013832   Das R;Ray S (School of Applied Science, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia-721 657, Email: rajesh_eru2003@yahoo.com) : Transparent conducting zinc oxide as anti-reflection coating deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(1), 23-9.

Highly transparent (visible transmission above 90%) and conducting ZnO:Al thin films with strong anti-reflection property have been prepared by reactive radio frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering under Ar + H₂ ambient, substrate temperature at 300°C. H₂ ratio in the Ar and H₂ gas fed from 0 to 40%. The electrical resistivity and sheet resistance of ZnO:Al film are 2.8 x 10^-4ohm-cm and less than 10Ω/ respectively. The % reflectance (R) is significantly small (2% <62> R <62> 0.5%) in the wavelength range 1,000-1,500 nm and the refractive index (n) of the same ZnO:Al film is 1.49 at λ = 1,100 nm. All ZnO:Al films have <60>002<62> orientation with good surface topography.

4 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

013831   Darijani R;Negarestani A;Reza Rezaie M;Fatami J;Akhond A (Physics Dep, Payame Noor University Tehran, Iran, Email: Reza.Darijani@yahoo.com) : Formulation of muon range 0-100 TeV and transmission through lead. Indian J pure appl Phys 2014, 52(1), 7-12.

Muons can penetrate long distances into matter and are less susceptible to radiate effects as compared to electrons. Over a broad energy range, the dominant energy loss is due to ionization mechanism. This makes the shielding of muons and the knowledge of their range considerably important at high-energy accelerators and in other high energy applications. In the present paper, the muon range R(E) from 0-1 GeV in lead is obtained by using muon range data which were generated by SRIM 2012.03 code. For muon energy versus traveled distance E(X), an analytical formula is extracted by a fitting procedure by the aid of Origin 8.0 and Find Graph softwares. For extracting the values of R(E) in the range 0-100TeV and E(X) for less than 100 TeV using the current method faced a limitation. This limitation is due to maximum SRIM energy input card which is 1GeV, so the SRIM range data are used for less than 1 GeV and the GROOM range data for above 1 GeV. In the present paper, the muon energy is calculated using this technique at energy less than 100 TeV for arbitrary traveled distance.

4 illus, 14 ref

013830   Dalui M;Madhu Trivikram T;Ram Gopal; Krishnamurthy M (NO, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Dr Bhabha Road, Mumbai-400 005, Email: mkrism@tifr.res.in) : Probing strong field ionization of solids with a Thomson parabola spectrometer. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(1), 111-20.

Intense ultrashort laser pulses are known to generate high-density, high-temperature plasma from any substrate. Copious emission of hot electrons, from a solid substrate, results in strong electrostatic field that accelerates the ions with energies ranging from a few eV to MeV. Ion spectrometry from laser-plasma is convolved with multiple atomic systems, several charge states and a broad energy spread. Conventional mass spectrometric techniques have serious limitations to probe this ionization dynamics. Developed an imaging ion spectrometer that measures charge/mass-resolved ion kinetic energies over the entire range. MicroChannel plate (MCP) is used as the position-sensitive detector to perform online and single shot measurements. The well-resolved spectrum even for the low-energy ions, demonstrates that the spectral width is limited by the space-charge repulsion for the ions generated in the hot dense, plasma.

4 illus, 23 ref

013829   Dalai B;Dash S K;Singh S K (Physics Dep, Eastern Academy of Science and Technology, , Bhubaneswar, Odisha-754 001, Email: skdash59@yahoo.com) : Viscometric, volumetric and acoustic properties of binary mixtures of a nuclear extractant with monocarboxylic acids (C₁-C₃) at 303.15 K. Indian J pure appl Phys 2014, 52(1), 24-9.

Experimental values of density (p), viscosity (n) and ultrasonic velocity (u) of the binary liquid mixtures of a nuclear extractant-di (2-ethyl hexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) and monocarboxylic acids viz. acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid over entire composition range of D2EHPA at 303.15 K are reported. Experimental data are used to assess the excess molar volume and deviation in isentropic compressibility, ultrasonic velocity and viscosity. These properties are used to interpret molecular interactions among component liquids. The values of excess/deviation functions have been fitted to a Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation to derive binary coefficients and estimate standard error. Furthermore, mixture viscosities are correlated with some single parameter viscosity models and relative merits of these models are discussed.

4 illus, 4 tables, 26 ref

013828   Choudhary S;Bald A;Sengwa, R J (Dielectric Research Laboratory, Physics Dep, J N V University, Jodhpur 342 005, Email: jsengwa@rediffmail.com) : Dielectric behaviour, ionic conductivity and structure of high energy ball mill blended melt pressed and solution cast solid polymeric nanocomposite electrolytes. Indian J pure appl Phys 2013, 51(11), 769-79.

The high energy ball mill blended solid polymeric nanocomposite electrolytes (SPNEs) comprising poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄) and montmorillonite (MMT) clay as nanofiller (PEO₂₀-LiClO_{4-x wt% MMT; where EO:Li⁺ = 20:1, and x = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 5) were prepared by melt pressing and solution casting techniques. The complex dielectric function, ac ionic conductivity, electric modulus and impedance spectra of these SPNE films have been investigated by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy in the frequency range 20 Hz - 1 MHz at ambient temperature. The values of dielectric relaxation strength, relaxation time of Li⁺ cation coordinated PEO segmental motion and dc ionic conductivity have been determined and their correlations with ion transportation in these materials have been explored. Results reveal that the dc ionic conductivity of solution cast SPNE films has gradual increase with loading of MMT concentration up to 5 wt%. In case of melt pressed SPNE films, the dc ionic conductivity shows anomalous variation with MMT concentration and it is maximum at 1 wt% MMT. The X-ray diffraction study of these SPNE films confirms the formation of ion-dipolar complexes between the ether oxygen atoms of PEO chain, the lithium cations and the siloxane groups of MMT nano-platelets. The d001-spacing of intercalated MMT, crystallite size of PEO and the relative changes in PEO peaks intensity with MMT concentration have been evaluated from the XRD patterns. These XRD parameters were discussed in relation to the MMT intercalated structures and amorphicity of the electrolyte materials. The correlation between ionic conductivity and the structural properties of these electrolytes has also been explored.}

11 illus, 4 tables, 67 ref

013827   Chatterjee U (Laser Laboratory Physics Dep, Burdwan Univ, Burdwan-713 104, Email: duitudit@yahoo.com) : Development of coherent tunable source in 2-16 μm region using nonlinear frequency mixing processes. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(1), 29-38.

A very convenient way to obtain widely tunable source of coherent radiation in the infrared region is through nonlinear frequency mixing processes like second harmonic generation (SHG), difference-frequency mixing (DFM) or optical parametric oscillation (OPO). Using commonly available Nd:YAG laser and its harmonic pumped dye laser radiation as parent beams, we have been able to generate coherent tunable infrared radiation (IR) in 2-16 μ-m region using different nonlinear crystals by DFM and OPO. Also generated such IR source in the 4-5 μm region through SHG of CO2 laser in different infrared crystals. In the process we have characterized a large number of nonlinear crystals like different borate group of crystals, KTP, KTA, LilO₃, MgO:LiNbO₃, GaSe, AgGaSe₂, ZnGeP₂, AgGa_1-xIn_xSe₂, HgGa2S4 etc. To improve the conversion efficiencies of such frequency conversion processes, we have developed some novel schemes, like multipass configuration (MC) and positive optical feedback (POF). The significance of the obtained results lies in the fact that to get the same conversion in SHG or DFM, one now requires fundamental input radiation with much lower intensity.

3 illus, 43 ref

013826   Charan V K (NO, B.R.A. Bihar Univ, Muzaffarpur, Bihar) : Surface segregation and surface properties of Alga and Aige liquid alloys. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2011, 30(2), 231-5.

Surface segregation is an important to monitor many properties of liquid alloys. The statistical approach, which derived from the concept of a layered structure near the interface, is widely used. The grand partition functions set up for the surface layer and that of the bulk provides a relation between surface and bulk compositions. The variation of the surface composition in AlGa and AIGe liquid alloys suggests that the degree of segregation is more in AlGa system than that of AIGe system.

013825   Chandra A (Applied Physics Dep, Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Professional Management & Technology, Raipur-492 015, Email: chandrassi@gmail.com) : Synthesis and dielectric studies of PEO-PVP blended solid polymer electrolytes. Indian J pure appl Phys 2013, 51(11), 788-91.

Synthesis and dielectric studies on a new PEO-PVP blended Na⁺ ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs): (1-x)[75PEO:25NaPO₃]+x PVP, where x in wet. %, are reported. PEO-PVP blended Na⁺ ion conducting SPEs are synthesized using recently developed hot-press method in place of traditional solution cast technique. Structural characterization has been carried out using XRD technique. The some basic ion transport parameters viz. ionic conductivity (σ), activation energy (E_a) and dielectric constant (ε^*) have been characterized using different experimental techniques.

4 illus, 16 ref

013824   Caroline M L;Mani G;Jayaraman D;Vasudevan S (Physics Dep, Arignar Anna Govt Arts College, Cheyyar-604 407, Email: lydiacaroline2006@yahoo.co.in) : Investigation on the nucleation thermodynamical parameters of L-arginine hydrofluoride from low temperature solution growth. J Innovative Res Solut 2012, 1A(1), 57-65.

The nucleation thermodynamics of L-arginine hydrofluoride (LAHF) crystallizing from low temperature solution using acqueous solution as solvent have been studied. Using the regular solution model and classical nucleation theory the nucleation thermodynamical parameters like interfacial energy, chemical potential, free energy change, critical energy barrier, radius of critical nucleus (r*), and number of molecules in the critical nucleus (i) have been calculated from the knowledge of solubility data leads to better understanding of the nucleation process. In order to grow good quality crystals in larger size for device applications, detailed study of some important parameters is necessary. A study has been made to investigate the metastable zone for the above nonlinear optical material growth from aqueous solution. Results were discussed to understand the growth kinetics of LAHF crystals from low temperature solution growth.

9 illus, 10 ref

013823   Bidyasagar M;Singh Th B;Barua A G;Gartia R K (Physics Dep, G P Women's College, Imphal 795 001, , Email: hdmbasanta@yahoo.co.uk) : Trap spectroscopy and thermoluminescence of CaF₂ based TLDs. Indian J pure appl Phys 2014, 52(1), 13-18.

A comprehensive picture of trap-spectroscopy of CaF₂ based TLDs namely natural CaF₂, CaF₂:Dy (TLD-200), CaF₂:Tm (TLD-300) and CaF₂:Mn (TLD-400) has been presented in the paper. We demonstrate that all the CaF₂ based TLDs have some common characteristics in terms of trap-depths relevant to dosimetry. Unlike most of the studies, the role of the frequency factor (s) and the order of kinetics (b) that decide critically the stability of relevant glow peaks have been examined. This has been achieved by performing deconvolution of the entire glow curves of the systems and subjecting the criteria of acceptance of curve-fitting not only by considering `Figure of Merit' (FOM) but rigorous statistical tests.

6 illus, 4 tables, 20 ref

013822   Benerji N S;Varshnay N;Singh A;Bijendra Singh (Excimer Laser Section, Laser Material Processing Div, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore-452 013, Email: nsb@rrcat.gov.in) : Design and performance characteristics of a krypton chloride = 222nm) excimer laser. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(1), 165-71.

Development of a discharge-pumped krypton chloride (KrCl) laser operating at 222 nm wavelength is demonstrated. In this paper the design, successful realization and operating characteristics of KrCl excimer laser are reported. The laser is driven by a simple and efficient excitation technique using automatic UV pre-ionization with discharge-pumped self-sustained capacitor-capacitor (C-C) energy transfer circuit. The experimental investigations including output laser energy, temporal pulse parameters, emission spectra and beam profile of the KrCl laser were recorded. For high repetition rate operation, in-built, compact gas circulation system using tangential blower was incorporated. The laser was operated at 25 kV discharge voltage, gas mixture of 5 mbar HC1, 160 mbar kypton and neon as balance with a total gas pressure of -2.5 bar. These experiments produced an efficient and reliable output energy of 25 mj from an active volume of 60 cm³.

10 illus, 12 ref

013821   Benerji N S;Singh A;Varshnay N;Bijendra Singh (Excimer Laser Section Laser Material Processing Div, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore-452 013, Email: nsb@rrcat.gov.in) : Enhanced performance of a repertitively pulsed 130 mJ KrF laser with improved pre-ionisation parameters. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(1), 153-7.

Studies related to the effect of pre-ionizer on laser output energy of a repetitively pulsed KrF laser are presented. The dependence of laser output energy, spectral width and beam spot homogeneity on pre-ionization parameters, namely its current and voltage rise time are reported here. Here, effectiveness of pre-ionization is optimized by improving pre-ionization current and rise time of the pump pulse of the automatic UV pre-ionizer KrF laser. It is observed that by increasing pre-ionization current from 6 kA to 10.6 kA, the output energy increases by about 30% (from 100 to 130 mJ). It is also observed that the emission spectral width reduces by almost 60% by increasing the pre-ionization current. Regular homogeneous and well-developed beam spot (nearly Hat-Top profile) was achieved under these optimized conditions.

6 illus, 11 ref

013820   Barman B;Sarma K C (Instrumentation and USIC Dep, Gauhati Univ, Guwahati-781 014, Email: bb_guphys@rediffmail.com) : Structural characterization of PVA capped ZnS nanostructured thin films. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(8), 703-7.

ZnS nanoparticles within the range 3-6 nm have been synthesized by simple chemical method using polyvinyl alcohol as matrix. X-ray diffraction has been used for determining structures of ZnS nanocrystals along with high resolution transmission electron microscopy. For all deposited films the preferential orientation is along (111) direction with some other planes (220) and (311). The grain sizes of the particles have been calculated using both Scherrer's formula and Williamson-Hall plot. The lattice constant 'a' have been obtained using Nelson-Riley plot. The average internal stress, microstrain, dislocation density and degree of preferred orientation in the films are calculated and correlated with mo-larities of the films.

6 illus, 2 tables, 36 ref

013819   Ayache L;Bahmad L;Benyoussef A;Ez-Zahraouy H (Laboratoire de Magnetisme et Physique des Hautes Energies (URAC16), Ph, , B.P. 1014, Rabat, Email: bahmad@fsr.ac.ma) : Study of the coupling effect on the wetting of a mixed Ising model. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(1), 31-7.

Using the mean-field theory and Monte Carlo simulations, author studied the coupling effect on the wetting of a mixed spin-1/2 and spin-1 Ising model in both longitudinal and surface magnetic fields. The ground state phase diagrams in the (H/J <157><157>, H s /J <157>) plane are determined analytically. The existing phases are strongly depending on the constant-coupling J <157>. At finite temperature, the phase diagrams are examined in detail, in particular different phases are found to be separated for different configurations. On the other hand, the magnetizations belonging to each sublattice are presented.

7 illus, 48 ref

013818   Ashok Kumar (Physics Dep, M.L.S.M. College, Darbhanga, Bihar) : Enhancing the bandwidth of microstrip antenna. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2011, 30(2), 213-16.

Microstrip Antenna have many advantages such as low profile, light weight, can be easily matched with microwave integrated circuits which leads to use this type of antennas in different applications, on the other side the great disadvantage of these antennas is the narrow bandwidth which is 2 to 5%. In this paper a single element circular microstrip antenna has been designed. Which has a narrow bandwidth and then a method of bandwidth enhancement has been designed. Which give the bandwidth of about 60MHz which is again much grater than that about 1.7% of a conventional circular microstrip antenna?

013817   Arora M;Saini P (Polymeric & Soft Materials Section, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, , New Delhi-110 012, Email: marora@nplindia.org) : Overall expanded uncertainty estimation in polaron concentration of p-toluene sulfonic acid doped polyaniline by EPR spectroscopy. Indian J pure appl Phys 2013, 51(11), 758-64.

Conjugated polymers like polyaniline (PANI) are peculiar in terms that a minor change in doping level leads to only a slight change in polaron concentration but orders of magnitude change in electrical conductivity. Therefore, precise and accurate determination of polaronic concentration is essential to predict the exact doping status which is not a straight forward task. Herein, we report use of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy technique for the quantitative estimation of polaron concentration in p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) doped PANI (PANI-PTSA) samples with evaluation of overall uncertainty in the results calculated as per GUM guidelines. EPR spectra of the samples and reference were recorded under identical temperature and relative humidity conditions and all kind of uncertainty sources i.e. Type A and Type B were identified and quantified. In particular, the random effects viz. sample preparation, instrument stability, reference material, calibration of balance, operator etc. are categorized under above uncertainty sources. DPPH standard used in these measurements has spin concentration 1.52718x10¹⁸ ± 0.075421624x10¹⁸ spins/g at 95% confidence level.

4 illus, 2 tables, 32 ref

013816   Aparajita;Hussain M;Singh A K;Nirupma Kumari; Priyadarshini S;Madan J (Physics Dep, B.R.A. Univ, Muzaffarpur, Bihar) : Photonic bands in periodically modulated dielectric. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2011, 30(2), 223-6.

Author studied about photonic bands in periodically modulated dielectric media. Predicted that metallophotonic wave guide networks where wave guides are joined together to form a network structure and realized the tight binding photonic bands through an unsuspected zero point localized photonic states. The network has been taken to be surrounded by a material into which light can not penetrate, so that the light is confined inside the network. It is shown that a Kogome network accommodates flat bands with unusually small group velocities. Other features problems include the detailed study of loss associated with metals for metallophotonic wave guide networks in an optical regime. It was found that material is a metal for sufficiently smaller frequency than the plasma frequency such as in micro wave regime. Networks of line defect wave guide in photonic crystals may be another possibility.

012852   Yang R K;Li L;Ma H H (School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian Univ, Xi'an, Shaanxi-710 071, China, Email: ruikeyang@mail.xidian.edu.cn) : Effects of backscattering enhancement considering multiple scattering in rain on MMW radar performance. Indian J Radio Space Phys 2013, 42(6), 404-10.

The theory of the second order backscattering enhancement in discrete random medium is discussed. The effects of rainfall on millimeter wave (MMW) radar performance are analysed based on Mie theory, Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and backscattering enhancement theory, at 35 and 95 GHz, respectively. The rain attenuation considering the raindrops multiple scattering is introduced into the estimation of the signal to clutter ratios (S/C) and the clutter to noise ratios (C/N) for MMW radar. The S/C and C/N are calculated by means of the backscattering enhancement, Mie theory and MC simulation method, respectively under the condition of rain environment. The results show that the S/C obtained by backscattering enhancement theory is smaller than the results by Mie and MC. The C/N by backscattering enhancement is greater than the results by other. The Mie and MC methods do not consider backscatter enhancement, underestimate the effect of raindrops scattering on radar performance. Hence, it is shown that the attenuation and backscattering enhancement induced by raindrops multiple scattering are necessarily taken into account for the performance estimation of MMW radar operating in heavy rainfall environment.

7 illus, 1 table, 33 ref

012851   Vijayakumar P C;Jeevan Kumar R;Fakruddin K; Narasimha Murthy G K;Rangappa S (NO, JNTU, Ananthpur, Andhra Pradesh) : Dilatometric study on N-(P-N-octyloxybenzylidene)-P-N-Hexyl and heptyl oxyanilines liquid crystalline compounds. J Innovative Res Solut 2013, 1(1), 109-16.

Thermodynamical parameters such as thermo acoustic and anharmonic parameters have been estimated from the density data in case of the compounds n-(p-n-octyloxybenzylidene)-p-n-hexyl and heptyl oxyanilines. the variation of density with temperature for the above compounds has also been studied by using dilatometer.. the density and thermal expansion coefficient results reveal that the phase transitions present in these compounds are of first order, using the thermal expansion coefficient, the temperature dependence of a number of thermodynamical parameters (coefficient of thermal expansion, coefficient of volume expansion, moelwyns-hughes parameter, isochoric temperature coefficient of internal pressure, sharma parameter, huggins parameter and isothermal microscopic grunessian parameter) of these compounds are estimated, these results reveal that all the parameters show a considerable change in the vicinity of the phase transformation,. finally, the results are compared with the available data.

3 illus, 1 table, 15 ref

012850   Thejo Kalyani N;Dhoble S J;Pode R B (Applied Physics Dep, Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur-440 010, Email: sjdhoble@rediffmail.com) : Enhancement of photoluminescence in various Eu_xRe_(1-x)TTA₃Phen (Re=Y, Tb) complexes molecularly doped in PMMA. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(7), 613-8.

Europium β-diketonate complexes Eu_xRe_(1-x (TTA)₃ Phen, (Re = Y/Tb, TTA: thenoyl trifluro acetone, Phen: 1-10 Phenanthroline; x = 0.5) have been molecularly doped in poly methyl methacrylate matrix to study the concentration effect on the optical properties such as optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra for four different amounts of weight % (10, 25, 50 and 60%). All these doped complexes show strong absorption peaks at 334 and 280 nm attributed to π-π* and π-π* transitions of β-diketonate ligand TTA respectively. The close absorptivity of all the complexes is due to the same tris chelated core TTA. Among the three complexes doped in PMMA matrix Eu_0.5 5Tb_0.5 5(TTA)₃Phen complex shows hyper chromic shift with enhancement in the luminescent intensity. Enhancement of red light emission have been observed with the increase in wt% of all pure and doped systems in the order of Eu(TTA)₃Phen, <60> Eu_0.5 Y_0.5 (TTA)_3- Phen <60> Eu_0.5 Tb_0.5 (TTA)₃ Phen. It has been observed that their PL intensity increases in the order of 10 <62> 25 <62> 50-60%. However the luminescence intensity of these blended films with 50 and 60% of rare earth complexes shows nearly equal value, indicating that the optimal doping concentration is about 50% under the chosen experimental conditions. Hence these complexes are best suitable in fabricating eco-friendly organic light-emitting devices and displays by solution techniques, which can be operated at very low voltage.

10 illus, 1 table, 32 ref

012849   Tawfik A (NO, Egyptian Center for Theoretical Physics (ECTP) MTI Univ, Cairo 11211, Egypt, Email: a.tawfik@eng.mti.edu.eg) : Event-by-event fluctuations of particle ratios in heavy-ion collisions. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(7), 641-6.

Studied the event-by-event dynamical fluctuations of some particle yield ratios at various incident energies. Authors have assumed that the particle production in the final state is due to chemical equilibrium processes and also compared the results from the hadron resonance gas (HRG) model with the available experimental data. At energies up to SPS, the HRG model can very well reproduce the experimentally measured fluctuations. To reproduce RHIC results, the quark phase space occupancy parameter is allowed to vary. Furthermore, we have made predictions for the dynamical fluctuations of strange and non-strange particle ratios. Author have found that the overall energy-dependence is non-mono-tonic as well as found that the fluctuations strongly depend on the various species of particle ratios.

2 illus, 28 ref

012848   Tahiri M;Masaif N;Jennane A (Laboratoire Rayonnement & Matiere-Equipe de Recherche Physique de la M, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, BP 577 Settat, Morocco, Email: tahizimo@yahoo.fr) : Defect structure analysis of Lithium Niobate single crystals and Lithium Tantalate ceramics with the next-nearest-neighbor interactions. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(7), 595-600.

In this work, authors have proposed a theoretical description of the defect structure in LiTaO₃ and LiNbO₃ on the basis of vacancy models combined with a ferroelectric phase transition theory. The calculated values by our approach, which takes into account the next-nearest neighbors interactions, are closer to the experimental data and improves the theoretical approach of Safaryan. A comparative study between the calculated and measured values of the Curie temperature shows that the lithium vacancy model is the best model that has been suggested for describing the defect structure in nonstoichiometric lithium niobate single crystals and lithium tantalate ceramics.

4 illus, 3 tables, 17 ref

012847   Suchiang D;Jeremiah J J;Jyrwa B M (Physics Dep, North Eastern Hill Univ, Shillong-793 022, meghalaya, Email: bjyrwa90@hotmail.com) : Measurement and evaluation of the excitation functions in (α, xn) reactions on tantalum from 20 to 80 MeV. Indian J pure appl Phys 2013, 51(10), 696-700.

The excitation function for (α,xn) reactions from 20 to 80 MeV on Tantalum have been calculated using TALYS-1.2 nuclear model code involving the fixed set of global parameters. Level density parameter is varied to get good agreement between the calculated and measured data with minimum effort on parameter fitting. This is of importance required for the validation of nuclear model approaches with increased predictive power. The alpha induced cross-sections provide clues to the problem of nuclear structure and offer the testing ground for ideas about nuclear forces. Accurate knowledge of cross-section in alpha induced reaction at energy levels where resonance occurs is crucial while designing nuclear reactors.

4 illus, 1 table, 24 ref

012846   Singh U;Sharma M K;Singal K;Narendra Kumar; Nitin Kumar;Anil Kumar;Sinha A K (NO, CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani-333 031, Email: uday.ceeri@gmail.com) : High voltage analysis of electron gun for low power and high power gyrotron. Indian J pure appl Phys 2013, 51(10), 728-35.

Presents the high voltage analysis of Magnetron Injection Gun for 42 GHz, 200 kW and 120 GHz 1 MW gyrotrons. The Finite Element Analysis code TRAK has been used for the analysis of high voltage breakdown. In the analysis, the potential and electric field are estimated only at the critical regions between two electrodes, where the chance of voltage breakdown is prominent.

15 illus, 11 ref

012845   Shiv Ranjan Kumar;Nikhil Kumar;Virendra Kumar;Shiv Prakash Kumar;Roy R J (Physics Dep, Govt. Polytechnic, Muzaffarpur, Bihar) : Photonic crystals waveguides for application in optical communication system. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2011, 30(1), 141-9.

Photonic band gap structures are periodic dielectric crystal that exhibit a photonic band gap analogous to the electric band gap present in semiconductor photon in the frequency range of the band gap are completely excluded so that atom within such material are unable to spontaneously absorb and re-emit light in this region. In this paper, the band gap properties of photonic crystal and their application in optical waveguide are considered application in communication system.

012844   Saha S;Manik N B (Condensed Matter Physics Research Center, Physics Dep, Jadavpur Univ, Kolkata-700 032, Email: nb_manik@yahoo.co.in) : Enhancement of efficiency of phenosafranin based organic photovoltaic devices using nano particles. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(7), 605-11.

In this work the effect of incorporation of TiO₂ and ZnO nano particles on Phenosafranin dye (PSF) based organic photovoltaic devices has been investigated. The photovoltaic effect for the cell prepared with PSF solution is quite poor. The current density (J_sc) obtained for this cell is 0.0389 μA/cm². For the cells prepared with PSF solution mixed with Ti0₂ and ZnO nano particles J_sc becomes 3.340 and 0.665 μA/cm² respectively. Nano particles play important roles in different ways. It acts as charge acceptor which assists the charge separation process. In addition to that it may reduce the series resistance of the cell which enhances the efficiency. The confinement of light energy due to multiple reflections by the nano particles has been also discussed. Due to the presence of these nano particles the incident light is scattered and the interaction time with the optical energy with the dye is enhanced causing the higher absorption of photon.

7 illus, 2 tables, 26 ref

012843   Rana N K;Prasad J N (Physics Dep, J.N. College, Dhurwa, Ranchi-834 004, Email: nand2005@gmail.com) : Effects of local relaxation on electronic structure of substitutional Mn atoms in (GaMn)As. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(7), 601-4.

Investigated the effects of local relaxation on the electronic structure of Mn atoms in (GaMn)As and the related properties of this dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS). The nearest neighbours of the substitutional Mn atom have been considered for relaxed and non-relaxed conditions, while the other atoms have been left unaffected by the Mn impurity. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), when doped with Mn atoms in a small concentration, becomes ferromagnetic retaining its semiconductor properties and it also acquires half metallic character. These characteristics of this DMS are vital for spintronic applications. Authors have implemented the scheme of pseudopotential method within the density functional formalism to calculate the electronic structure of (GaMn)As and computed the total density of states and partial density of states under the supercell scheme for unrelaxed and relaxed nearest neighbours of the substitutional Mn atom. Also discussed a more realistic approach to calculate the local magnetic moment in this kind of systems. At the end, we have discussed the relevance of the present research work in the spintronic applications.

3 illus, 1 table, 26 ref

012842   Rahimi H (Physics Dep, Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad Univ, Shabestar, Iran) : Band gap properties of one-dimensional aperiodically deterministic multilayer structure containing left-handed materials. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(7), 583-7.

By using the transfer-matrix method and effective medium theory, we have theoretically investigated band gap properties of one-dimensional aperiodically deterministic (quasiperiodic) structure composed of left-handed material and right-handed material layers. The proposed multilayer structure is ordered according to the Fibonacci sequence constituted of two blocks A and B. It is found that this structure possesses a new type of photonic band gap which is invariant with a change of thickness scale, and sensitive to the incident angle and wave polarization. It is also found that for TE (TM) polarization, moving away from normal incidence to oblique incidence shows that the width of the band gap increases (decreases). More interestingly, our numerical results show that for angles of incidence greater than 50° the band gap for TM mode is eliminated. Moreover, for incident angles less than 50° the structure works as a tunable band edge filter.

6 illus, 27 ref

012841   Paswan J K;Roy R N;Singh A K;Singh A K; Chaudhary N L (Physics Dep, B.R.A. Bihar Univ, Muzaffarpur, Bihar) : Phonon dispersion of an isolated linear chain of carbon atoms by density functional theory. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2011, 30(1), 151-5.

Studied phonon dispersion of an isolated linear chain of carbon atoms. Obtained from the analysis of oligomers that for any real conjugation length determined by the size of polygne chain. In finite chain with a given degree of conjugation are associated with a given bond length alternation. Bond length alternation modulated the effect of electron phonon coupling responsible of the softening of active carbon chains stretching mode. Results shed light on polygnic system indicating strong analogies with other carbon polyconjugated systems sharing the same Physics of the Kohn anomaly and have used density functional theory for this purpose.

012840   Pardeep Singh;Sharma Y;Mathur R P (Applied Sciences Dep, HITM Dheen, Ambala, Email: pardrana76@gmail.com) : Effect of surface tension on the Rayleigh Taylor's instability of two superposed viscous-viscoelastic fluids. Arya Bhatta J Math Inf 2012, 4(2), 279-86.

This paper deals with the effects of surface tension on the Rayleigh Taylor's instability of the interface separating two superposed viscous-viscoelastic fluids. With the application of normal mode technique, the linearized perturbation equations have been solved and the dispersion relation has been derived for several values of the physical parameters involved. The dispersion relation has been solved numerically and it is found that surface tension and kinematic viscosity have destabilizing effect while kinematic viscoelasticity have stabilizing effect.

3 illus, 16 ref

012839   Nikhil Kumar;Shiv Ranjan Kumar (Computer Science and Engg. Dep, Govt. Polytechnic, Muzaffarpur, Bihar) : Photonic crystal in optical computing. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2011, 30(1), 163-9.

In this Paper, Properties of non linear optical materials have been examined with a view to use them for integrated optical wiring due to presence of Quantum well envelope state transition (QWEST) effect in them. A method for creating an all optical computer with 5-10 ps logic gates and gigabytes memories have also been outlined.

012838   Narasimha Murthy G K;Agarwal S;Vijayakumar P C;Rangappa S;Fakruddin K (NO, VTU, Belgaum, Karnataka) : Phase transition studies on some liquid crystalline NO.OM compounds by thermal microscopy. J Innovative Res Solut 2013, 1(1), 117-23.

Liquid crystalline compounds Viz., N-(p-n-octyloxybenzylidene)-p-n propyloxy aniline (80.03) and N-(p-n-octyloxybenzylidene) -p-n butyloxy aniline (80.04) have been synthesized by standard procedure as discussed in the literature. The transition temperatures and optical textures exhibited by the above compounds are observed by using optical polarizing thermal microscope. The density at various temperatures is measured by using dilatometer. The thermal expansion coefficient and density jumps in the vicinity of liquid crystalline phases were estimated. The density results show that all the phase transformation is first order. The results are discussed with the body of the data available.

2 illus, 14 ref

012837   Mahto D;Kanak Kumari;Sah R K;Ved Prakash (Physics Dep, Marwari College, Bhagalpur) : Schwarzschild radius with reference to the spinning black holes. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2011, 30(1), 157-62.

In this research paper, author converted the radius of the event horizon of spinning black holes represented by the equation R'_s = GM/c² in terms of an another standard parameter known as Chandrashekhar limit(Mch), which is the largest unit of mass, where G = Gravitational constant, M=Mass of the spinning Black hole, c = velocity of light. This work is further extended to derive an expression relating the energy of black holes and the radius of the event horizon of spinning black holes (R's) including a constant term designated by Black hole constant(KBHs) for the spinning black holes (Kerr Black holes) and also calculated the value of Black hole constant for spinning black hole (KBHs).

012836   Mahmoud M A;Gamal Y E E (Physics Dep, Faculty of Science, Sohag Univ, Sohag 82524, Egypt, Email: hameideg@yahoo.com) : Kinetics of plasma formation in sodium vapor excited by nanosecond resonant laser pulses. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(7), 659-66.

Studied theoretically formation of molecular ion Na₂⁺ and the atomic ion Na⁺ which are created in laser excited sodium vapor at the first resonance transition, 3S_1/2-3P_1/2. A set of rate equations, which describe the temporal variation of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF), the electron density, the population density of the excited states as well as the atomic Na⁺ and molecular ion Na⁺₂+, are solved numerically. The calculations are carried out at different laser energy and different sodium atomic vapor densities. The numerical calculations of the EEDF show that a deviation from the Maxwellian distribution due to the superelastic collisions effect. In addition to the competition between associative ionization (3P-3P), associative ionization (3P-3D) and Molnar-Hornbeck ionization processes for producing Na⁺₂, the calculations have also shown that the atomic ions Na⁺ are formed through the Penning ionization and photo-ionization processes. These results are found to be consistent with the experimental observations.

6 illus, 1 table, 28 ref

012835   Maaider K;Jennane A;Khalil A;Masaif N (Laboratoire Rayonnement & Matiere-Equipe de Recherche Physique de la, Hassan ler Univ, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques, BP 577, Settat, Morocco, Email: maaider@gmail.com) : New analytical description in C<. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(7), 575-82.

Defect structure models for C-doped non-stoichiometric lithium niobate and lithium tantalate were generally based on the defect model proposed for undoped crystals i.e. Li-site vacancy or Nb-site vacancy descriptions. The atomic radius of C is r_c = 135 pm. This work is an extension of the Safaryan theory. A new analytical description has been proposed. It is based on the vibrations of crystal planes. The substitution mechanism of the doped compositions C in LiBO₃ crystal is discussed. The mechanism of phase transition due to thermal expansion of crystal is also described.

5 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

012834   Liyanaarachchi U S;Fernando C A N (Nano-Technology Research Laboratory, Electronics Dep, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Wayamba Sri Lanka Univ, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka, Email: nandanaf@phy.ruh.ac.lk) : Photoelectrochemical characteristics of CuO free p-Cu₂O thin films prepared by easy fabrication method. Invertis J renewable Energy 2013, 3(4), 206-11.

p-type Cu₂O nano-surfaces were obtained by heating well cleaned CM plates (98.9% purity) up to 500°C for 30 min by maintaining a slow heating rate (50C°/min) and allowed to cool to room temperature. Sample was characterized with XRD, AFM, FTIR and Diffuse reflectance measurements. Calculated band gap of p-Cu₂)O was found to be 1.99eV. Diffraction peaks correspond to (200), (220) and (311) planes of p-Cu₂O were clearly observed. It was found that the photoelectrodes were highly stable at semiconductor electrolyte interface in the presence of (10^-2 M) Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ (10^-4) redox couple, at zero dark current. Formation of CuO free p-Cu₂O films were found with preparation method describe from this study.

9 illus, 1 table, 9 ref

012833   Liu Z Y;Du H C;Sun S H;Li L;Ma L L;Hu B T (NO, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou Univ, Lanzhou-730 000, Gansu, China, Email: liuzy04@gmail.com) : Dynamics of coulomb explosion of Xe clusters in an ultrafast high-intensity laser field. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(7), 647-52.

Under the classical particle-dynamics simulation, Coulomb explosion of small Xe clusters in an intense femtosecond laser field and energies of the generated particles are studied. Our results show that the average kinetic energy of the generated ions increases with the cluster size. The dependence of the average kinetic energy of the product ions on the number of atoms inside Xe clusters and the change of average ions charge states from different shells of Xe₅₆₁ within the interactional time are studied. The oscillation of the mass center of electrons along the direction of the laser electric field is calculated and the time evolutions of the total potential energy and the total kinetic energy of all the product particles are presented here. The total kinetic energy of Xe ions and free electrons are also calculated as functions of the interactional time.

8 illus, 33 ref

012832   Kumar R;Kamil M G M;Prasad S S;Gayathri G S; Shabeer T K (Physics Dep, The New College, Chennai-600 014, Email: tkshabeer.chemistry@gmail.com) : Ultrasonic and viscometric study of molecular interactions of antibiotic doxycycline hycalte. Indian J pure appl Phys 2013, 51(10), 701-7.

Dilute solution viscometric (DSV) and ultrasonic techniques are employed to investigate the aqueous solutions of antibiotic doxycycline hyclate for different molar concentrations around the physiological temperatures. The viscometric Huggin's plots and interaction parameter identify the existence of dimerization of doxycycline at 303.15 K and the dominance of solute-solvent interaction at higher temperatures. The ultrasonic velocity and the thermo acoustic parameters confirm the results obtained by DSV. For further confirmation of dimerization, the stacking parameter (Δ) was obtained through the Hemme's isodesmic model. The values of Δ claim the dimerization of doxycycline at ambient temperature and dissociation among the antibiotic molecules at 308.15 and 313.15 K. The ultrasonic velocity derivative limiting slope (A) claims solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions at ambient and elevated temperatures, respectively. The stacking constant (K) decreases with increase of temperature. The structure change of solvent is discussed.

6 illus, 5 tables, 23 ref

012831   Kumar R;Choudhary R K;Rangra V S (Physics Dep, Govt P G College, Una-174 303, Email: raman.sharma56@ymail.com) : Dielectric relaxation studies of binary mixtures of tetrahydrofuran and N,N-dimethylformamide in benzene solutions using microwave absorption data. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(7), 635-40.

Dielectric relaxation times (τ) and dipole moments (μ) of the binary mixtures of different molar concentrations of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in benzene solution have been calculated by using standard standing wave microwave techniques and Gopala Krishna's single frequency(9.90 GHz) concentration variational method at different temperatures (25, 30, 35, and 40 °C). The energy parameters (ΔH_ε, ΔF_ε, ΔS_ε) for the dielectric relaxation process of THF + DMF binary mixture containing 50 mol% THF have been calculated at different temperatures (25, 30, 35, and 40 °C) and comparison has been made with the corresponding energy parameters (ΔH_ηΔF_{<10 4>}, ΔS_η for viscous flow process. It is found that dielectric relaxation process can be treated as rate process just like the viscous flow process. On the basis of above studies, solute-solute and solute-solvent types of molecular associations have been predicted.

3 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

012830   Khordad R (Physics Dep, College of Sciences, Yasouj Univ, Yasouj 75914-353, Iran, Email: khordad@mail.yu.ac.ir) : Pressure effect on the threshold frequency of absorption in a quantum pseudodot. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(7), 653-7.

In the present work, we have studied the effects of hydrostatic pressure and applied magnetic field on the threshold frequency of absorption (TFA) in a quantum pseudodot. For this purpose, we have analytically solved the Schrodinger equation and obtained the energy levels and wave functions. Then, using ground state energy, and calculated the TFA for different range of pressures and various applied magnetic fields. According to the results obtained from the present work, and found that: (i) TFA decreases by increasing pressure, (ii) TFA is linear at small pressures (P ≤ 15 kbar), (iii) TFA increases with increasing the applied magnetic field, and (iv) TFA is nonlinear at small magnetic field. It is deduced that both the magnetic and pressure play the important roles in TFA of a quantum pseudodot.

3 illus, 38 ref

012829   Jat R N;Saxena V;Rajotia D (Mathematics Dep, Rajasthan Univ, Jaipur, Email: jat.rn_jp20@yahoo.com) : MHD flow and heat transfer near the stagnation point of a micropolar fluid over a stretching surface with heat generation/absorption. Indian J pure appl Phys 2013, 51(10), 683-9.

The steady laminar two dimensional stagnation point flow of an incompressible electrically conducting micropolar fluid impinging on a permeable stretching surface with heat generation or absorption in the presence of transverse magnetic field has been studied. The viscous dissipation effect is taken into account. By taking suitable similarity variables, the governing system of partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations, which are then solved numerically. The effects of various parameters such as the magnetic parameter, the surface stretching parameter, heat generation/absorption coefficient, material parameter, Eckert number and Prandtl number on the flow and heat transfer are presented and discussed graphically.

9 illus, 3 tables, 39 ref

012828   Hemachandra K;Fernando C (Nano-technology Research Laboratory, Electronics Dep, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Wayamba Sri Lanka Univ, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka, Email: nandanaf@phy.ruh.ac.lk) : Solid state photovoltaic cell made from n-Cu₂O thin films and activated carbon upper electrode. Invertis J renewable Energy 2013, 3(4), 230-5.

For the first time a thin film solar cell was prepared by using n-type Cu₂O layers and coconut shell activated carbon. A simple method was used to prepare the Cu2O layers by boiling the copper plates in a CuSO₄ (10^-3 M) Solution [1]. The band gap of n-Cu₂O was ≈ 1.9eV. The coconut shell charcoal was activated by the steam method and it sewed as an upper electrode of this particular photoelectrode. In this paper the, diffuse reflectance spectra, photocurrent action spectra, V-I characteristics and stability curves were used to discuss the characteristics of solid state thin film solar cell. The power efficiency was largely influenced by the surface area of the coconut shell activated carbon (CAC). The maximum power efficiency of 2.5% was observed when the surface area of the CAC powder was 1157.2 m²/g as the upper electrode with the thin film solar cell.

6 illus, 2 tables, 17 ref

012827   Gowrishankar S;Kirshnamoorthi K (Electrical and Electronics Dep, Sona College of Technology, Salem-5, Email: appvaithyannam@gmail.com) : Speed control of induction motor using PI and fuzzy controller. J Innovative Res Solut 2013, 1A(2), 50-7.

In this paper we have used the direct torque control principles for speed control. In conventional DTC method some disadvantages like high torque ripples and high stator flux. To overcome the drawback, the proposed technique is implemented. The proposed technique is composed of the DTC with PI and fuzzy logic controller. This paper presents a speed control of three phase induction motor by using the proposed technique. The speed control is achieved by controlling the flux and torque. This controlling method is based on DTC operating principles. In this controlling technique PI is regulating the speed of induction motor and the FLC is used to reduce the torque ripples and stator flux.

16 illus, 5 tables, 12 ref

012826   Ghosh S S;Lonakar G S;Mahajan M S;Sali J V; Jadkar S (Organic Photovoltaics Laboratory, Physics Dep, North Maharashtra Univ, Jalgaon-425 001, Email: ssghosh@nmu.ac.in) : Effect of thermal annealing on P3HT:PCBM blend films. Invertis J renewable Energy 2013, 3(4), 183-5.

Presents the results of the study on thermal annealing of polymer P3HT and fullerene derivative PCBM blend films. The blend films have been characterized by UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, Optical microscopy and Small angle X-ray diffraction technique. Authors show that due to the low glass transition temperature of P3HT, the PCBM molecules diffuses to form aggregates the size of which increases with increase in annealing temperature. In addition the crystallinity of P3HTphase also increases.

3 illus, 10 ref

012825   Fen Y W;Yunus W M M;Talib Z A (Physics Dep, Faculty of Science, Putra Malaysia Univ, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, Email: yapwingfen@gmail.com) : Real-time monitoring of lead ion interaction on gold/chitosan surface using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Indian J Phys 2012, 86(7), 619-23.

Real-time monitoring of lead ion interaction on gold/chitosan surface has been explored using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy to study the kinetics of lead ion adsorption. The gold/chitosan surface has been prepared by spin coating of 0.55 ml chitosan solution at 6,000 rev/min for 30 s on a thin gold film. The shift of resonance angle has been found to increase exponentially with time for all the concentration of lead ion in the range of 0.5-100 ppm; and reach to a saturation value. At low concentration (5 ppm and below), the kinetic reaction was complete and reached to saturation value in about 2 min, while a more complex kinetic profile has been observed and complete at approximately 8 min for higher concentration (more than 5 ppm). The saturation value for the shift of resonance angle is directly proportional to the lead ion concentration. The sensitivity of lead ion detection for this SPR-gold/chitosan is as 0.00483 and 0.00675 ppm^-1, for 0-100 ppm and 0-10 ppm, respectively.

6 illus, 1 table, 27 ref

012824   Durrani I R (NO, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Gujrat Univ, Pakistan) : Mona Lisa- ineffable smile of quantum mechanics. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2011, 30(1), 127-39.

Portrait of Mona Lisa is scrutinized with reference to quantum mechanics. The elements of different expressions are first recognized on her face. The contradictory details are then classified in two pictures that, undoubtedly representing distinct moods, confirm the dichotomous character of the original. Consecutive discussion has led to the conclusion that the mysterious state Mona Lisa is in actually is a coherent mixture-superposition of cheerfulness and sadness. The state of the physical system is among the most important concepts of quantum mechanics. Being a primitive concept of the theory, it is usually left undefined. However, by 'state' we mean a list of some relevant characteristics of the system in question. More or less exact information about the quantities pertaining to the system are on this list, telling us how it is prepared. For operational reasons, the state of the quantum mechanical system is represented by some vector of the Hilbert space. Precisely, rays represent states, while quantities are represented by the Hermitian operators acting in this Hilbert space of states.

012823   Durrani I R (NO, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Gujrat Univ, Pakistan) : How to create a universe?. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2011, 30(1), 51-63.

Purpose of this chapter is to expound the specification of a universe, according to those parts of mathematical physics which have been experimentally and observationally verified in our own universe; and to expound the possible means of creating a universe in the laboratory.

012822   Durrani I R (NO, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Gujrat Univ, Pakistan) : Role of the two postulates of special relativity. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2011, 30(1), 41-50.

Students are often mystified by the reasoning that leads from the postulates of special relativity to the requirement of covariance. This is partly due to the lack of transparency resulting from the failure to separate clearly the roles played by the postulates of the constancy of the speed of light and of relativity. Their roles are elucidated here by mainly geometric means. Finally some standard derivations found in textbooks are analyzed in order to sort out the basic physical ingredients.

012821   Durrani I R (NO, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Gujrat Univ, Pakistan) : Gravitation and electromagnetism. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2011, 30(1), 13-20.

Maxwell's equations comprise both electromagnetic and gravitational fields. The transverse part of the vector potential belongs to magnetism, the longitudinal one is concerned with gravitation. The Coulomb gauge indicates that longitudinal components of the fields propagate instantaneously. The deltafunction singularity of the field of the divergence of the vector potential, referred to as the dilatation centre, represents an elementary agent of gravitation. Viewing a particle as a source or a scattering centre of the point dilatation, Newton's gravitation law can be reproduced.

012820   Durrani I R (NO, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Gujrat Univ, Pakistan) : Derivation of the Lorentz force from Maxwell's equations. Bull pure appl Sci-Sect D 2011, 30(1), 7-11.

Lorentz force can be obtained from Maxwell's equations in the Coulomb gauge provided that it is assumed that the electric portion of the force acting on a change is known, and the magnetic component is perpendicular to the velocity of motion of the charged particle.