012565   Kalra K;Goel A;Singh S;Sushil Kumar;Jain A K (Physics Dep, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity Univ, Noida-201 303, Email: kawal1211@gmail.com) : Systematic of signature inversion in (h11/2)_p ⊗ (i13/2)_n for odd-odd nuclei in rare-earth nuclei. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(1), 87-99.

Systematic features of the signature inversion phenomenon in (h_11/2)_p ⊗ (i_13/2n in doubly-odd rare-earth nuclei are presented. These features are generally observed in high-j orbitals, mainly, in (h_9/2), (h_11/2) and (i_13/2)- Calculations are carried out within the framework of the two quasiparticle plus rotor model (TQPRM) to explain strong odd-even staggering and signature inversion observed in these high-j orbitals. The shifting of point of inversion to lower/higher spin with the increase in neutron/proton numbers is well explained by the calculations. It is found that 1/2[541] proton orbital of h_9/2 is necessary in the lower mass region to obtain the point of inversion.

5 illus, 2 tables, 28 ref

012564   Hazarika S;Paul N;Mohanta D (Physics Dep, Tezpur Univ, Tezpur-784 028, Email: best@tezu.ernet.in) : Rapid hydrothermal route to synthesize cubic-phase gadolinium oxide nanorods. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(4), 789-96.

An inexpensive fabrication route and growth mechanism is being reported for obtaining quality gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃) nanoscale rods. The elongated nanoscale systems, as produced via a hydrothermal process, were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), optical absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and magnetic hysteresis measurements. XRD patterns of the nanorods, as-prepared from independent precursors of different pH, depict a cubic crystal phase and an average crystallite size of 5-6.5 nm. As revealed from HRTEM micrographs, diameter of the nanorods prepared at pH = 13.3 (<126>7 nm) was much smaller than the rods prepared at pH = 10.8 (<126> 19 nm). However, the aspect ratio was more than double in the former case than the latter case. PL response was found to be dominated by defect mediated emissions, whereas Raman spectrum of a given specimen (pH = 10.8) has revealed characteristic F_g+A_g modes of cubic phase of Gd₂O₃ nanorods, apart from other independent modes. Furthermore, M-H plot of the nanorod system (pH = 10.8) exhibited slight departure from the ideal superparamagnetic behaviour, with low remanence and coercive field values. The exploitation of one-dimensional Gd₂O₃ nanorods have immense potential in the production of advanced contrast agents, smart drives and also in making novel ferrofluids of technological relevance.

8 illus, 1 table, 39 ref

012563   Hazarika B J;Choudhury D K (NO, Centre for Theoretical Studies Pandu College, Guwahati 781 012, Email: bh53033@gmail.com) : From factors and charge radii in a quantum chromodynamics-inspired potential model using variationally improved perturbation theory. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(1), 69-85.

Use variationally improved perturbation theory (VIPT) for calculating the elastic form factors and charge radii of D, D_s, B, B_s and B_c mesons in a quantum chromodynamics (QCD)-inspired potential model. For that, we use linear-cum-Coulombic potential and opt the Coulombic part first as parent and then the linear part as parent. The results show that charge radii and form factors are quite small for the Coulombic parent compared to the linear parent. Also, the analysis leads to a lower as well as upper bounds on the four-momentum transfer Q^{2, hinting at a workable range of Q2 within this approach, which may be useful in future experimental analyses. Comparison of both the options shows that the linear parent is the better option.}

2 illus, 6 tables, 27 ref

012562   Gopal Krishan;Rawan Kumar;Rani Devi;Khosa S K (Physics and Electronics Dep, Jammu Univ, Jammu 180 006, Email: rani_rakwal@yahoo.co.in) : Study of neutron rich Mo isotopes by the projected shell model approach. Pramana J Phys 2014, 83(3), 341-63.

The projected shell model (PSM) calculations have been performed for the neutron-rich even-even ^{102-110Mo and odd-even 103-109Mo isotopes. The present calculation reproduces the available experimental data on the yrast bands. In case of even-even nuclei, the structure of yrast bands is analysed and electromagnetic quantities are compared with the available experimental data. The g-factors have been predicted for high spin states. For the odd-neutron nuclei, the structures of yrast positive- and negative-parity bands are analysed and found to be in reasonable agreement with the experiments for 103-107Mo. The disagreement of the calculated and observed plots for energy staggering quantity clearly establishes the occurrence of sizable triaxiality in 103,105Mo and also predicts a decrease in the quantum of triaxiality with increasing neutron number and angular momentum for odd mass neutron-rich Mo isotopes.}

13 illus, 2 tables, 59 ref

012561   Eslami M;Mirzazadeh M A;Neirameh A (Mathematics Dep, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran, Email: mostafa.eslami@umz.ac.ir) : New exact wave solutions for Hirota equation. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(1), 3-8.

In this paper, author construct the topological or dark solitons of Hirota equation by using the first integral method. This approach provides first integrals in polynomial form with a high accuracy for two-dimensional plane autonomous systems. Exact soliton solution is constructed through the established first integrals. This method is a powerful tool for searching exact travelling solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs) in mathematical physics.

20 ref

012560   El Amiri A;Lassri H;Abid M;Hlil E K (Laboratoire de Physique Fondamentale et Appliquee (LPFA), Faculte des Sciences Ain Chock, Universite Hassan II, B.P. 5366 Maarif, Casablanca, Morroco, Email: aelamiri@casablanca.ma) : Study of cu-doping effects on magnetic properties of Fe-doped ZnO by first principle calculations. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(4), 805-8.

Using ab initio calculations on Zn_0.975-x Fe_0.025Cu_xO (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05), we study the variations of magnetic moments vs Cu concentration. The electronic structure is calculated by using the Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) method combined with coherent potential approximation (CPA). We show that the total magnetic moment and magnetic moment of Fe increase on increasing Cu content. From the density of state (DOS) analysis, we show that Cu-induced impurity bands can assure, by two mechanisms, the enhancement of Fe magnetic moment in Zn_0.975-xFe_0.025Cu_xO.

3 illus, 2 tables, 29 ref

012559   Deshpande K S (NO, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pashan, Pune 411 021, Email: k.deshpande@alumni.iiserpune.ac.in) : Action at a distance electrodynamics in quasi steady state cosmology. Pramana J Phys 2014, 83(3), 449-56.

Action-at-a-distance electrodynamics - alternative approach to field theory - can be extended to cosmological models using conformal symmetry. An advantage of this is that, the origin of arrow of time in electromagnetism can be attributed to the cosmological structure. Different cosmological models can be investigated, based on Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory, and only those models can be considered viable for our Universe which have net full retarded electromagnetic interactions, i.e., forward direction of time. This work evaluates the quasi-steady-state model and demonstrates that it admits full retarded and not advanced solution. Thus, quasi-steady-state cosmology (QSSC) satisfies this necessary condition for a correct cosmological model, based on action-at-a-distance formulation.

1 illus, 17 ref

012558   Carmel Vigila Bai G M;Umai Parvathiy J (Physics Dep, Rani Anna Government College for Women, Tirunelveli-627 008, Email: umainuclear@gmail.com) : Alpha decay properties of heavy and superheavy elements. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(1), 113-16.

Analysing accurately the lifetimes of α-decay chains is an important tool to detect and study the properties of superheavy nuclei. ^{48Ca is used in the synthesis of superheavy nuclei Z = 106- 118 at Dubna. The experimental work of 48Ca projectiles at Dubna has given an opportunity to study the superheavy element (SHE). Here, the α-decay properties for Z = 106-118 are evaluated using our CYE model and are compared with the available experimental and theoretical values.}

1 illus, 1 table, 13 ref

012557   Biswas S;Khan M H;Pal S (Physics Dep, Kalyani Univ, Nadia-741 235, Email: sudipta.pal@rediffmail.com) : Magnetization reversal and ferrimagnetism in Pr_1-xNd_xMnO₃. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(4), 809-13.

Detailed magnetic properties of Pr_1-xNd_xMnO₃ (x = 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7) have been reported. All the samples crystallize in orthorhombic perovskite structure with Pnma space group. Magnetization measurements under field cooled (FC) protocal reveal magnetization reversal at low temperatures and low magnetic field. This indicates clear evidence of two magnetic sublattices aligned opposite to each other. There is a well-defined maximum around 48 K in the x = 0.7 sample (i.e. Pr_0.3Nd_0.7MnO₃) in the χ' value which is identified as paramagnetic to ferrimagnetic transition. The peak value shifts to higher temperature with decrease of x and width of the maximum broadened. It is also observable that with decrease of Nd, both the value of χ' and χ' decrease. An attempt is made to explain the magnetization reversal within the framework of available models.

5 illus, 2 tables, 16 ref

012556   Bashkirov E K;Mastyugin M S (General and Theoretical Physics Dep, Samara State Univ, 1 Academician Pavlov St. Samara 443011, Russia, Email: bash@samsu.ru) : The influence of atomic coherence and dipole-dipole interaction on entanglement of two qubits with nondegenerate two photan transitions. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(1), 127-35.

Considering two artificial identical atoms interacting with two-mode thermal field through non-degenerate two-photon transitions, this paper studies the influence of atomic coherence and dipole-dipole interaction on the entanglement of two qubits. It is found that the entanglement is greatly enhanced by these mechanisms.

5 illus, 17 ref

012555   Badescu A M;Saftoiu A (NO, Politehnica of Bucharest Univ, Splaiul Independentei 313, Sector 6, Bucharest-060 042, Email: alinabadescu@radio.pub.ro) : The effect of naturally occurring impurities in rock salt. Pramana J Phys 2014, 83(3), 435-47.

In this paper author investigate the effect that naturally occurring impurities in salt mines have both on effective permittivity of the medium and on radio wave propagation at - 200 MHz. The effective permittivity is determined based on the dielectric properties of salt and the characteristics of the main impurities. Authors conclude that at such frequencies the scattering is negligible compared to absorptions. The effect of trapped water in different forms is also evaluated.

6 illus, 30 ref

012554   Ansari S P;Agrawal S K;Das S (Mathemetical Sciences Dep, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi-221 005, Email: subir_das08@hotmail.com) : Stability analysis of fractional order generalized chaotic susceptible infected recovered epidemic model and its synchromization using active control method. Pramana J Phys 2015, 84(1), 23-32.

This paper presents the synchronization between a pair of identical susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) epidemic chaotic systems and fractional-order time derivative using active control method. The fractional derivative is described in Caputo sense. Numerical simulation results show that the method is effective and reliable for synchronizing the fractional-order chaotic systems while it allows the system to remain in chaotic state. The striking features of this paper are: the successful presentation of the stability of the equilibrium state and the revelation that time for synchronization varies with the variation in fractional-order derivatives close to the standard one for different specified values of the parameters of the system.

3 illus, 25 ref

012553   Amin K R;Bid A (Physics Dep, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560 012, Email: kazi@physics.iisc.ernet.in ) : Graphene as a sensor. Curr Sci 2014, 107(3), 430-6.

Graphene has emerged as one of the strongest candidates for post-silicon technologies. One of the most important applications of graphene in the foreseeable future is sensing of particles of gas molecules, bio-molecules or different chemicals or sensing of radiation of particles like alpha, gamma or cosmic particles. Several unique properties of graphene such as its extremely small thickness, very low mass, large surface to volume ratio, very high absorption coefficient, high mobility of charge carriers, high mechanical strength and high Young's modulus make it exceptionally suitable for making sensors. In this article we review the state-of-the-art in the application of graphene as a material and radiation detector, focusing on the current experimental status, challenges and the excitement ahead.

6 illus, 2 tables, 61 ref

012552   Alam M D N;Akbar M A;Hoque M F (Mathematics Dep, Pabna Science and Technology Univ, Pabna, Bangladesh, Email: nuralam.pstu23@gmail.com) : Exact travelling wave solutions of the (3+1) dimensional mKdV-ZK equation and the (1+1) dimensional compound kdvb equation using the new approach of generalized (G'/G) expansion method. Pramana J Phys 2014, 83(3), 317-29.

In this paper, the new generalized (G'/G)-expansion method is executed to find the travelling wave solutions of the (3+l)-dimensional mKdV-ZK equation and the (l+l)-dimensional compound KdVB equation. The efficiency of this method for finding exact and travelling wave solutions has been demonstrated. It is shown that the new approach of generalized (G'/G)-expansion method is a straightforward and effective mathematical tool for solving nonlinear evolution equations in applied mathematics, mathematical physics and engineering. Moreover, this procedure reduces the large volume of calculations.

6 illus, 30 ref

012551   Aggarwal G;Mishra P;Joshi B;Islam S S (Applied Science and Humanities Dep, Nano Sensor Research Laboratory, F/O of Engineering and Technology, Ja, New Delhi-110 025, Email: saful5996@gmail.com) : Thermal carbonization of nanoporous silicon: Formation of carbon nanofibres without a metal catalyst. Pramana J Phys 2014, 83(3), 427-34.

An interesting phenomenon is observed while carrying out thermal carbonization of porous silicon (PS) with an aim to arrest the natural surface degradation, and it is a burning issue for PS-based device applications. A tubular carbon structure has been observed on the PS surface. Raman, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electron microscope studies, revealed that the tubular structure is nothing but amorphous carbon nanofibres sprouted within the pores in the absence of a metal catalyst, for which a suitable explanation is proposed.

8 illus, 20 ref

011486   Yegeubayeva S S;Bayeshov A B;Bayeshova A K; Zhurinov M Z (NO, JSC D. V. Sokolskii Institute of Organic Catalysis & Electrochemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan, Email: salamat.egeubaeva@mail.ru) : Electrochemical transformation of thermal energy of the sun and geothermal waters to the electric energy. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(2), 456-62.

In the present work the dependences of oxiditive-reducing potential from concentration of ions of iron, from temperature for the first time are established. It is shown, that in the presence of a difference of temperatures between electrode spaces, applying graphite electrodes, it is possible to create conditions for formation of the EMF. It is found, that the increase of concentration ions of iron (III) and concentration of sulfuric acid and temperature in thermostated space of electrolyzer led to increase of EMF and SCC in an electrochemical chain.

4 illus, 3 tables, 6 ref

011485   Venugopal Rao S (Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), Hyderabad Univ, Gachibowli, Hyderabad-500 046, Email: svrsp@uohyd.ernet.in) : Interaction of ultrashort pulses with molecules and solids: physics and applications. Pramana J Phys 2014, 83(2), 241-53.

The interaction of ultrashort laser pulses with molecules and solids is an extremely complex area of science research encompassing the fields of physics, chemistry, and materials science. The physics of interaction has been fairly understood over the last couple of decades and, consequently, several applications have been envisaged from these interactions in the fields of photonics, lithography, biomedicine, sensing, telecommunications etc. In the present article we describe three different components of interaction of ultrashort pulses with matter: (1) with liquid molecules/thin films wherein we present the results from our studies of optical nonlinearities predominantly using picosecond and femtosecond pulses, (2) with molecules/solids wherein plasma generated from the surface was studied for applications in understanding the molecular dynamics and towards identifying high-energy molecules and (3) within the bulk and on the surface of solids (e.g. glasses, bulk polymers and metals) resulting in micro- and nanostructures. Different applications resulting from such interactions in photonics and microfluidics are presented and discussed.

6 illus, 61 ref

011484   Suresh Kumar (Physics and Astrophysics Dep, Delhi Univ, Delhi-110 007, Email: skumar@physics.du.ac.in) : Evidences for magicity in superdeformed shapes. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 931-41.

Many empirical evidences that point to the existence of preferred magic nucleon numbers for superdeformed (SD) shapes are presented in this paper. author use a simple premise based on the 4-parameter formula fitted using observed γ-rays of SD bands. In particular, plots of γ-ray energy ratios, nuclear softness parameter values and the number of SD bands for given N and Z are used to pinpoint the magicity (N, Z numbers) that are most favoured as the SD magic numbers. This analysis also leads to several new predictions on the occurrence of SD bands specially in neutron-rich nuclei.

10 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

011483   Suraiya A;Mishra L K (Physics Dep, Magadh Univ, Bodh Gaya-824 234, Email: muphysicslkm@gmail.com) : Evaluation of critical frequency of vortex in bose-einstein condensates as a function of number of atoms N. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(2), 618-24.

In this paper, we have presented a method of evaluation of critical frequent Ω_c of vortex whose circulation number K = 1 confined in a spherical trap with N atoms of ^{87Rb. We have taken the values of a_ho= 0.791 μm. The theoretically evaluated results indicate that Ω_c decreases with N and decrease is more pronounced as one goes to higher N. The theoretical results are consistent with those of the others theoretical workers.}

2 tables, 26 ref

011482   Soloman Raju T;Nagaraja Kumar C;Panigrahi P K (Physics Dep, Karunya Univ, Coimbatore-641 114, Email: cnkumar@pu.ac.in ) : Compacton-like solutions for modified KdV and nonlinear schrodinger equation with external sources. Pramana J Phys 2014, 83(2), 273-7.

Presents new types of compacton-like solutions for modified KdV and nonlinear Schrodinger equation with external sources, using a recently developed fractional transformation. In particular, we explicate these novel compactons for the trigonometric case, and compare their properties with those of the compactons and solitons in the case of modified KdV equation. Keeping in mind the significance of nonlinear Schrodinger equation with external source, for pulse propagation through asymmetric twin-core fibres, we hope that the newly found compacton may be launched in a long-haul telecommunication network utilizing asymmetric twin-core fibres.

18 ref

011481   Sirsi S;Adiga V;Hegde S (Yuvaraja's College, Mysore Univ, Mysore-570 005, Email: vadiga11@gmail.com) : Entangling capabilities of symmetric two-qubit gates. Pramana J Phys 2014, 83(2), 279-87.

The work addresses the problem of generating maximally entangled two spin-1/2 (qubit) symmetric states using NMR, NQR, Lipkin-Meshkov-Glick Hamiltonians. Time evolution of such Hamiltonians provides various logic gates which can be used for quantum processing tasks. Pairs of spin-1/2s have modelled a wide range of problems in physics. Here, we are interested in two spin-1/2 symmetric states which belong to a subspace spanned by the angular momentum basis {j = 1, μ); μ = +1,0, -1}. The technique relies on the decomposition of a Hamiltonian in terms of SU(3) basis matrices. In this context, we define a set of linearly independent, traceless, Hermitian operators which provides an alternate set of SU(n) generators. These matrices are constructed out of angular momentum operators J_x, J_y, 3_z. We construct and study the properties of perfect entan-glers acting on a symmetric subspace, i.e., spin-1 operators that can generate maximally entangled states from some suitably chosen initial separable states in terms of their entangling power.

18 ref

011480   Shastry C S;Mahadevan S;Aditya K (Sciences Dep, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore-641 112, Email: cs.shastry23@gmail.com) : Unified approach to alpha decay calculations. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 867-78.

With the discovery of a large number of superheavy nuclei undergoing decay through a emissions, there has been a revival of interest in a decay in recent years. In the theoretical study of a decay the α-nucleus potential, which is the basic input in the study of a-nucleus systems, is also being studied using advanced theoretical methods. In the light of these, the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation method often used for the study of a decay is critically examined and its limitations are pointed out. At a given energy, the WKB expression uses barrier penetration formula for the determination of the transmission coefficient. This approach utilizes the α-nucleus potential only at the barrier region and ignores it elsewhere. In the present era, when one has more precise experimental information on decay parameters and better understanding of α-nucleus potential, it is desirable to use a more precise method for the calculation of decay parameters. We describe the analytic S-matrix (SM) method which gives a procedure for the calculation of decay energy and mean life in an integrated way by evaluating the resonance pole of the S-matrix in the complex momentum or energy plane. We make an illustrative comparative study of WKB and S-matrix methods for the determination of decay parameters in a number of superheavy nuclei.

4 illus, 22 ref

011479   Sharma M K;Gurvinder Kaur (School of Physics and Materials Science, Thapar Univ, Patiala-147 004, Email: msharma@thapar.edu) : Dynamics of light, intermediate, heavy and superheavy nuclear systems formed in heavy-ion collisions. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 919-30.

The dynamical description of light, intermediate, heavy and superheavy nuclei formed in heavy-ion collisions is worked out using the dynamical cluster decay model (DCM), with reference to various effects such as deformation and orientation, temperature, angular momentum etc. Based on the quantum mechanical fragmentation theory (QMFT), DCM has been applied to understand the decay mechanism of a large number of nuclei formed in low-energy heavy-ion reactions. Various features related to the dynamics of competing decay modes of nuclear systems are explored by addressing the experimental data of a number of reactions in light, intermediate, heavy and superheavy mass regions. The DCM, being a non-statistical description for the decay of a compound nucleus, treats light particles (LPs) or equivalently evaporation residues (ERs), intermediate mass fragments (IMFs) and fission fragments on equal footing and hence, provides an alternative to the available statistical model approaches to address fusion-fission and related phenomena.

6 illus, 28 ref

011478   Sharma B B;Mishra L K (Physics Dep, Magadh Univ, Bodh Gaya-824 234, Email: muphysicslkm@gmail.com) : A theoretical evaluation of scattering length for two coupled square well potential as a function of ΔμB. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(2), 687-94.

An evaluation of the scattering length and effective range of an attractive square well potential for ultracold atomic gases were performed. Our theoretical results showed that for any potential with large positive scattering length has a bound state just below the continuum threshold of energy. The theoretically evaluated results are in good agreement with other theoretical workers.

3 tables, 25 ref

011477   Sekhsaria P (Technology and Society Studies Dep, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Maastricht Univ, Grote Gracht 80-82, 6211 SZ Maastricht, The Netherlands, Email: psekhsaria@gmail.com) : Making of an indigenous scanning tunnelling microscope. Curr Sci 2013, 104(9), 1152-8.

This article is an historical account of the indigenous development of one of the earliest scanning tunneling microscopes in India. It was fabricated in the Department of Physics at the University of Pune just a few years after it was first made in Europe. A series of scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) were made here subsequently - a process in which students played a major role. Over a period of two decades these SPMs were used to produce a series of scientific papers besides training students in making, using and modifying the instruments and then pushing them to their limits. Importantly, junk markets, scrap materials, small time spring makers and second-hand dealers and traditional knowledge practices were all an integral part of this enterprise of 'instrument-making' and doing scientific research.

3 illus, 44 ref

011476   Sahoo B K (Theoretical Physics Div, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad-380 009, Email: bijaya@prl.res.in ) : Role of the multipolar black-body radiation shifts in the atomic clocks at the 10<. Pramana J Phys 2014, 83(2), 255-63.

Presents here an overview of the role of the multipolar black-body radiation (BBR) shifts in the single ion atomic clocks to appraise the anticipated 10^{-18 uncertainty level. With an attempt to use the advanced technologies for reducing the instrumental uncertainties at the unprecedented low, it is essential to investigate contributions from the higher-order systematics to achieve the ambitious goal of securing the most precise clock frequency standard. In this context, we have analysed contributions to the BBR shifts from the multipolar polarizabilities in a few ion clocks.}

2 tables, 21 ref

011475   Rawat S;Warrier M;Chaturvedi S;Ikkurthi V R (Refueling Technology Div, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085, Email: manoj.warrier@gmail.com) : Multiscale simulations of damage of perfect crystal Cu at high strain rates. Pramana J Phys 2014, 83(2), 265-72.

Authors use the molecular dynamics code, large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS), to simulate high strain rate triaxial deformation of crystal copper to understand void nucleation and growth (NAG) within the framework of an experimentally fitted macroscopic NAG model for polycrystals (also known as DFRACT model). It is seen that void NAG at the atomistic scales for crystal copper (Cu) has the same qualitative behaviour as the DFRACT model, albeit with a different set of parameters. The effect of material temperature on the nucleation and growth of voids is studied. As the temperature increases, there is a steady decrease in the void NAG thresholds and close to the melting point of Cu, a double-dip in the pressure-time profile is observed. Analysis of this double-dip shows disappearance of the long-range order due to the creation of stacking faults and the system no longer has a face centred cubic (fcc) structure. Molecular dynamics simulation of shock in crystal Cu at strain rates high enough to cause spallation of crystal Cu are then carried out to validate the void NAG parameters. We show that the pre-history of the material affects the void nucleation threshold of the material. We also simulate high-strain-rate triaxial deformation of crystal Cu with defects and obtain void NAG parameters. The parameters are then used in a macroscale hydrodynamic simulation to obtain spallation threshold of realistic crystal Cu. It is seen that our results match experimental results within the limit of 20% error.

4 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

011474   Rau A R P (Physics and Astronomy Dep, Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge 70803, USA, Email: arau@phys.lsu.edu) : Entanglement and discord for qubits and higher spin systems. Pramana J Phys 2014, 83(2), 231-40.

Authors discuss aspects of entanglement and quantum discord, two of the quantum correlations that are of much interest in the field of quantum information. Their definitions and handling will be discussed, with simple illustrative examples. A specific example is of entanglement decay resulting from a simple dissipative process and how to alter that decay. An analytical prescription for computing quantum discord when a qubit (spin-1/2 or two-level quantum system) is involved is presented along with applications, and its generalization to higher spins (many levels) indicated.

4 illus, 26 ref

011473   Panda K C;Sahu B C;Bhoi J (NO, School of Physics, Sambalpur Univ, Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur-768 019, Email: keshab.panda@gamil.com) : Accuracy of simple folding model in the calculation of the direct part of real α-α interaction potential. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 841-9.

The direct part of real α-α interaction potential is calculated in the simple folding model using density-dependent Brink-Boeker effective interaction. The simple folding potentials calculated from the short- and finite-range components of this effective interaction are compared with their corresponding double folding results obtained from the oscillator model wave function to establish the relative accuracy of the model. It is found that the direct part of real α-α interaction potential calculated in the simple folding model is reliable.

2 illus, 2 tables, 31 ref

011472   Nandotaria R A;Chauhan C C (Physics Dep, Gujarat Univ, Ahmedabad-380 009, Email: cuteresh1979@yahoo.co.in) : Effect of lead substitution on the microstructural, magnetic and dielectric properties of barium hexaferrite powder. Int J latest Technol Engng Mgmt appl Sci 2014, 3(4A), 57-61.

M-type hexaferrites with composition Ba_1-xPb_xFe₁₂O₁₉ (x = 0.0 to 0.4) were prepared using a sol gel autocombustion technique. The prepared as burnt powder samples were sintered at 950° C for 4 hours in a muffle furnace. The effect of lead substitution of barium hexaferrites on microstructural, magnetic and dielectric properties was investigated. The structural characterization on Ba_1-xPb_xFe₁₂O₁₉ (x = 0.0 to 0.4) hexaferrite samples were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The lattice parameters and cell volume of all samples were calculated. The X-ray diffraction patterns at room temperature reveal that the prepared samples have a single phase. Surface morphology and microstructural changes of prepared hexaferrite particles were examined using SEM and XRD. SEM images confirm the formation of hexagonal plate like particle and the addition of Pb increases the formation of plate like structures. The magnetic properties of prepared hexaferrite samples were investigated by using VSM and the dielectric measurements were carried out at room temperature in frequency ranges from 100 Hz to 2MHz.

8 illus, 3 tables, 19 ref

011471   Mukhopadhyay S (NO, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata-700 064, Email: supm@vecc.gov.in) : Evolution of giant dipole resonance with a low temperatures-new perspectives. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 779-87.

High energy photons from the decay of giant dipole resonances (GDR) built on excited states provide an excellent probe in the study of nuclear structure properties, damping mechanisms etc., at finite temperatures. The dependence of GDR width on temperature (T) and angular momentum (J) has been the prime focus of many experimental and theoretical studies for the last few decades. The measured GDR widths for a wide range of nuclei at temperatures (1.5 <60> T <60> 2.5 MeV) and spins (upto fission limit) were well described by the thermal shape fluctuation model (TSFM). But, at low temperatures (T <60> 1.5 MeV) there are large discrepancies between the existing theoretical models. The problem is compounded as there are very few experimental data in this region. At Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata, a programme for the systematic measurement of GDR width at very low temperatures has been initiated with precise experimental techniques. Several experiments have been performed by bombarding 7-12 MeV/nucleon alpha beam on various targets (^{63Cu, 115In and 197Au) and new datasets have been obtained at low temperatures (T <60> 1.5 MeV) and at very low spins (J <60> 20h). The TSFM completely fails to represent the experimental data at these low temperatures in the entire mass range. In fact, the GDR width appears to be constant at its ground state value until a critical temperature is reached and subsequently increases thereafter, whereas the TSFM predicts a gradual increase of GDR width from its ground state value for T <62> 0 MeV. In order to explain this discrepancy at low T, a new formalism has been put forward by including GDR-induced quadrupole moment in the TSFM.}

4 illus, 29 ref

011470   Mohanty B (School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar-751 005, Email: bedanga@niser.ac.in) : Transverse momentum spectra of the produced hadrons at SPS energy and a random walk model. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 893-905.

The transverse momentum spectra of the produced hadrons have been compared to a model, which is based on the assumption that a nucleus-nucleus collision is a superposition of isotropically decaying thermal sources at a given freeze-out temperature. The freeze-out temperature in nucleus-nucleus collisions is fixed from the inverse slope of the transverse momentum spectra of hadrons in nucleon-nucleon collision. The successive collisions in the nuclear reaction lead to gain in transverse momentum, as the nucleons propagate in the nucleus following a random walk pattern. The average transverse rapidity shift per collision is determined from the nucleon-nucleus collision data. Using this information, we obtain parameter-free result for the transverse momentum distribution of produced hadrons in nucleus-nucleus collisions. It is observed that such a model is able to explain the transverse mass spectra of the produced pions at SPS energies. However, it fails to satisfactorily explain the transverse mass spectra of kaons and protons. This indicates the presence of collective effect which cannot be accounted for, by the initial state collision broadening of transverse momentum of produced hadrons, the basis of random walk model.

9 illus, 13 ref

011469   Mohanta K K;Mallick R;Panda N R;Singh L P; Sahu P K (NO, Rairangpur College, Rairangpur, Mayurbhanj-757 043, Email: pradip@iopb.res.in) : Neutron star in the presence of strong magnetic field. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 797-807.

Compact stars such as neutron stars (NS) can have either hadronic or exotic states like strange quark or colour superconducting matter. Stars can also have a quark core surrounded by hadronic matter, known as hybrid stars (HS). The HS is likely to have a mixed phase in between the hadron and the quark phases. Observational results suggest huge surface magnetic field in certain NS Therefore, we study here the effect of strong magnetic field on the respective equation of states (EOS) of matter under extreme conditions. We further study the hadron-quark phase transition in the interiors of NS giving rise to HS in the presence of strong magnetic field. The hadronic matter EOS is described based on RMF theory and we include the effects of strong magnetic fields leading to Landau quantization of the charged particles. For quark phase, we use the simple Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) bag model, assuming density-dependent bag pressure and magnetic field. The magnetic field strength increases from the surface to the centre of the star. We construct the intermediate mixed phase using Glendenning conjecture. The magnetic field softens the EOS of both the matter phases. We finally study, the mass-radius relationship for such types of mixed HS, calculating their maximum mass, and compare them with the recent observations of pulsar PSR J1614-2230, which is about 2 solar mass.

6 illus, 29 ref

011468   Mishra L P;Mishra L K (Chemistry Dep, P. G. Department of Chemistry, Vinoba Bhave Univ, Hazaribag-825 309, Email: muphysicslkm@gmail.com) : A theoretical study of atom-molecule ramsay fringes of bose-einstein conddesation and evaluation of its parameter as a function of magnetic field. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(2), 463-9.

In this paper, we have theoretically studied the physical properties of atom-molecule Ramsay fringes of Bose-Einstein Condensate of ^{85Rb atom in hyperfine state. Using the theoretical formalism of Goral et al., we have evaluated the natural frequency, two-body loss rate constant K2 and visibility of Ramsy fringes as a function of magnetic field strength B_evolve (G). Our theoretically evaluated results are in satisfactorily agreement with the experimental data.}

3 tables, 20 ref

011467   Mishra L P;Mishra L K (Physics Dep, Magadh Univ, Bodh Gaya-824 234, Email: muphysicslkm@gmail.com) : A theoretical estimation on temperature depdendent resistivity of alkali metal doped fluoride. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(2), 375-84.

Using the theoretical formulism developed by Pintschovius^{16, we have presented a method of evaluation of temperature dependent resistivity ρ_e-ph (electron-Phonon), ρ_er (Inter molecular Phonon), ρ_ra (Intra molecular Phonon), total resistivity ρ_(T) and ρ_diff (Difference between theoretical-experimental) for K₃C₆₀ fluoride. Our theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental data and also with other theoretical workers.}

4 tables, 25 ref

011466   Manoj B (Physics Dep, Christ Univ, Bangalore-29, Email: manoj.b@christuniversity.in) : Chemical leaching of an Indian bituminous coal and characterization of the products by spectroscopic techniques. Int J chem Sci,Udaipur 2014, 12(2), 526-32.

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of high volatile bituminous coal as well as their insoluble organic matter, obtained by chemical leaching with HF, EDTA and acid mixture (HF + HC1 and HF + HNO₃) were recorded between 500 and 4000 cm^{-1. UV-Visible-NIR spectroscopy was used to study the sample and its leached products in the 200-800 nm wavelength region. Oxygen containing structures were observed in the 1800-1000 cm-1 zone, aliphatic hydrogen in the 2920-2800 cm-1 zone, aromatic out-of-plane structure in the 900-670 cm-1 zone. A great abundance of C=C structure was noticed at 1600 cm-1 region, while clay and silicate minerals were identified in the 540 cm-1 and 1030 cm-1 region. With chemical leaching silicate bands showed a decrease in intensity and were least for EDTA and HF leached samples. The UV-Visible -NIR spectrum showed absorption maximum at 235-270 nm and was shown a red shift with leaching. The π-π* electronic transitions of the poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons was responsible for the absorption at (580 nm. The weak bands observed in the visible region (400-500 nm) were due to the presence of SO₂ in the sample and decreased with chemical leaching. It was evident from the results that amongst the leachants used, hydrofluoric acid and acid mixture had significant effect in removing the mineral matter and oxygenated functional groups.}

2 illus, 1 table, 10 ref

011465   Kiran Kumar P V;Suryanarayana M V (National Centre for Compositional Characterisation of Materials, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Hyderabad-500 062, Email: suryabarcv@gmail.com) : Precision two-photon spectroscopy of alkali elements. Pramana J Phys 2014, 83(2), 189-219.

In this paper, author have briefly reviewed the work on two-photon spectroscopy of alkali elements and its applications. The technique of Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy is briefly summarized. A review of various techniques adopted for measuring absolute frequencies of the atomic transitions and precision measurements of isotope shifts and hyperfine structures (HFS) is presented. Some of the recent works on precision measurements of HFS constants of 6s ^{2S_1/2 level of 39K and 41K, 9s 2S_1/2 level and 7d 2D_3/2 level of 133Cs are also discussed.}

9 illus, 10 tables, 138 ref

011464   Jha T K;Panda K C (Physics Dep, BITS Pilani K K Birla Goa Campus, Goa 403 726, Email: tkjha@goa.bits-pilani.ac.in) : Massive neutron stars and their implications. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 831-9.

Recent observations of high mass pulsar PSRJ1614-2230 has raised serious debate over the possible role of exotics in the dense core of neutron stars. The precise measurement of mass of the pulsar may play a very important role in limiting equation of state (EoS) of dense matter and its composition. Indirectly, it may also shape our understanding of the nucleon-hyperon or hyperon-hyperon interactions which is not well known. Within the framework of an effective chiral model, we compute models of neutron stars and analyse the hyperon composition in them. Further related implications are also discussed.

3 illus, 2 tables, 21 ref

011463   Hemalatha M (NO, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai-400 098, Email: hema@cbs.ac.in) : Double folding model analysis of elastic scattering of halo nucleus <. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 789-95.

Calculations of elastic scattering cross-sections for ^{9,10,11Be + 64Zn at near-Coulomb barrier energy have been performed using a potential obtained from the double folding model and are compared with the experiment. In the framework of the double folding model, the nuclear matter densities of 9,10,11Be projectiles and a 64Zn target are folded with the complex energy-dependent effective M3Y interaction. The angular distributions of the differential cross-section for 9,10Be scattering from 64Zn at E_c.m. ≈ 24.5 MeV agree remarkably well with the data, while in case of 11Be, calculations show a Coulomb-nuclear interference peak which is not observed in the data.}

2 illus, 1 table, 17 ref

011462   Godre S S (Physics Dep, Veer Narmad South Gujarat Univ, Surat-395 007, Email: ssgodre@yahoo.com) : Classical simulations of heavy-iono fusion reactions and weakly-bound projectile breakup reactions. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 879-91.

Heavy-ion collision simulations in various classical models are discussed. Heavy-ion reactions with spherical and deformed nuclei are simulated in a classical rigid-body dynamics (CRBD) model which takes into account the reorientation of the deformed projectile. It is found that the barrier parameters depend not only on the initial orientations of the deformed nucleus, but also on the collision energy and the moment of inertia of the deformed nucleus. Maximum reorientation effect occurs at near- and below-barrier energies for light deformed nuclei. Calculated fusion cross-sections for ^{24Mg + 208Pb reaction are compared with a static-barrier-penetration model (SBPM) calculation to see the effect of reorientation. Heavy-ion reactions are also simulated in a 3-stage classical molecular dynamics (3S-CMD) model in which the rigid-body constraints are relaxed when the two nuclei are close to the barrier thus, taking into account all the rotational and vibra-tional degrees of freedom in the same calculation. This model is extended to simulate heavy-ion reactions such as 6Li + 209Bi involving the weakly-bound projectile considered as a weakly-bound cluster of deuteron and 4He nuclei, thus, simulating a 3-body system in 3S-CMD model. All the essential features of breakup reactions, such as complete fusion, incomplete fusion, no-capture breakup and scattering are demonstrated.}

11 illus, 41 ref

011461   Couairon A;Lotti A;Faccio D;Di Trapani P; Steingrube D S;Schulz E;Binhammer T;Morgner U;Kovacev M;Gaarde M B (NO, Centre de Physique Theorique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, F-91128, Palaiseau, France, Email: couairon@cpht.polytechnique.fr) : Generation of high harmonics and attosecond pulses with ultrashort laser pusle filaments and conical waves. Pramana J Phys 2014, 83(2), 221-30.

Results illustrating the nonlinear dynamics of ultrashort laser pulse filamentation in gases are presented, with particular emphasis on the filament properties useful for developing attosecond light sources. Two aspects of ultrashort pulse filaments are specifically discussed: (i) numerical simulation results on pulse self-compression by filamentation in a gas cell filled with noble gas. Measurements of high harmonics generated by the pulse extracted from the filament allows for the detection of intensity spikes and subcycle pulses generated within the filament, (ii) Simulation results on the spontaneous formation of conical wavepackets during filamentation in gases, which in turn can be used as efficient driving pulses for the generation of high harmonics and isolated attosecond pulses.

5 illus, 37 ref

011460   Chaudhuri G;Mallik S;Das Gupta S (Physics Group, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata-700 064, Email: gargi@vecc.gov.in) : Nuclear multifragmentation: basic concepts. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 907-17.

Author present a brief overview of nuclear multifragmentation reaction. Basic formalism of canonical thermodynamical model based on equilibrium statistical mechanics is described. This model is used to calculate basic observables of nuclear multifragmentation like mass distribution, fragment multiplicity, isotopic distribution and isoscaling. Extension of canonical thermodynamical model to a projectile fragmentation model is outlined. Application of the projectile fragmentation model for calculating average number of intermediate mass fragments and the average size of the largest cluster at different Z_bound, differential charge distribution and cross-section of neutron-rich nuclei of different projectile fragmentation reactions at different energies are described. Application of nuclear multifragmentation reaction in basic research as well as in other domains is outlined.

7 illus, 24 ref

011459   Bhuyan M;Patra S K (NO, Institute of Physics, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar-751 005, Email: bunuphy@iopb.res.in ) : Pilgrimage through superheavy valley. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 851-8.

Searched for the shell closure proton and neutron numbers in the superheavy region beyond Z = 82 and N = 126 within the framework of non-relativistic Skryme-Hartree-Fock (SHF) with FITZ, SIII, SkMP and SLy4 interactions. We have calculated the average proton pairing gap Δ_p, average neutron pairing gap Δ_n, two-nucleon separation energy S_2q and shell correction energy E_shell for the isotopic chain of Z = 112-126. Based on these observables, Z = 120 with N = 182 is suggested to be the magic numbers in the present approach.

4 illus, 30 ref

011458   Bhoi J;Laha U;Panda K C (Physics Dep, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur-831 014, Email: jskbhoi@gmail.com) : Nucleon-nucleon scattering in the light of supersymmetric quantum mechanics. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 859-65.

By exploiting supersymmetry-inspired factorization method together with a judiciously chosen deuteron ground-state wave function, approximate higher partial wave nucleon-nucleon potentials are generated. In this context, a minor modification is also introduced to the generated potentials. The n-p scattering phase shifts are computed and analysed via the phase function method.

6 illus, 12 ref

011457   Basu D N (NO, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata-700 064, Email: dnb@vecc.gov.in) : Effective interaction: from nuclear reactions of neutron stars. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 809-22.

An equation of state (EoS) for symmetric nuclear matter is constructed using the density-dependent M3Y effective interaction and extended for isospin asymmetric nuclear matter. Theoretically obtained values of symmetric nuclear matter incompressibility, isobaric incompress-ibility, symmetry energy and its slope agree well with experimentally extracted values. Folded microscopic potentials using this effective interaction, whose density dependence is determined from nuclear matter calculations, provide excellent descriptions for proton, alpha and cluster radioactivities, elastic and inelastic scattering. The nuclear deformation parameters extracted from inelastic scattering of protons agree well with other available results. The high density behaviour of symmetric and asymmetric nuclear matter satisfies the constraints from the observed flow data of heavy-ion collisions. The neutron star properties studied using β-equilibrated neutron star matter obtained from this effective interaction reconcile with the recent observations of the massive compact stars.

2 illus, 3 tables, 58 ref

011456   Anantha Lakshmi P;Vudayagiri A;Ahmed S (School of Physics, Hyderabad Univ, Hyderabad-500 046, Email: avsp@uohyd.ernet.in) : Effect of pairwise dipole-dipole interaction among three-atom systems. Pramana J Phys 2014, 83(2), 167-78.

Presents an analysis of a system of three two-level atoms interacting with one another through dipole-dipole interaction. The interaction manifests between the excited state of one of the atoms and the ground state of its nearest neighbour. Steady-state populations of the density matrix elements are presented and are compared with a situation when only two atoms are present. It can be noticed that the third atom modifies the behaviour of the three atoms. Two configurations are analysed, one in which the three atoms are in a line, with no interaction between atoms at the end points and the other in which the atoms form a closed loop with one atom interacting with both its neighbours.

11 illus, 13 ref

011455   Agrawal B K;De J N;Samaddar S K (NO, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata-700 064, Email: bijay.agrawal@saha.ac.in) : Probing the density content of the nuclear symmetry energy. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(5), 823-30.

The nature of equation of state for the neutron star matter is crucially governed by the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy. We attempt to probe the behaviour of the nuclear symmetry energy around the saturation density by exploiting the empirical values for volume and surface symmetry energy coefficients extracted from the precise data on the nuclear masses.

3 illus, 22 ref

010509   Zhang Z;Huang J;Zhong J;Dou S S;Liu J;Peng D; Gao T (School of Mathematics, Human Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, Hunan, People's Republic of China, Email: zhangzaiyun1226@126.com) : The extended (G'/G)-expansion method and travelling wave solutions for the perturbed nonlinear Schr”dinger's equation with Kerr law nonlinearity. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(6), 1011-29.

In this paper, author construct the travelling wave solutions to the perturbed nonlinear Schr”dinger's equation (NLSE) with Kerr law non-linearity by the extended (G'/G)-expansion method. Based on this method, we obtain abundant exact travelling wave solutions of NLSE with Kerr law nonlinearity with arbitrary parameters. The travelling wave solutions are expressed by the hyperbolic functions, trigonometric functions and rational functions.

11 illus, 43 ref

010508   Zhang L;Liu S;Yu C (Business School, Shandong University of Political Science and Lsaw, Jinan-250 014, China, Email: zhanglisdu2008@yahoo.com) : Chaotic behaviour of nonlinear coupled reaction-diffusion system in four-dimensional space. Pramana J Phys 2014, 82(6), 995-1009.

In recent years, nonlinear coupled reaction-diffusion (CRD) system has been widely investigated by coupled map lattice method. Previously, nonlinear behaviour was observed dynamically when one or two of the three variables in the discrete system change. In this paper, we consider the chaotic behaviour when three variables change, which is called as four-dimensional chaos. When two parameters in the discrete system are unknown, we first give the existing condition of the chaos in four-dimensional space by the generalized definitions of spatial periodic orbits and spatial chaos. In addition, the chaotic behaviour will vary with the parameters. Then we propose a generalized Lyapunov exponent in four-dimensional space to characterize the different effects of parameters on the chaotic behaviour, which has not been studied in detail. In order to verify the chaotic behaviour of the system and the different effects clearly, we simulate the dynamical behaviour in two- and three-dimensional spaces.

5 illus, 47 ref

010507   Zhang H N;Wang J;Sun F F;Liu D;Wang H Y;Wang F (NO, College of Science, Northwest A & F Univ, Xinong Road No. 22, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China, Email: wangfang4070@nwsuaf.edu.cn) : Electroless copper plating on ABS resin surface modified by heterocyclic organosilane self-assembled film. Bull Mater Sci 2014, 37(1), 71-6.

6-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)amino-1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4-dithiol monosodium (TES) was used to fabricate self-assembled film on corona pretreated acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin surface. The self-assembled film modified ABS resin was treated by electroless copper plating. Orthogonal test was carried out to study optimal condition of the process. The surface appearance, plating rate and thickness of electroless copper films were investigated to determine the optimal time of corona-discharge, self-assembly and electroless copper plating. SEM results indicated that porous morphology appeared on ABS resin surface modified by TES self-assembled film and the surface roughness also increased. The adhesion test showed that the adhesion property between ABS resin and copper was excellent. The surface of electroless copper film had high brightness under the optimal condition of 1 min corona-discharge, 30 min self-assembly and 10 min electroless copper plating. The electroless-copper plating temperature was 55 <126> 60°C and pH was 13 <126> 13.5.

7 illus, 3 tables, 16 ref