenue considerations in the licensing choice and researchers to more accurately study the antecedents and consequences of license choice.

3 illus, 2 tables, 70 ref

009219   Khumalo B (Private Research on Knowledge Economics, , Ontario, Canada, Email: bhekuzulu.khumalo@gmail.com) : Variable time: crucial to understand knowledge eonomics. Icfai Univ J Knowledge Mgmt 2009, 7(1), 34-67.

Though time is a concept mostly associated with physics and philosophy, the concept of time needs to be understood in the discipline of economics. This paper attempts to highlight the importance of time in knowledge economics, the discipline of economics that looks into the primary commodity-knowledge. Attempts to take into account the non-linear time concepts that have been very important, since Einstein published his papers back in 1905. Without understanding time in a comprehensive manner, it is not possible to have a firm grip on the process of the economic progression of all societies. A theory must hold true in all societies, the characteristics of time must be the same in all societies, just as an atom must behave in the same manner in similar laboratory conditions in all societies. This paper will illustrate that without understanding the variable time, it is not possible to fully comprehend knowledge economics.

25 illus, 12 tables, 7 ref

009218   Constantinescu M (Spiru Haret Univ, Faculty of Financial Management Accounting, , Craiova, Romania, Email: constantinescu_madalina2002@yahoo.co.uk) : Knowledge management: focus on innovation and labour productivity in a knowledge-based economy. Icfai Univ J Knowledge Mgmt 2009, 7(1), 2-31.

The twenty first century brings along the recognition for the necessity to understand and measure the activity of Knowledge Management (KM), because of which organizations and system organizations, together with decisional governmental factors, do their best to develop policies that would promote these benefits. Knowledge management implies any activity regarding the capture and the diffusion of knowledge within the organization. This study analyzes the impacts and dimensions of KM upon the innovation and labor productivity within the organization. A key component of KM is to provide access to stored knowledge components in order to improve decision making and facilitate knowledge acquisition by the user. Though new, KM is changing. There are at least three accounts of how it is changing and about how one should view The New Knowledge Management (TNKM).

4 illus, 3 tables, 70 ref

008183   Shinoj P;Mathur V C (Agricultural Economics Div, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012) : Analysis of India's agricultural traded in the Asian region. Pusa Agrisci 2006, 29, 55-60.

Indian agricultural trade has been in the limelight ever since the economy was liberalised in the early years of the last decade. The present study tries to unfold the details of India's agricultural trade within the Asian continent during the period 1995-96 to 2002-03. A commodity-wise examination of the major agricultural exports and imports has been undertaken to analyse the composition of India's agricultural trade in Asia and compare it with that of the world. The various destinations and sources of Indian exports and imports in the region were also identified. The trends in agricultural trade were examined by computing the compound growth rates of exports and imports during the period under study. The study shows that a significant part of the trade takes place within Asia itself. Most of the important revenue earning commodities exhibited a positive growth during the period. However, we observed a modest but decelerating trend in overall agricultural exports to Asia.

6 tables, 2 ref

008182   Palmurugan M;Jhamtani A;Padaria R N (Agricultural Extension Div, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012) : Entrepreneurial behaviour of vanilla growers of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Pusa Agrisci 2006, 29, 76-83.

Vanilla cultivation is a labour-intensive enterprise and has the immense potential for, generating higher income, opportunity for value addition and huge domestic as well as international markets. However, capital intensiveness and enormous price fluctuation in markets necessitate entrepreneurial orientation among the farmers to exploit the potential of vanilla crop. The present study was conducted to analyze the socio-economic characteristics and entrepreneurial behaviour of vanilla growers of the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States in India, The sample size of 160 vanilla farmers was drawn with simple random sampling method from Kottayam and Ernakulam districts of Kerala and Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. Majority of vanilla farmers of both the states had medium levels of socio-economic status and entrepreneurial behaviour. Socio-economic variables, such as educational status, family status, farm status and social participation status, were found to have positive and significant association with entrepreneurial traits like risk taking ability, hope of success, persuability, manageability, self-confidence, knowledge, persistence, use of feedback, innovativeness, achievement motivation and locus of control. Emphasis upon instilling these traits should be given in farmers' capacity building an entrepreneurial development programmes.

3 tables, 5 ref

008181   Mishra M (NO, Indian Institute of Forest Management, Nehru Nagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh) : Marketing of non-timber forest products: a case study of Tumrakheda village in Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh. Biosci Biotechnol Res Communs 2008, 1(2), 132-9.

Study was undertaken in Tumrakheda village of Raisen District in Madhya Pradesh state to find out the existing marketing system, channels and dependence of households on Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) for their survival. The existing three marketing channels for NTFPs movement from production site to end user was identified in Obaidullahganj tehsil of Raisen district (a) subsistence use (direct consumption or barter at the local level), (b) sale to private trader/middleman and (c) sale through co-operative. A composition of the purchase price and sale price of the trader indicated that there is a big spread with a very nominal portion of end user selling price accounting into the primary collectors pocket and the rest is effortlessly consume by the middlemen especially in the case of NTFPs like Achar (Buchananla lanzari), Aonla (Emblica officianlis), Imli (Tamarindus indlca), Safed Musli (Chlorophytum spp.), Lac, Mahua (Madhuca latifolia) flowers and fruits. The present study suggests that co-operative society at village (primary collector) level can play a crucial role as an alternative marketing channel for efficient handling of NTFPs as well as to ameliorate the socio-economic conditions of the local tribals. The local tribal people can get a substantial portion of their total (income) survival requirement in form of both cash and in kind from NTFP collection and sale.

3 tables, 2 illus

006041   Banerjee A (NO, TIFAC, GOI, Email: banerjeeanimesh@rediffmail.com) : Global financial crisis: an opportunity to reinvent Indian dairying. Indian Dairyman 2009, 61(2), 25-8.

Financial meltdown had led to a general crisis of confidence, shrunk the credit availability and corporate growth as well as dampened the investors' sentiment world over! The FAO pointed out that increases in food prices over the past year has increased the number of undernourished people in the world to an estimated 923 million. The global market downturn cum recession should be utilized as an opportunity. The dairy industry should, therefore, gear up to face the budding challenges. The industry, instead of clamouring on high value niche market milk and milk products, it should evolve suitable price and product mix strategy along with innovative product development measures to push more affordable cum mass based branded milk and milk products.

4 ref

005060   Tiwari K N;Dwivedi B S;Tiwari A (NO, International Plant Nutrition Institute, India Program 133, Sector 23, Gurgaon-122 017, Email: kntiwari@ipni.net) : Marketing strategies for fertiliser best management practics. Indian J Fertil 2008, 4(9), 25-32.

To produce more food from limited land resource in future to feed India's expanding population, the only way is to adopt best management practices including responsible plant nutrition. This is logical in view of the fact that most of the increased production has come from increasing the land area under cultivation and there is only limited land area suitable for agricultural expansion and if this area is expanded for cultivation, environmental degradation cannot be avoided. The single most efficient and cost-effective input that can increase the productivity of land in India is fertiliser. Efficient use of fertilisers can increase foodgrain production, release marginal lands from production and reduce environmental degradation and also reduce the risk and uncertainty associated with the production agricultural commodities. Nutrients need should, therefore, be managed in such a manner that they ensure high yield and profits, superior produce quality, minimal depletion of soil fertility and also protect the environment. This is possible by putting proven scientific findings into practices on individual farm holdings and revitalising support services such as soil and plant testing, fertility monitoring, matching product supply with soil nutrient deficiencies and all production inputs. This paper highlights the issues, opportunities and marketing strategies for fertiliser best management practices (FBMPs).

5 illus, 17 tables, 12 ref

005059   Singh R D;Das S (NO, , Reliance Retail Ltd. Tower 8C, 10th Floor, Cyber City DLF Phase-II, Gurgaon-122 002) : Fertiliser marketing through modern trade a unique opportunity. Indian J Fertil 2008, 4(9), 47-54,57-8.

Modern trade industry In India, which was US$ 300 billion in 2006. is likely to reach US$ 427 billion by 2010 and to US$ 637 by 2015. Less than 3% of modem trade in India is organised, leaving a huge opportunity for organised modern trade in the country. Modern trade has about 80% and 70% share in USA and West Europe, respectively. China and Malaysia have 20% of modem trade each. Food contributes to about 40% of modem trade revenue. Efficient back end supply chain is essential for successful front end operations. Similarly, right market access is a must to make farming a remunerative business. Rural areas have tremendous opportunity for modern retail. Models for modern retail in urban and rural areas may be different but both are interdependent. Emerging circumstances bring the opportunity for like minded partners with complementary strength to join together for making a win-win model for fertiliser/agri-input supplier, modern retailer and farmers. This has been described in detail in this paper.

16 illus, 2 tables

005058   Shrotriya G C;Pal B (NO, , IFFCO Foundation, IFFCO Sadan, C-1, Distric Centre, Saket Place, New Delhi-110 017, Email: shrotriyagc@yahoo.com) : Potentials of fertiliser marketing in Punjab. Indian J Fertil 2008, 4(9), 83-4, 87-93.

Punjab, geographically a small state, plays very significant role in foodgrain production in the country. The state has only 4.2% of the gross cropped area but contributes about 12.9% of the total foodgrain production. It has highest productivity of rice and wheat, however, the productivity level is stagnant or declining for the past five years. Fertiliser nutrient consumption in the state is gradually increasing and it is 217.72 kg N+P+K/ha, with a ratio of 34:9:1. Fertiliser use in the state is mostly restricted to Urea, DAP, MOP and 12:32:16 complex. There has been excessive use of N, optimum use of P and scarce use of K, leading to heavy mining of potassium and imbalance in soil fertility. There is a case of reducing N consumption to the extent of 3.88 lakh tonnes and increasing K consumption 4-5 fold. Site-specific nutrient management incorporating secondary and micronutrient application needs to be encouraged for achieving higher production. The state has good ramification of fertiliser dealers, warehouses, road and rail network. However, more sale points are required to serve each village with one fertiliser outlet. Use of GIS tools in this exercise shall be appropriate to ensure availability of fertilisers to the entire spread of market area. Composition of fertiliser sales requires changing in favour of less used fertilisers i.e. potassium, secondary nutrient S and micronutrients Zn, Mn, Cu and B, so that crop productivity is sustained and soil fertility is also maintained. Fertiliser dealers and farmers need to be sensitised about such changes.

18 tables, 7 ref

002986   Upadhyay A D;Pandey D K (NO, College of Fisheries, CAU, Lembucherra, Tripura (W)-799 210) : Analysis of urban consumer behavior for fish in Tripura. Fish Technol 2009, 46(2), 193-6.

Consumer behavior towards fish consumption in Tripura is studied to analyze income and expenditure patterns of fish consumers' in urban area of Tripura and to examine consumers' purchase and usage habits for fish. For the collection of data on households' income and expenditure, consumption of animal proteins and consumers' attitude towards fish consumption, 80 respondents were randomly selected from Agartala city, using cluster sampling technique. The information on income and expenditure of households, consumption pattern of fish and other non-vegetarian items and attitude towards fish consumption were collected through personal interview. The per capita fish consumption of fish in study area is higher than the consumption of chicken and mutton. The fish consumers prefer small sized, live/fresh and locally produced fish. The market prices of locally produced fishes are almost double than the fishes arrived from other states.

2 illus, 2 tables, 2 ref

002985   Balasubramaniam S;Charles Jeeva J;Krishna Srinath (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin-682 029) : Adoption of hygienic practices at fish landing centres and markets. Fish Technol 2009, 46(2), 177-84.

Study was conducted at the fish landing centres in selected four districts of Kerala viz., Trichur, Alleppey, Ernakulam and Kannur, and the fish markets in Ernakulam district. In the case of landing centres, of the six practices evaluated among the fishermen, the adoption score was higher for only one practice viz., use of clean containers for fish handling (81.03%). Low level of adoption was observed on two practices viz., use of adequate clean water for washing fish (39.49%) and prompt system of waste disposal (40.00%). The overall adoption index was 54.96%. The 'F' test results revealed that the extent of adoption varied significantly among the fishermen in the four districts. The perception index for the impact of popularization efforts undertaken among fishermen was 55.26%. The R^{2 value indicated that all the variables put together served as a cause of 71.60% variation in the adoption level. In case of fish markets, the overall index for the availability of infrastructural facilities was 79.74%. The fish marketing personnel were well aware of all the seven hygienic practices studied, with the overall awareness index of 93.60%. Of the six hygienic practices measured, practices such as the use of clean containers or polythene sheets for keeping fish (89.55%), using adequate clean water for washing (98.51%), sorting of fish hygienically in a clean place (84.33%), using adequate ice for preventing fish spoilage (98.51%) and maintaining personal cleanliness and handling of the fish hygienically (94.78%), were adopted by majority of the respondents. Lower adoption was observed in the case of using prompt methods of waste disposal (68.66%). The regression analyses revealed that education positively influenced the extent of adoption among the fish marketing personnel.}

10 tables, 4 ref

001946   Thomson K T;George M A (School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin Univ of Science and Technology, Foreshore Road, Cochin-682 016, Email: thomsonkt@rediffmail.com) : Collaborative estuarine management: a study on Cochin estuary. Fish Technol 2009, 46(1), 59-66.

Deals with providing basic information for guiding the task of managing estuaries in South India at different levels of public and private partnership using the insights drawn from primary studies on the dynamics of various resource management practices in selected fishing villages. The necessary data were collected during 2004-05 using frame surveys, participatory research methodologies and structured questionnaires. The study revealed that the management practices in the study villages exhibited a blend of both informal (community-based) and formal (state-centric hierarchical) governance. Collaborative management practices replaced community-based and state-centric management strategies, produced cooperative solutions to resource crisis and livelihood vulnerability of traditional fishing communities. The study also confirmed the active presence of decentralised collaborative fisheries management systems under certain situations. The analysis revealed that, since complex multiple commons like estuaric: are not easily predictable, traditional knowledge systems and practices should be recognized as baseline information for building institutions and resource management policies.

1 illus, 21 ref

001945   Charles Jeeva J;Balasubramaniam S;Srinath K (NO, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri P.O., Cochin-682 029) : Adoption of good management practices by aquafarmers. Fish Technol 2009, 46(1), 67-72.

Study was conducted among the aquafarmers in four selected districts viz., Trichur, Alleppey Ernakulam and Kannur in Kerala. Data were collected on the extent of adoption of good management practices among the sample respondents. Of the 10 practices evaluated, the adoption scores were higher for six practices viz., preparation of ponds (93.15%), eradication of predators and weeds (85.39%), use of PCR tested seeds (84.47%), use of recommended feeding schedule (77.63%), water exchange and quality monitoring (71.69%) and harvesting after prescribed days of culture (70.32%). The extent of adoption of each practice varied significantly (p < 0.01) among the aquafarmers with the overall mean adoption score of 70.09% (n=73). The variables viz., number of training programmes undergone, number of information sources utilized and expert services availed, were found to have positive relationship with the extent of adoption. Regression analysis revealed that of the seven variables, only one variable viz., number of training programmes undergone had contributed significantly (p < 0.05) towards the extent of adoption of improved practices.

3 tables, 7 ref

020277   Srinivasan A;Poorni Perianayaki S N (P.G. & Research Dep of Mathematics, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli-17) : Mean and variance of the time to recruitment in a single graded manpower system having correlated inter-decision times associated with an univariate policy of recruitment involving a constant threshold. Acta Cienc Indica-Math 2008, 34(3), 979-82.

Single graded marketing organization which is subjected to loss of manhours due to its policy decisions, is considered and the mean and variance of the time to recruitment associated with an univariate policy of recruitment involving a constant threshold are obtained using the shock model approach when the inter-decision times are exchangeable constantly correlated exponential random variables. The analytical results are numerically illustrated by assuming specific distributions.

1 table, 7 ref

020276   Renjith Kumar R;Bhatt A K (Management Dep, Arbaminach Univ, Ethiopia) : Listening styles of employees in service sector. Acta Cienc Indica-Math 2008, 34(4), 2031-40.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the listening style of employees in organizations. This paper tries to identify each listening style in different organizations, and its attributes and a comparison between organizations. A sample of 24 employees is selected at random for the study. The analysis shows that employees prefer people oriented listening style where they create and maintain positive relationship in their working environments. It is concluded that employees do not give prefer for time oriented listening style.

7 tables, 10 ref

018211   Tondare A G;Kulkarni R R;Kapse P S (Extension Education Dep, Rajiv Gandhi College of Agriculture, Marthwada Agricultural Univ, Parbhani, Maharashtra) : Perception of organizational climate byacademic staff of Marathwada agricultural Univ, Parbhani. Agric Update 2009, 4(1-2), 143-5.

Study was carried out in four constituent colleges of the Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani with view to know the existing organizational climate and perception of organizational climate of selected staff of the organization. It was found that majority of the respondents were allotted the teaching works at under graduate level, did not teach any course for other faculty and acted as a student's advisor. It was also observed that majority of the respondents were not getting sufficient staff for conducting teaching, research and extension activities as well as enough fund for research work and professional training from institution. Regarding other facilities, most of the respondents have adequate library facilities whereas majority of respondents were not having laboratory facility and office items. Whereas 52.00 % respondents did not get chance for participation in seminars, workshops etc. and 77.34 % did not deliver any TV and radio talk. They had medium perception of organizational climate.

3 tables, 6 ref

018210   Prakash B;Ali M;Gayathri C (NO, , D. No. 5-8-69, Lashkar Bazar, Hanamkonda, Warangal-506 001) : Training in A.P.S.R.T.C., (Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation)-An empirical study. J Indian Mgmt Strategy 2008, 13(1), 11-14.

Training is an essential component in the overall strategy of efficient and cost effective service. The need for training of personnel to face the new and emerging task of planning and development and achievement of social economic objectives has been emphasised in successive five years plans. The training sector has been given a new impetus and focus during the last few years and the emphasis has been to evolve a new administrative set up with stress on competence, commitment and performance.

8 tables, 4 ref

018209   Pendse A P;Rajguru H P (School of Commerce and Management, Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open Univ, Nashik, Maharashtra) : Socio-economic status and mass media exposure. Agric Update 2009, 4(1-2), 103-7.

Cross sectional sample of 200 farmers was selected across different districts, one each selected from Western Maharashtra, Vidarbha, Marathwada and Konkan region of Maharashtra. The information collected for the year 2004-05 was analysed by using statistical tools like averages, percentages and correlation analysis. It was observed that majority of the respondents had medium mass media exposure (51.5%), belonged to the middle age group (69.5%) and had studied up to Secondary level (72%). Most of the respondents (86%) were dependent on agriculture for their livelihood, had small land holdings (26.5%) and low level of social participation (50.50%). It was noted that majority of the respondents (56%) had annual farm income of Rs. 20,000 or more. Many of them (69.50%) quoted television as the source of agricultural information. The information level of respondents about local news was highest (73.50%). The coefficient of correlation between income and mass media exposure was positive and strong at 0.7034, which showed that mass media exposure was highly dependent on income. The coefficient of correlation between age and mass media exposure was negative and weak (-) 0.0911, which showed that mass media exposure was high among young farmers.

10 tables, 4 ref

018208   Manjula N;Sheikh M K;Kunnal L B (Agriculture Extension Dep, College of Agriculturre, UAS (D), Bijapur, Karnataka) : Knowledge level of farmers in management of bacterial blight in pomegranate in Northern Karnataka. Agric Update 2009, 4(1-2), 146-8.

Study was conducted in surrounding areas of KVK, Bijapur district of Karnataka State to know the knowledge level of farmers on bacterial blight and problems encountered by them. The study revealed that, majority of the farmers had medium to high level of knowledge, 48 % and 36 %, respectively on overall management of bacterial blight in pomegranate. The independent variables viz., education, media contact and extension contact were significantly correlated with knowledge level of farmers. With regard to problems faced by them, cent % felt that blight spread from neighbours field as greater problem, while 92.00 % expressed that it is severe in the village itself.

4 tables, 7 ref

018207   Chavan A A;Kalyankar S P;Shelke R D;Kapse P S;Thombre R F (Agricultural Economic Dep, Rajiv Gandhi College of Agriculture, Marthwada Agricultural Univ, Parbhani, Maharashtra) : Fruit marketing cost and marketing margins in the marketing system in Prbhani market of Maharashtra state. Agric Update 2009, 4(1-2), 218-20.

Attempt was made to study marketing cost and marketing margins through alternative ways of fruit marketing in Parbhani market. Apple and grape were selected for study as these were the important fruit marketed in Parbhani market. The retailers were scattered all over market region and 30 samples of retailers, were randomly selected for the study. The cost per quintal of marketing apple was Rs. 291.10 while it was Rs. 203.07 in grape. The marketing margin of commission agent was Rs. 106.67 for apple and Rs. 105.15 for grape. While in case of retailer marketing margin was Rs. 383.58 for apple and Rs. 312.49 for grape. The primary wholesalers share in consumer rupee was 62.79 % for apple and 61.21 % for grapes.

3 tables, 3 ref

018206   Benni B S (NO, Chh. Shahu Central Institute of Business Education and Research, Kolhapur-4) : Infrastructural development and regional disparity - a comparative district level analysis in Karnataka. J Indian Mgmt Strategy 2008, 13(1), 4-10.

Economic development mean an improvement in the total quality of life which in turn largely depends on several factors like infrastructure, health and education. Today, in the 21st centmy there is no denying the fact that globally, there is a development "gap" not only between nations but within them, as well as within the sub-regions of the nations, and that this gap varies among regions. It is pertinent to point out that though the rural-urban divide in India can be traced back to the discriminatory colonial policies yet what is alarming is that in-spite of more than five and half decades of planning, which is viewed as an effective instrument to reduce disparities in the all over country, there had been a sharp increase in inequalities, noticeably aggravating the rural-urban divide in the country, with the exception of the State of Kerela, where one observes a rural-urban continuum rather than a divide. Study has tried to quantify regional infrastructural development disparity among the districts of Karnataka state, to rank the districts on the bases of composite development index & To know the status of development among the North and South districts of Karnataka state. The study reveals that the state has big regional variation for it calls for a deliberate policy action and initiatives to reduce regional variation in the state.

5 tables, 19 ref

018205   Balaji Prasad M;Vijayakumar R (Electronics Dep, S.N.R. Sons College (Autonomous), Coimbatore-641 006) : Environmental impacts: a study on the effects of working environment on the performance of executives. J Indian Mgmt Strategy 2008, 13(1), 28-33.

Work is an integral part in everyone's life.I Working environment plays a crucial role in enhancing the performance of an individual and the organization as a whole. When one's job takes place in a poor working environment, it becomes particularly challenging to maintain a productive and satisfying work life and in line threatens the work success. Keeping this in mind, the authors have made an attempt to study the level of satisfaction of the executives on the various environmental factors that are contributing for the effective performance. The authors emphasize the need to follow the right mix of management and environmental techniques and behavior principles, both formal and informal to create no boredom-working environment. A number of counter measures to be followed by the organization to create a conducive working environment backed up by genuine efforts to motivate the human resources.

3 illus, 2 tables, 14 ref

018204   Asmatoddin M;Maske V S;Ghulghule J N;Tawale J B (Agricultural Econimics Dep, Marathwada Agricultural Univ, Parbhani, Maharashtra) : Marketing cost of rabi tomatoes in western Maharashtra. Agric Update 2009, 4(1-2), 153-6.

Study was undertaken to study economic analysis of tomato production and marketing of tomato. A random sample of 90 tomato growers was taken from 10 villages of Sagnamaner taluka of Ahmednagar district in western Maharashtra. The data were collected by personally interviewing the tomato growers and marketing functionaries. Marketing cost in channel I, II, III and IV was 30.00,75.75, 84.75 and 53.50, respectively. Marketing margin in channel II,III and IV were 221, 231.5 and 241 respectively. Price spread in channel I, II, III and IV were Rs. 30, 413,452 and 411 respectively. The efficiency was lowest in channel III and highest efficiency of marketing in channel I i.e. Rs. 1.01 and 27.33, respectively.

5 tables, 2 ref

016078   Pundir A K;Ganapathy L;Sambandam N (NO, National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITE), Mumbai) : Applying lean principles to construction projects. NICMAR J Constr Mgmt 2008, 23(2-3), 54-8.

The study presents some of the issues in the application of the principles of Lean production in a Construction context. While some aspects of production are common to a construction situation, Lean principles are not directly applicable to the construction context. While a Lean perspective can help in smooth workflow, other management practices, such as weekly planning, flexibility, decentralization and cooperation must be in place before we apply Lean principles for value addition and client satisfaction.

18 ref

016077   Kapur S;Kumar B;Banga G;Surana M (Business Management Dep, Punjab Agriculture Univ, Ludhiana) : Comparison of full profile approach and self-explicated approach of conjoint analysis: an empirical evidence. J Mgmt Res 2008, 8(1), 45-56.

Study empirically compares the full profile and self-explicated approach of conjoint analysis. Both the approaches were tested on the same set of respondents. Empirical evidence revealed that the effect of task presentation on importance ratings obtained through both the techniques were not the same - rank correlation though positive, was not significant. Thus, there is no difference between attribute importance ranking by both the groups. However, differences in the overall rankings under full profile approach and self-explicated approach existed. Further, there is no difference between the part-worth values obtained through full profile and self-explicated approaches. In case of comparison of part-worth's, in seven attribute levels, the chi-square test was significant and in case of other seven attribute levels it was not found to be significant. As a result, we cannot conclude that these two techniques are similar or different, because as per this study, there is partial relation between the results.

18 tables, 8 ref

016076   Gandolfi F (School of Global Leadership & Enterpreneurship, Regent Univ, Virginia Beach, VA 23464-9800, USA) : Learning from the past - downsizing lessons for managers. J Mgmt Res 2008, 8(1), 3-17.

Downsizing as a change management strategy has been adopted by companies and governmental agencies since the 1970s. While workforce reductions were utilized mainly in response to organizational and economic crises prior to the mid-1 980s, downsizing developed into a proactive restructuring strategy of choice for a multitude of organizations in the mid- to late-1980s. Since then, downsizing has transformed the corporate landscape and changed the lives of hundreds of millions of individuals around the world. While downsizing has attracted a lot of attention in academic circles, the business community, and the popular media, many misconceptions and mysteries surrounding the phenomenon have remained. Research study presents an overview of the reported financial, organizational, and human consequences following the conduct of downsizing. More importantly, the paper draws out implications for practicing managers and showcases four downsizing lessons that need to be considered by executives contemplating the adoption of downsizing.

4 tables, 62 ref

013924   Pandey N;Sahay A (NO, MITCON Institute of Management, Balewadi, Pune, Email: nishapmitcon@gmail.com) : Towards a new paradigm of sustainable development. Int J Envir Dev 2008, 5(1), 107-23.

Brundtland Report gave an acceptable definition of sustainable development. Countries world over thought over the sustainability of earth itself and captured the action point in Agenda 21 in Rio meet in 1992. Rising population and increased emission of CO and other green house gases causing global warming has put a challenge to the development process being followed presently. The authors, in this article, take a stock of the present population and environmental situation and dwell upon a new meaning through concepts like Wholesome Human Development and Gross National Happiness. A successful transition to sustainability requires more effective use of existing scientific knowledge and technology, generation of further scientific knowledge, greater integration with human values into society as whole and the wisdom to avoid the destructive uses of technological advancement for wholesome Human Development.

6 illus, 6 tables, 13 ref

012902   Sun C C;Lin G T R (Institute of Technology Management, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan) : Hybrid Grey forecasting model for Taiwan's Hsinchu Science Industrial Park. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(5), 354-60.

Grey theory is an effective method to solve uncertainty problems with discrete data and incomplete information. Proposes an improved grey GM (1, 1) model, using a technique that combines residual modification with Markov chain model. Proposed Grey-Markov model, applied as a case study to annual output of Taiwan Hsinchu Industries Science Park, could clearly improve forecast accuracy of original Grey forecast model.

012901   Morsal S A A T;Ismail M Y;Osman M R (Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra, Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selengor, Malaysia) : Developing a self-assessment model to measure QMS maturity in ISO certified manufacturing companies. J scient ind Res 2009, 68(5), 349-53.

Explains development of a new self-assessment framework according to core values, fundamental principles and requirements of ISO 9001: 2000, and its compiling and validation .The studying activities finally led to developing a new self-assessment model with 33 criteria (key statements), and 300 indicators (focus areas), in 8 separated fundamental principles of ISO 9000 family. Developed model has been applied in 8 Iranian ISO certified companies, and results, analyzed by SPSS 13, suggested that validity of model (content, construct and predictive validity) is approved with Cornbach's alpha (0.933-0.943).